diff --git a/Project/builtin_functions.ipynb b/Project/builtin_functions.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..78090a12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Project/builtin_functions.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# builtin methods <a href='https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html'>[doc]</a>\n",
+    "- statistics\n",
+    "    - len()\n",
+    "    - max()\n",
+    "    - min()\n",
+    "    - sum()\n",
+    "- utility\n",
+    "    - sorted()\n",
+    "    - reversed()\n",
+    "    - eval()\n",
+    "    - exec()\n",
+    "- operate on iterable\n",
+    "    - all()\n",
+    "    - any()\n",
+    "    - enumerate()\n",
+    "    - zip()\n",
+    "    - filter()\n",
+    "    - map()\n",
+    "- type conversion\n",
+    "    - int()\n",
+    "    - float()\n",
+    "    - str()\n",
+    "    - list()\n",
+    "    - tuple()\n",
+    "    - dict()\n",
+    "    - set()\n",
+    "    - bool()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "x = ['A','N','B','A','C','Z','D','E']\n",
+    "y = \"this is an example string\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "sorted(x)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "print(sorted(y))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "sorted(x, reverse=True)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "sorted(y.split(), reverse=True)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "z = 'we are working on an Encyclopedia in which there will be stuff'\n",
+    "sorted(z.split(), key=len)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "reversed(z) # lazy object"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "\"\".join(list(reversed(z))) # not the best way to reverse a string"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "z[::-1]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "x = [1,1,1,11,1]\n",
+    "print(all(x))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "z =['this','is', '', 'example', 'string']\n",
+    "print(all(z))\n",
+    "print(any(z))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "x = [0,0,1,0,0]\n",
+    "print(any(x))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "- math functions\n",
+    "\n",
+    "`f(x) = x**2 + x + 10`\n",
+    "\n",
+    "`f(5)`\n",
+    "\n",
+    "`g(x, y) = x**2 + y**2 + x*y + 10`\n",
+    "\n",
+    "`g(2,3)`"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "f = lambda i : i**2\n",
+    "print(f)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "f(25)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "f = lambda x: x**2 + x + 10\n",
+    "print(f(10))\n",
+    "print(f(15))\n",
+    "print(f(25))\n",
+    "print(f(11))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "data = [12,45,5,17,89,124,32,15,16]\n",
+    "for val in data:\n",
+    "    print(f(val))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# map(function, iterable)\n",
+    "list(map(f, data)) # lazy object"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "nums =['1', '100', '300', '599']\n",
+    "clean_list  = map(lambda i: int(i), nums)\n",
+    "print(list(clean_list))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "clean_list  = map(int, nums)\n",
+    "print(list(clean_list))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "nums = [1,2,0,1,0,2,2,2,2,0,3,3,0,3,1,0,0,2,2,3,3]\n",
+    "list(filter(lambda i: i != 0, nums))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "isinstance(x, list)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "isinstance(x, (int, float))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "isinstance(x, (list, tuple))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 54,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[6, 14, 24, 36, 50]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 54,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "x = [1,2,3,4,5]\n",
+    "y = [6,7,8,9,10]\n",
+    "list(map(lambda i, j: i*j, x, y))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "base",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.11.5"
+  },
+  "orig_nbformat": 4
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
+}
diff --git a/Project/user_defined_func.ipynb b/Project/user_defined_func.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46aa3809
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Project/user_defined_func.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,680 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "non-parameterized functions"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# define\n",
+    "def message():\n",
+    "    print(\"Good Morning\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Good Morning\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "# call (use)\n",
+    "message()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def si():\n",
+    "    p = int(input(\"Enter Principal Amount:\"))\n",
+    "    r = float(input(\"Enter Rate of Interest:\"))\n",
+    "    t = int(input(\"Enter Time in Years:\"))\n",
+    "    si = p*r*t/100\n",
+    "    print(f'Simple Interest is {si}')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Simple Interest is 6600.0\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "si()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def hypotenuse(p, b):\n",
+    "    h = ( p**2 + b**2 ) **.5\n",
+    "    print(f'hyp: {h}')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "hyp: 50.0\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "hypotenuse(30, 40)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# a more professional way to define a function\n",
+    "def hypotenuse(p:int, b:int):\n",
+    "    '''\n",
+    "    This function take perpendicular and base to calculate hypotenuse\n",
+    "    '''\n",
+    "    h = ( p**2 + b**2 ) **.5\n",
+    "    print(f'hyp: {h}')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "hyp: 17.69180601295413\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "hypotenuse(12, 13)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "requirement parameters"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# hypotenuse() # error"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# hypotenuse(100)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# hypotenuse(2, 5, 10)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "default parameters\n",
+    "- always start giving defaults from the right side (end)\n",
+    "- default values can be of any datatypes"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 21,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def summer(a, b, c = 0, d = 0):\n",
+    "    print(a + b + c + d)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "103\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "summer(12,34,12,45)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 23,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "150\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "summer(120, 30)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "60\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "summer(10,20,30)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 25,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def area_circle(radius = 1):\n",
+    "    area = 22/7 * radius ** 2\n",
+    "    print(area)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "314.2857142857143\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "area_circle(10)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "keyword arguments (named parameters)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 37,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "10\n",
+      "10\n",
+      "33\n",
+      "33\n",
+      "13\n",
+      "29\n",
+      "314.2857142857143\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "summer(1,2,3,4)\n",
+    "summer(a=1, b=2, c=3, d=4)\n",
+    "summer(1, 2, c=10, d=20)\n",
+    "summer(1, 2, d=20, c=10)\n",
+    "summer(d=5, c=5, a=1, b=2)\n",
+    "summer(12,12,d=5)\n",
+    "area_circle(radius=10)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "variable arguments"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 42,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def mean(*data:int):\n",
+    "    ans = sum(data)/len(data)\n",
+    "    print(f\"average:{ans}\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 43,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "average:3.4\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "mean(1,2,3,5,6)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 44,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "average:2.526315789473684\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "mean(1,2,3,5,6,2,2,2,1,1,1,2,4,2,2,2,4,3,3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def task (**details ): #has items as a method to find groups\n",
+    "    for name,value in details.items():\n",
+    "        print(f'{name:10} {value}')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "title      learn datatypes\n",
+      "duration   1day\n",
+      "credit     1\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "task (title=\"learn datatypes\",duration=\"1day\",credit=1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "name       bring food\n",
+      "details    brinjal tomato potato\n",
+      "budget     200\n",
+      "date       26-sept-2023\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "task (name = 'bring food',\n",
+    "      details='brinjal tomato potato',\n",
+    "      budget=200,\n",
+    "      date='26-sept-2023')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def hypotenuse(p:int , b:int) ->float:\n",
+    "    '''This function take perpendicular and base to calculate hypotenuse'''\n",
+    "    h=(p**2+b**2) **.5\n",
+    "    return h"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "5.0\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "ans=hypotenuse(3,4)\n",
+    "print(ans)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def cube_area(side):\n",
+    "    return side * 6 **2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "360"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 7,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "cube_area(10)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def cube_vol(side):\n",
+    "    return side**3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1000 360\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "cv=cube_vol(10)\n",
+    "ca=cube_area(10)\n",
+    "print(cv,ca)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1020\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "x=cube_vol(10)+20\n",
+    "print(x)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "#returns number of words in a strings\n",
+    "def count_word(sentence):\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    return len(sentence.split())"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "c=count_word(\"hello hi hello\")\n",
+    "print(c)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 25,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "hll h hll \n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#remove all vowels from string\n",
+    "def remove_vowel(string):\n",
+    "    for s in 'aeiouAEIOU':\n",
+    "        string = string.replace(s, '')\n",
+    "    return string\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print(remove_vowel(\"hello hi hello \"))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[7]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#find all indexes of a substring in a given string using a function\n",
+    "def find_indexes(substr,content):\n",
+    "    startpos=0\n",
+    "    idx_list = []\n",
+    "    for i in range(content.count(substr)):\n",
+    "        idx=content.find(substr,startpos)#find function returns index values\n",
+    "       # if idx ==-1:\n",
+    "          #  break not needed\n",
+    "        idx_list.append(idx)\n",
+    "        startpos=idx+1\n",
+    "    return idx_list\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print(find_indexes( \"hi\",\"helllo hi vaibhav  \" ))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 49,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "one two|0 1\n",
+      "two three|1 2\n",
+      "three four|2 3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "### function extract all bi-grams from a string using a function?\n",
+    "def bigrams(msg=\"one two three four\"):\n",
+    "    words=msg.split()\n",
+    "    f,s=0,1\n",
+    "    for i in range(len(words)):\n",
+    "        if s==len(words):\n",
+    "            break\n",
+    "        print(words[f],words[s],end= '|')\n",
+    "        print(f,s)\n",
+    "        s+=1\n",
+    "        f+=1\n",
+    "\n",
+    "bigrams()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 53,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "here drink  the coffee\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#remove all punctuations from a string\n",
+    "def remove_punctuation(msg):\n",
+    "    from string import punctuation\n",
+    "    for p in punctuation:\n",
+    "        msg=msg.replace(p,'')\n",
+    "    return msg\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print(remove_punctuation(\"here, drink ! the coffee.\"))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "base",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.11.4"
+  },
+  "orig_nbformat": 4
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
+}