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RedFat -- A Binary Hardening System

RedFat is a tool for automatically hardening Linux x86_64 ELF binary executables against memory errors, including buffer overflows and use-after-free errors.

RedFat is based on an amalgamation of two complementary memory error detection technologies:

  • Poisoned Redzones
  • Low-Fat-Pointers

Using low-fat-pointers with binary code has some caveats, as is discussed below.

Releases

Binary releases of RedFat are available here:

Building

To build RedFat, simply run the script:

    $ ./build.sh

Basic Usage

To use RedFat. simply run redfat with the name of a binary executable, e.g.:

    $ ./redfat xterm

This will generate a hardened xterm.redfat binary. To run the binary, the libredfat.so runtime system must be LD_PRELOAD'ed as follows:

    $ LD_PRELOAD=$PWD/libredfat.so ./xterm.redfat

Advanced Usage

The basic usage may suffer from false detections with some binaries. This occurs when program (or compiler) deliberately creates out-of-bounds (OOB) pointers, and accessing such OOB pointers is indistinguishable from "real" memory errors under the basic low-fat-pointer checking.

To mitigate false detections, we can use dynamic analysis to determine which memory access operations are likely to cause false detections.

First, we build an allow-list-generation version of the binary:

    $ ./redfat -Xallowlist-gen xterm

This will generate an xterm.gen file that can be used to generate an allow-list. To use, run the gen version of the binary on a suitable test suite, ideally to maximize coverage:

    $ LD_PRELOAD=$PWD/libredfat.so ./xterm.gen

This process will generate an xterm.allow file which contains information about each memory access.

Next, we run redfat using the allow-list:

    $ ./redfat -Xallowlist-use xterm

This will generate a hardened xterm.redfat binary. This version uses a more conservative instrumentation for memory access operations that are likely to be false detections.

Options

The redfat tool supports several options to control the instrumentation and optimization levels.

The main instrumentation options are:

  • -Xlowfat (-Xlowfat=false): Enables (disables) low fat pointer instrumentation. If disabled, the tool will use redzone-only checking. Default: enabled.

  • -Xreads (-Xreads=false): Enables (disables) memory read instrumentation. If disabled, the tool will only instrument memory writes. Note that (1) read instrumentation is expensive, and (2) many exploits (e.g., control-flow-hijacking) require a memory write operation. For this reason, memory reads are not instrumented by default. Default: disabled.

  • -Xsize (-Xsize=false): Enables (disables) size metadata protection. RedFat stores object size metadata which itself may be vulnerable to attack. With size metadata protection, the size metadata is compared against the (immutable) low fat size metadata, which is sufficient to prevent overflows into adjacent objects. Default: enabled.

  • -Xdebug (-Xdebug=false): Enables "debugging" mode that prints detailed information about any memory error that is detected. See Debugging Mode below for more information. Default: disabled.

  • -Xadjust (-Xadjust=false): This experimental mode considers any pointer arithmetic from context instructions in the same basic-block. For example, if:

      add $0x8,%rdi
  mov $0x0,(%rdi,%rsi,8)

    Then the base pointer for the low-fat check will be %rdi-0x8 rather than just %rdi (the default). This can improve the accuracy of low-fat checking. However, this mode also assumes the correctness of the basic-block recovery algorithm, so is not enabled by default. This mode is also not currently compatible with -Xdebug or -Xallowlist.

The main optimization options are:

  • -Oglobals (-Oglobals=false): Enables (disables) the elimination of global object memory access instrumentation that cannot reach the heap. Default: enabled.
  • -Ostack (-Ostack=false): Enables (disables) the elimination of stack object memory access instrumentation that cannot reach the heap. This optimization assumes that the stack pointer %rsp value is in the default relocation which is far from the heap. This is generally true for most programs, but the assumption could be violated by programs that allocate and use custom stacks on the heap (e.g., malloc()+sigaltstack()). Default: enabled.
  • -Obatch=N: Group the instrumentation into batches of length N checks, where possible. This instrumentation depends on a static jump target recovery analysis. If the analysis is imperfect, this may result in missed instrumentation. However, the analysis should be accurate for most binaries. Default: 50.
  • -Omerge (-Omerge=false): In a given batch, attempt to merge checks where possible. Default: enabled.
  • -OCFR (-OCFR=false): Enables (disables) Control Flow Recovery (CFR) mode. This makes the rewritten binaries faster, but may introduce rewriting errors. Default: disabled.

The main allow-list options are:

  • -Xallowlist-mode=MODE: Set the allow-list instrumentation mode for advanced instrumentation control. Here, the MODE is represented by a 4-character string. The character index 0..3 determines how each allow-list entry (created by allow-list generation) should be instrumented. The possible index values are:

    • 0: Lowfat-unsafe (false detection observed)
    • 1: Lowfat-safe (no false detection observed)
    • 2: Only non-heap pointers observed
    • 3: Not reached

    The corresponding MODE[index] character determines the instrumentation:

    • L: Redzone+Lowfat instrumentation
    • R: Redzone-only instrumentation
    • -: No instrumentation

    Reasonable values for MODE are:

    • "RLRR": Use Redzone+Lowfat instrumentation only for (observed) lowfat-safe memory access. This is the default MODE.
    • "RL-R": Do not bother instrumenting memory access that was only (observed) using non-heap pointers. This can improve the performance of the instrumented binary, but at the risk of missing some memory errors on unexplored paths.
    • "RLLL": Use Redzone+Lowfat instrumentation on all memory access that was not (observed to be) Lowfat-unsafe. This eliminates the observed false detections, but retains the risk of false detections on unexplored paths.

The LowFat runtime also supports options that can be enabled using environment variables:

  • REDFAT_PROFILE=1: Enable profiling information such as the number of allocations and total library checks. Default: disabled.
  • REDFAT_TEST=N: Enable "test"-mode that randomly (once per N allocations) underallocates by a single byte. If instrumented code accesses the missing byte then a memory error should be detected. A zero value disables test-mode. Default: 0 (disabled).
  • REDFAT_QUARANTINE=N: Delay re-allocation of objects until N bytes have been free'ed. This can help detect reuse-after-free errors by not immediately reallocating objects, at the cost of increased memory overheads. However, this can increase memory overheads. Note that N is a per-region value for each allocation size-class, so the total overhead could be N*M where M is the number of regions (typically ~60). Default: 0.
  • REDFAT_ZERO=1: Enable the zero'ing of objects during deallocation. Provides additional defense against use-after-free errors and a basic defense against unititalized-read errors. However, zero'ing adds additional performance overheads. Default: disabled.
  • REDFAT_CANARY=1: Enables a randomized canary to be placed at the end of all allocated objects. The canary provides additional protection against out-of-bound write errors that may go undetected in uninstrumented code. This consumes an additional 8 bytes per allocation. Note that a canary is always placed at the beginning of all allocated objects since this does not consume additional space. Default: disabled.
  • REDFAT_ASLR=1: Enables Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) for heap allocations. Default: enabled.
  • REDFAT_SIGNAL=SIG: If an error occurs, raise signal SIG to terminate the program (or else fall back to abort). Default: SIGABRT.
  • REDFAT_LOG=N: Set N to be the log-level. Default: 2.

Debugging Mode

By default, RedFat can detect if a memory error occurs, but cannot report any information about the memory error, such as the kind of error (overflow, use-after-free), the accessed object, etc. This is by design, since tracking this information would make the instrumentation slower.

For more detailed information about memory errors, RedFat also supports a "debugging" mode that can be enabled via the -Xdebug option:

   $ ./redfat -Xdebug xterm

Unlike the default mode, the debugging mode will print detailed information about any memory error detected. For example:

    REDFAT WARNING: out-of-bounds error detected!
            instruction = movb $0x0, -0x20(%rdx) [0x2d698]
            access.ptr  = 0x3073820560
            access.size = 1
            access.obj  = [-48..+16]
            base.ptr    = 0x3073820580 (+32)
            base.obj    = [+48..+144] (free)

Here:

  • instruction: is the instruction and [address] where the memory error was detected.
  • access.ptr: is the pointer that was accessed by the instruction.
  • access.size: is the size of the access in bytes.
  • access.obj: is the (free?) object that was accessed (relative to access.ptr).
  • base.ptr: is the base pointer with (offset) relative to access.ptr.
  • base.obj: is the (free?) object pointed to by the base pointer (relative to access.ptr).

In this example, the base and access pointers refer to different objects, meaning that the access is deemed to be a out-of-bounds memory error.

Unlike the default mode:

  • The program will not be terminated if a memory error is detected. However, at most one message will be printed for each instruction.
  • There is no allow-list, so false positives will be reported just the same as real memory errors.
  • Debugging mode is significantly slower than the default mode.

Profiling Mode

RedFat supports a "profiling" mode that can be enabled via the -P option:

   $ ./redfat -P xterm

Profiling mode is similar to the default mode, but the following information to the terminal on program exit:

  • total.time: Total runtime (ms).
  • total.maxrss: Max resident set size (kB).
  • redzone.checks: Total redzone checks (before -Omerge).
  • redzone.checks (optimized): Total redzone checks (after -Omerge).
  • redzone.checks (heap): Total redzone checks (after -Omerge) on heap pointers.
  • lowfat.checks: Total lowfat checks (before -Omerge).
  • lowfat.checks (optimized): Total lowfat checks (after -Omerge).
  • lowfat.checks (heap): Total lowfat checks (after -Omerge) on heap pointers.

By enabling the REDFAT_PROFILE=1 environment variable, additional information will be printed:

  • total.allocs: Total heap allocations.
  • library.checks: Total library function (e.g., memset, memcpy, etc.) checks.
  • library.checks (heap): Total library function checks on heap pointers.

Note that:

  • RedFat can only detect memory errors on heap pointers (heap).
  • Profiling mode is somewhat slower than the default mode.
  • Profiling information will not be printed if the instrumented binary exits abnormally (e.g., crash) or if the binary calls fast exit (e.g., _Exit(), etc.).

The ratio of heap versus non-heap pointers depends on the program, and how it chooses to allocate and access memory. If the ratio of (heap) is low, it may not be worthwhile to use RedFat on the binary.

Limitations

  • RedFat inherits all the limitations of the underlying E9Tool/E9Patch tool chain. Fortunately, E9Patch should work for most binaries.
  • RedFat can detect object-bounds (e.g., buffer overflow) and (re)use-after-free errors, but not sub-object-bounds nor type-confusion errors. The latter are difficult to detect at the binary-level which lacks type information.
  • RedFat is based on static binary rewriting, which means that only the binary explicitly passed to RedFat will be instrumented, and not any dynamically linked library dependencies. It is possible to separately instrument library dependencies with RedFat, and use LD_LIBRARY_PATH to replace the default (uninstrumented) library.
  • Low-fat-pointer checking is limited to unambigious pointer arithmetic. In practice, this means x86_64 memory operands only.

Troubleshooting

Generally, most binaries should work without an issue. When a problem does occur, it is usually one of the following:

  • error: binary "program" exports a custom "malloc" function: This occurs when an executable defines its own malloc() function and exports it. If this occurs, the LD_PRELOAD trick will not replace this custom malloc, meaning that the instrumented binary will not be protected. You can force instrumentation anyway (e.g., for performance testing) using the -force option:

      $ ./redfat -force xterm

    For some binaries, it may be possible to manually remove the custom malloc (with some effort) using a separate binary rewriting (e.g., overwrite entries in the dynamic symbol table). However, this functionality is not currently provided by RedFat itself.

  • warning: failed to disassemble byte 0xXX at address 0xYYYY in section ".text": This warning occurs when data is detected in the code section(s). This can be fixed by manually excluding specific address ranges from disassembly using the E9Tool -E option, e.g.:

       $ ./redfat xterm -- -E ADDR1..ADDR2

    Here, ADDR1..ADDR2 is the address range to exclude from disassembly.

    Note that E9Tool (and by extension, RedFat) only uses a basic (linear) disassembler by default. This works for most binaries, but not binaries that mix code and data. For the latter, some kind of manual disassembly (using -E) is recommended.

  • warning: the number of virtual mappings (XXX) exceeds the default system limit (YYY): This occurs when the instrumented binary uses too many mappings. This can be fixed by increasing the mapping size to a suitable new limit (ZZZ > XXX):

       $ sudo sysctl -w vm.max_map_count=ZZZ

    Alternatively, the issue can be fixed by decreasing the compression level (at the cost of larger instrumented binary file sizes) using the E9Tool -c option, e.g.:

       $ ./redfat xterm -- -c N

    where N is a number 0..9 (lower numbers mean less compression).

  • e9patch loader error: mmap(addr=ADDR,size=SIZE,offset=+OFFSET,prot=PROT) failed (errno=12): This error occurs when you attempt to run an instrumented binary that uses too many mappings. See above for the problem description and solution.

  • REDFAT ERROR: the REDFAT runtime (libredfat.so) has not been LD_PRELOAD'ed: As the error message explains, this error occurs when you attempt to run an instrumented binary without LD_PRELOAD'ing the libredfat.so binary. You can also define REDFAT_DISABLE=1 to run the binary anyway (but with the instrumentation costs and no memory error protection).

  • REDFAT ERROR: out-of-bounds/use-after-free error detected!: A memory error was detected. If the binary was not instrumented with -Xallowlist-use, then this could be a false detection (see the Advanced Usage above). Otherwise, this could be a genuine error and should be investigated.

  • Illegal Instruction: This could be a memory error detected by RedFat. By default, RedFat will raise the SIGILL (Illegal Instruction) signal whenever a out-of-bounds/use-after-free error is detected. The signal is raised using the x86_64 ud2 instruction. Normally, the RedFat runtime system will catch the signal and print the error detected message shown above. However, if the program resets the signal handler, or installs a different signal handler, the error may be reported as an illegal instruction.

  • Segmentation Fault: "Wildly" out-of-bounds errors may result in a SIGSEGV rather than a SIGILL. Alternatively, this could be some other issue, such as the binary breaking one of the assumptions of static rewriting (e.g., self-modifying code), or some other bug (please report it).

License

This software has been released under the GNU Public License (GPL) Version 3.

Some specific files are released under the MIT license (check the file preamble).

Authors

RedFat is written by Gregory J. Duck. The initial prototyping and testing of RedFat was completed by Yuntong Zhang.

Publication

See Also

  • LibRedFat: A hardened malloc implementation.
  • E9Patch: A scalable binary rewriting system.
  • LowFat: Lean C/C++ bounds checking with low-fat pointers

Bugs

RedFat is considered beta-quality software. Please report bugs here:

Acknowledgements

This work was partially supported by the National Satellite of Excellence in Trustworthy Software Systems, funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) Singapore under the National Cybersecurity R&D (NCR) programme.

This work was partially supported by the Ministry of Education, Singapore (Grant No. MOE2018-T2-1-142).