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linux-server-configuration

Project Overview

To take a baseline installation of a Linux server and prepare it to host your web applications. To secure your server from a number of attack vectors, install and configure a database server, and deploy one of your existing web applications onto it.

Details specific to the server set up

Software Installed:

  • Apache2
  • mod_wsgi
  • PostgreSQL
  • git
  • pip
  • virtualenv
  • httplib2
  • Python Requests
  • oauth2client
  • SQLAlchemy
  • Flask
  • libpq-dev
  • Psycopg2
  • Feedparser

Configuration steps

Create an instance with Amazon Lightsail

  • Sign in to Amazon Lightsail using an Amazon Web Services account
  • Follow the 'Create an instance' link
  • Choose the 'OS Only' and 'Ubuntu 18.04 LTS' options
  • Choose a payment plan
  • Give the instance a unique name and click 'Create'
  • Wait for the instance to start up

Connect to the instance on a local machine

Note: While Amazon Lightsail provides a broswer-based connection method, this will no longer work once the SSH port is changed (see below). The following steps outline how to connect to the instance via the Terminal program on Mac OS machines (this can also be done on a Windows machine with a program such as PuTTY).

  • Download the instance's private key by navigating to the Amazon Lightsail 'Account page'
  • Click on 'Download default key'
  • A file called LightsailDefaultPrivateKey.pem or LightsailDefaultPrivateKey-YOUR-AWS-REGION.pem will be downloaded; open this in a text editor
  • Copy the text and put it in a file called lightrail_key.rsa in the local ~/.ssh/ directory
  • Run chmod 600 ~/.ssh/lightrail_key.rsa
  • Log in with the following command: ssh -i ~/.ssh/lightrail_key.rsa ubuntu@XX.XX.XX.XX, where XX.XX.XX.XX is the public IP address of the instance (note that Lightsail will not allow someone to log in as root; ubuntu is the default user for Lightsail instances)

Upgrade currently installed packages

  • Notify the system of what package updates are available by running sudo apt-get update
  • Download available package updates by running sudo apt-get upgrade

Configure the firewall

  • Start by changing the SSH port from 22 to 2200
  • Run sudo vim /etc/ssh/ssfd_config(open up the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file, change the port number on line 5 to 2200, then restart SSH by running sudo service ssh restart; restarting SSH is a very important step!)
  • Check to see if the ufw (the preinstalled ubuntu firewall) is active by running sudo ufw status
  • Run sudo ufw default deny incoming to set the ufw firewall to block everything coming in
  • Run sudo ufw default allow outgoing to set the ufw firewall to allow everything outgoing
  • Run sudo ufw allow ssh to set the ufw firewall to allow SSH
  • Run sudo ufw allow 2200/tcp to allow all tcp connections for port 2200 so that SSH will work
  • Run sudo ufw allow www to set the ufw firewall to allow a basic HTTP server
  • Run sudo ufw allow 123/udp to set the ufw firewall to allow NTP
  • Run sudo ufw deny 22 to deny port 22 (deny this port since it is not being used for anything; it is the default port for SSH, but this virtual machine has now been configured so that SSH uses port 2200)
  • Also run sudo ufw deny 22/tcp to deny port 22/tcp if it still persists.
  • Run sudo ufw enable to enable the ufw firewall
  • Run sudo ufw status to check which ports are open and to see if the ufw is active; if done correctly, it should look like this:
To                         Action      From
--                         ------      ----
22                         DENY        Anywhere
2200/tcp                   ALLOW       Anywhere
80/tcp                     ALLOW       Anywhere
123/udp                    ALLOW       Anywhere
22 (v6)                    DENY        Anywhere (v6)
2200/tcp (v6)              ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)
80/tcp (v6)                ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)
123/udp (v6)               ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)
  • Update the external (Amazon Lightsail) firewall on the browser by clicking on the 'Manage' option, then the 'Networking' tab, and then changing the firewall configuration to match the internal firewall settings above (only ports 80(TCP), 123(UDP), and 2200(TCP) should be allowed; make sure to deny the default port 22)
  • Now, to login (on a Mac), open up the Terminal and run: ssh -i ~/.ssh/lightrail_key.rsa -p 2200 ubuntu@XX.XX.XX.XX, where XX.XX.XX.XX is the public IP address of the instance Note: As mentioned above, connecting to the instance through a browser now no longer works; this is because Lightsail's browser-based SSH access only works through port 22, which is now denied.

Create a new user named grader

  • Run sudo adduser grader
  • Enter in a new UNIX password (twice) when prompted
  • Fill out information for the new grader user
  • To switch to the grader user, run su - grader, and enter the password

Give grader user sudo permissions

  • Run sudo visudo
  • Search for a line that looks like this: root ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
  • Add the following line below this one: grader ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
  • Save and close the visudo file
  • To verify that grader has sudo permissions, su as grader (run su - grader), enter the password, and run sudo -l; after entering in the password (again), a line like the following should appear, meaning grader has sudo permissions:
Matching Defaults entries for grader on
    ip-XX-XX-XX-XX.ec2.internal:
    env_reset, mail_badpass,
    secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin\:/snap/bin

User grader may run the following commands on
	ip-XX-XX-XX-XX.ec2.internal:
    (ALL : ALL) ALL

Allow grader to log in to the virtual machine

  • Run ssh-keygen on the local machine
  • Choose a file name for the key pair (such as grader_key)
  • Enter in a passphrase twice (two files will be generated; the second one will end in .pub)
  • Log in to the virtual machine
  • Switch to grader's home directory, and create a new directory called .ssh (run mkdir .ssh)
  • Run touch .ssh/authorized_keys
  • On the local machine, run cat ~/.ssh/insert-name-of-file.pub
  • Copy the contents of the file, and paste them in the .ssh/authorized_keys file on the virtual machine
  • Run chmod 700 .ssh on the virtual machine
  • Run chmod 644 .ssh/authorized_keys on the virtual machine
  • Make sure key-based authentication is forced (log in as grader, open the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file, and find the line that says, # Change to no to disable tunnelled clear text passwords; if the next line says, PasswordAuthentication yes, change the yes to no; save and exit the file; run sudo service ssh restart)
  • Log in as the grader using the following command: ssh -i ~/.ssh/grader_key -p 2200 grader@XX.XX.XX.XX Note that a pop-up window will ask for grader's password.

Configure the local timezone to UTC

  • Run sudo dpkg-reconfigure tzdata, and follow the instructions (UTC is under the 'None of the above' category)
  • Test to make sure the timezone is configured correctly by running date

Install and configure Apache

  • Run sudo apt-get install apache2 to install Apache
  • Check to make sure it worked by using the public IP of the Amazon Lightsail instance as as a URL in a browser; if Apache is working correctly, a page with the title 'Apache2 Ubuntu Default Page' should load

Install mod_wsgi

  • Install the mod_wsgi package (which is a tool that allows Apache to serve Flask applications) along with python-dev (a package with header files required when building Python extensions); use the following command: sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-wsgi python-dev
  • Make sure mod_wsgi is enabled by running sudo a2enmod wsgi

Install PostgreSQL and make sure PostgreSQL is not allowing remote connections

  • Install PostgreSQL by running sudo apt-get install postgresql
  • Open the /etc/postgresql/9.5/main/pg_hba.conf file
  • Make sure it looks like this (comments have been removed here for easier reading):
local   all             postgres                                peer
local   all             all                                     peer
host    all             all             127.0.0.1/32            md5
host    all             all             ::1/128                 md5

Make sure Python is installed

  • Python should already be installed on a machine running Ubuntu 18.04. To verify, simply run python. Something like the following should appear:
Python 2.7.12 (default, Nov 19 2016, 06:48:10) 
[GCC 5.4.0 20160609] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>

Create a new PostgreSQL user named catalog with limited permissions

  • PostgreSQL creates a Linux user with the name postgres during installation; switch to this user by running sudo su - postgres (for security reasons, it is important to only use the postgres user for accessing the PostgreSQL software)
  • Connect to psql (the terminal for interacting with PostgreSQL) by running psql
  • Create the catalog user by running CREATE ROLE catalog WITH LOGIN;
  • Next, give the catalog user the ability to create databases: ALTER ROLE catalog CREATEDB;
  • Finally, give the catalog user a password by running \password catalog
  • Check to make sure the catalog user was created by running \du; a table of sorts will be returned, and it should look like this:
				   List of roles
 Role name |                         Attributes                         | Member of 
-----------+------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
 catalog   | Create DB                                                  | {}
 postgres  | Superuser, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Bypass RLS | {}
  • Exit psql by running \q
  • Switch back to the ubuntu user by running exit

Create a Linux user called catalog and a new PostgreSQL database

  1. Create a new Linux user called catalog:
  • run sudo adduser catalog
  • enter in a new UNIX password (twice) when prompted
  • fill out information for catalog
  1. Give the catalog user sudo permissions:
  • run sudo visudo
  • search for a line that looks like this: root ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
  • add the following line below this one: catalog ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
  • save and close the visudo file
  • to verify that catalog has sudo permissions, su as catalog (run sudo su - catalog), and run sudo -l
  • after entering in the UNIX password, a line like the following should appear (meaning catalog has sudo permissions):
User catalog may run the following commands on
	ip-XX-XX-XX-XX.ec2.internal:
    (ALL : ALL) ALL
  1. While logged in as catalog, create a database called catalog by running createdb catalog
  2. Run psql and then run \l to see that the new database has been created
  3. Switch back to the ubuntu user by running exit

Install git and clone the catalog project

  • Run sudo apt-get install git
  • Create a directory called item_catalog in the /var/www/ directory
  • Change to the 'item_catalog' directory, and clone the catalog project: sudo git clone https://github.com/lohithj94/item_catalog.git item_catalog Note: the "item_catalog" part at the end simply changes the directory name for the repository to 'item_catalog' instead of the default 'item-catalog'; this avoids problems later on as Apache does not like hyphens very much
  • Change the ownership of the 'item_catalog' directory to ubuntu by running (while in /var/www): sudo chown -R ubuntu:ubuntu item_catalog/
  • Change to the /var/www/item_catalog/Item_catalog directory
  • Change the name of the application.py file to __init__.py by running mv application.py __init__.py In __init__.py, find line 508:
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=8000)
Change this line to:
app.run()
  • Delete, rename, or move the database_setup.py file to another directory Note: the default database for the neuvo-mexico application is SQLite. The original database_setup.py file in the repository is configured for a SQLite database, and the database_setup_postgres.py file is configured for PostgreSQL (only one change must be made to the file; see the "Switch the database in the application from SQLite to PostgreSQL" section below).

Set up a vitual environment and install dependencies

  • Start by installing pip (if it isn't installed already) with the following command: sudo apt-get install python-pip
  • Install virtualenv with apt-get by running sudo apt-get install python-virtualenv
  • Change to the /var/www/item_catalog/Item_catalog/ directory; choose a name for a temporary environment ('venv' is used in this example), and create this environment by running virtualenv venv (make sure to not use sudo here as it can cause problems later on)
  • Activate the new environment, venv, by running . venv/bin/activate
  • With the virtual environment active, install the following dependenies (note: with the exception of the libpq-dev package, make sure to not use sudo for any of the package installations as this will cause the packages to be installed globally rather than within the virtualenv):
pip install httplib2
pip install requests
pip install --upgrade oauth2client
pip install sqlalchemy
pip install flask
sudo apt-get install libpq-dev (Note: this will install to the global evironment)
pip install psycopg2
  • In order to make sure everything was installed correctly, run python __init__.py; the following (among other things) should be returned:
Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)
Deactivate the virtual environment by running deactivate

Set up and enable a virtual host

  • Create a file in /etc/apache2/sites-available/ called item_catalog.conf
  • Add the following into the file:
<VirtualHost *:80>
		ServerName XX.XX.XX.XX
		ServerAdmin lohithj94@gmail.com
		WSGIScriptAlias / /var/www/item_catalog/item_catalog.wsgi
		<Directory /var/www/item_catalog/Item_catalog/>
			Order allow,deny
			Allow from all
			Options -Indexes
		</Directory>
		Alias /static /var/www/item_catalog/Item_catalog/static
		<Directory /var/www/item_catalog/Item_catalog/static/>
			Order allow,deny
			Allow from all
			Options -Indexes
		</Directory>
		ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
		LogLevel warn
		CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>

Note: the Options -Indexes lines ensure that listings for these directories in the browser is disabled.

  • Run sudo a2ensite item_catalog to enable the virtual host
  • The following prompt will be returned:
Enabling site nuevoMexico
To activate the new configuration, you need to run:
  service apache2 reload
  • Run sudo service apache2 reload

Write a .wsgi file

  • Apache serves Flask applications by using a .wsgi file; create a file calleditem_catalog.wsgi in /var/www/item_catalog
  • Add the following to the file:
activate_this = '/var/www/item_catalog/Item_catalog/venv/bin/activate_this.py'
execfile(activate_this, dict(__file__=activate_this))

#!/usr/bin/python
import sys
import logging
logging.basicConfig(stream=sys.stderr)
sys.path.insert(0,"/var/www/item_catalog/")
sys.path.insert(0,"/var/www/item_catalog/Item_catalog")

from Item_catalog import app as application
application.secret_key = '12345'
  • Resart Apache: sudo service apache2 restart

Switch the database in the application from SQLite to PostgreSQL

  • Replace line 38 in __init__.py, line 85 in database_setup.py, and line 7 in populator.py with the following: engine = create_engine('postgresql://catalog:INSERT_PASSWORD_FOR_DATABASE_HERE@localhost/catalog')

Disable the default Apache site

  • At some point during the configuration, the default Apache site will likely need to be disabled; to do this, run sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf
  • The following prompt will be returned:
Site 000-default disabled.
To activate the new configuration, you need to run:
  service apache2 reload
  • Run sudo service apache2 reload

Change the ownership of the project direcotries

  • Change the ownership of the project directories and files to the www-data user (this is done because Apache runs as the www-data user); while in the /var/www directory, run: sudo chown -R www-data:www-data item_catalog/ Note: if changes need to be made to the project files after the ownership of the directories has been switched to www-data, it is best to edit files as the www-data user; do this with the following command: sudo -u www-data vim INSERT_NAME_OF_FILE (Note: vim can be replaced here with nano or another text editor.)

Set up the database schema and populate the database

  • While in the /var/www/item_catalog/Item_catalog/ directory, activate the virtualenv by running . venv/bin/activate
  • Then run python database_setup.py
  • Deactivate the virtualenv (run deactivate)
  • Resart Apache again: sudo service apache2 restart
  • Now open up a browser and check to make sure the app is working by going to http://XX.XX.XX.XX or http://ec2-XX-XX-XX-XX.compute-1.amazonaws.com

A few helpful commands to know

  • Below is a list of commands that could be useful while setting up the server. lsb_release -a
  • Find out what version of Ubuntu is running whoami
  • Find out which user you are logged in as
>> import flask
>> flask.__version__
  • Find out which version of Flask is installed (run this within Python) sudo service apache2 restart
  • Restart Apache (use this to make sure updates are reflected on the app) virtualenv --version
  • Find out which verison of virtualenv is running which python
  • Find out where Python has been installed (Note: this is especially useful when making sure that the virtualenv is working correctly; when the virtualenv is activated and set up correctly, running which python should not return /usr/bin/python but rather the file path to the directory where the virtualenv is located) vi + /var/log/apache2/error.log
  • View Apache error logs, and open the file starting with the last line (note: vi can be replaced here with nano or another text editor) sudo rm -rf INSERT_NAME_OF_VIRTUALENV_HERE
  • Delete a virtualenv and all of it's directories (be careful; this can't be undone) dropdb INSERT_NAME_OF_DATABASE
  • Drop (delete) a PostgreSQL database; this is helpful if changes are made to the database_setup.py file; the current database should always be dropped and a new one created (run this command while logged in as the catalog user) sudo apachectl stop and sudo apachectl start
  • Stop and start Apache; stopping Apache breaks the database session, which makes it possible to drop a database

Some potentially useful information while configuring the server

Rebooting the virtual machine

  • When logging in to the virtual machine, the following prompt may appear: *** System restart required ***
  • To restart the machine, simply run sudo reboot Note: it is important to keep in mind, that whenever the machine is rebooted, all information in RAM will disappear, the SSH session will end, and the machine will be offline for several minutes.
  • After waiting a few minutes, SSH back into the machine as normal

Dropping and recreating a database

  • At some point in the configuration, it may be necessary to drop the catalog database and recreate it. Here is one way to do that:
  • Stop Apache by running sudo apachectl stop
  • Switch to the postgres user and enter psql: sudo -u postgres psql
  • Drop the current database (which is presumably called 'catalog'): drop database catalog;
  • Recreate the database: create database catalog owner catalog;
  • Exit PostgreSQL and psql (run exit)
  • Activate the virtual environmen: . venv/bin/activate
  • Run python populator.py
  • Deactivate the virtual environment (deactivate)
  • Start Apache: sudo apachectl start

Setting up SQLAlchemy logging

  • At some point in the configuration, viewing logged SQLAlchemy information and errors may be userful. To do this, simply add the following into the imports section of the __init__.py file:
import logging
logging.basicConfig()
logging.getLogger('sqlalchemy.engine').setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

The SQLAlchemy logs will be added to the /var/log/apache2/error.log file.

Fixing sudo: unable to resolve host ip-XX-XX-XX-XX error

  • Open the /etc/hostname file (/etc/hostname contains the name of the machine)
  • Copy the file (it should say nothing more than ip-10-20-29-203, for example)
  • Paste this into the first line of the /etc/hosts file, and add the following before it: localhost.localdomain
  • To be clear: the first line of the file should look like something this: 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain ip-10-20-29-203)
  • Run sudo hostname to make sure it worked; if it worked, something such as ip-10-20-29-203 will be returned

Fixing a servername error with Apache

When installing Apache, the following error may appear:

AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.0.1. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
  • To fix this, open up the /etc/apache2/apache2.conf file
  • Add in the following line at the end of the file: ServerName localhost
  • Restart Apache by running sudo service apache2 restart
  • If it did not work, the same error message will appear when restarting Apache Note: this change will be overwritten when Apache is updated.

References

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