Add frequency collision analysis pass

[sitong1011]

Summary

Add an analysis pass for detecting frequency collision based on the calibrations data provided by backends and the types of frequency collisions in the research paper:

Hertzberg, J.B., Zhang, E.J., Rosenblatt, S. et al. Laser-annealing Josephson junctions for yielding scaled-up superconducting quantum processors. npj Quantum Inf 7, 129 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-021-00464-5

TODOs:

• Add tests
• Improve docs

Co-authored-by: Toshinari Itoko itoko@jp.ibm.com
Co-authored-by: Naoki Kanazawa nkanazawa1989@gmail.com

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[coveralls]

Pull Request Test Coverage Report for Build 2963862732

• 0 of 129 (0.0%) changed or added relevant lines in 1 file are covered.
• 177 unchanged lines in 17 files lost coverage.
• Overall coverage decreased (-0.1%) to 83.976%

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Changes Missing Coverage	Covered Lines	Changed/Added Lines	%
qiskit/transpiler/passes/analysis/frequency_collision.py	0	129	0.0%

Files with Coverage Reduction	New Missed Lines	%
qiskit/circuit/library/standard_gates/z.py	1	98.55%
qiskit/circuit/library/standard_gates/s.py	2	97.1%
qiskit/extensions/quantum_initializer/squ.py	2	79.78%
qiskit/transpiler/passmanager_config.py	2	96.88%
qiskit/utils/deprecation.py	2	93.33%
qiskit/pulse/library/waveform.py	3	89.36%
qiskit/transpiler/preset_passmanagers/common.py	4	96.64%
qiskit/transpiler/preset_passmanagers/level1.py	5	95.8%
qiskit/algorithms/optimizers/gradient_descent.py	6	92.86%
qiskit/transpiler/preset_passmanagers/level0.py	6	93.1%

Totals
Change from base Build 2931036529:	-0.1%
Covered Lines:	56987
Relevant Lines:	67861

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💛 - Coveralls

[nonhermitian]

There is a related PR at the mapomatic repo: qiskit-community/mapomatic#44

[mtreinish]

We recently merged #9026 which added an interface for custom analysis passes that set custom values for the heuristic scoring in the vf2 passes. It might make integrating this a bit easier, you can define a new analysis pass that builds an ErrorMap object with different error rates for each qubit and 2q link in the coupling graph and set that on the property set that as vf2_avg_error_map in the property set. Then when VF2Layout and/or VF2PostLayout are run it will use that error map for scoring instead of the one generated from the backend properties.

[itoko]

I've just diminished the scope of this PR so that it just adds an analysis pass that enumerates frequency collisions (excluding layout passes using the information of frequency collisions). I think having such a pass is still useful for users who wants to know about the frequency collisions in a backend of interest. Any thoughts on having it in Terra? Should it live somewhere not in Terra? @nkanazawa1989 @mtreinish @nonhermitian

[itoko]

Let me close this draft PR as it is stalled and plugin transpiler passes (like CollisionAnalysis introduced in this PR) are now supposed to be in some repository under qiskit-community organization first.