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Bait Changelog

All notable changes are documented in this file.

Bait is currently in an Alpha State (0.0.x). Breaking changes may occur at any time.

0.0.7

unreleased

Breaking

  • Change syntax for attributes with value to @attr('value')
  • Change operator for pointer dereferencing from ^ to *
  • strings.Builder: Replace write_chars(data []u8) with write_u8(c u8)
  • os: Rename struct Result to CmdRes
  • builtin:
    • Remove u8.is_capital()
      • Use u8.is_upper() instead
    • Rename last_index(val) to index_last(val) (affects string and array)
  • Remove cli.cmdline
    • parse_string() was moved into cli
    • options() was replaced by the cli.options package
  • bait.lexer:
    • Rename Lexer.get_pos() to Lexer.pos()
    • Make Lexer.val private. Use Lexer.val() instead

New Language Features

  • Implement Result type (e.g. fun foo() !<type> {})
  • Add or {} block for error handling (e.g. foo() or { println(err) })
  • Add ! operator for error propagation (e.g. foo()!)
  • Support number prefixes for different bases
    • binary (e.g. 0b1001)
    • octal (e.g. 0o123)
    • hex (e.g. 0x12a)
  • Add bitwise operators (~, &, |, ^, <<, >>)
  • Implement basic conditional compilation with $if {} $else {}
  • [JS] Add testsuite_begin() and testsuite_end() functions
  • [JS] Implement generic structs

Error Checks

  • Fixes and improvements regarding error positions
  • Disallow leading zeros in decimal numbers
  • Prevent invalid number suffixes
  • MatchExpr
    • Require match to be exhaustive
    • Prevent duplicate branch conditions
    • Warn if else branch is unreachable
  • Prevent redefinition of types (enum, interface, struct, type alias)
  • Lexer: Add unqiue error codes

Type Checks

  • Ensure function parameter type exists
  • Fix existence check for array element types
  • Raise error if array type cannot be inferred
  • Properly check return type of array.last()
  • Improve integer type check to infer type in e.g. array inits [1 as u8, 2, 3]
  • Fix inferance of wrong type for if/match expr inside another if

Generics

  • checker:
    • Fix type checking for nested generic function calls
    • Fix passing generic params as arg to another generic function
  • gen:
    • typeof(G) now prints the concrete type
    • Fix escaping of imported types in generic function calls

JS Backend

  • Improve performance of string comparison
  • Fix integer over- and underflows
  • Fix i64, u32 and u64 implementations by internally using BigInt

C Backend

  • Experimental generics support
  • Minimal windows support (os package won't work)
  • builder: Fixes for using the C backend on windows
  • gen:
    • Implement assert, break continue, enum, global, anonymous functions, character literals and compile time variables
    • Auto str method generation for structs
  • Fix compiling libraries
  • Fix string interpolation C error with tcc
  • Fix C error when calling a method on a mutable array instance

Standard Library

  • Add new package encoding.binary
  • Add new package hash.crc32
  • Add new package hash.fnv1a
  • Add new package cli.options
  • Add work in progress math package
  • builtin
    • Add functions print(msg), eprint(msg)
    • New string methods: index_after(search, pos) i32, bytes() []u8
    • Add hex() method for all integer types
    • New u8 methods: is_lower(), is_upper(), is_digit(), is_hex_digit(), is_bin_digit()
    • New []u8 method: to_string()
    • [C] Implement string methods:
      • all_before, all_before_last, all_after, all_after_last
      • index, last_index, contains
      • starts_with, ends_with
      • trim_left, trim_right
      • replace, substr, repeat
    • [C] Implement array method contains
    • [C] Implement u8 method ascii() string
    • [JS] New array method delete()
  • os:
    • New function read_bytes(path) []u8
    • [JS] New function is_root(path) bool
    • [C] Implement functions for Linux:
      • read_file, write_file
      • ls, walk_ext
      • file_name, dir
      • is_dir, join_path, platform
      • exec, system

CLI and Tooling

  • init:
    • Add --template option to allow choosing a template
    • Add bin and lib templates
    • Prevent overwriting existing files
  • build: Add -cc option to use a custom C compiler
  • self: Use $BAITEXE as default out name
  • ast:
    • --tokens: Print value of all tokens that have one
    • Print parser warnings and errors
  • doctor: Include cc version

Other Changes

  • Add $DIR compile time variable
  • Require mutable function argument if paramter is mutable
  • Fix function types
  • [JS] Fix integer division assign that could result in a float
  • gen:
    • Fix != when == is overloaded
    • Fix if/match expr in struct init
  • parser:
    • Show an info message if a file is not parsed due to package mismatch
      • Add @silent_mismatch attribute to suppress this message
    • Fix hangs on unexpected eof
    • Fix duplication of warnings
    • Fix typeless array inits used as call arg
  • lexer:
    • Fix position of multiline strings
    • Unclosed string error now points to the opening quote
    • Prevent rare crash due to huge sequences of comments overflowing the call stack
  • Many refactorings, cleanups and performance improvements
  • Documentation improvements

0.0.6

26 December 2023

Breaking

  • strings.Builder: Rename some methods
    • write() to write_chars()
    • write_str() to write()
  • Remove the tool test-lib
    • All standard library tests can be run with bait test lib
    • Compiler tests can be run with bait test tests
    • Tool tests can be run with bait test cli/tools

Generics

  • Check that concrete types for each generic type match
  • Generate concrete functions on both backends
  • Fix invalid error that a generic type is private
  • Fix string conversion of generic types

Package and Import System

  • Import resolving order: Search for imports next to the importer first
  • Significantly improve performance of import resolving
  • Show builder error when
    • Imported package does not exist
    • No files belong to a imported package
    • Compiled directory is empty

Error and Type Checks

  • If conditions must be of type bool
  • Prevent assigning from a void function call
  • Prevent selecting fields of unsupported types (e.g. enums)
  • Prevent some cases of identifier redefinition
    • Any identifier by a function name
    • Function argument by a variable
  • Show an error if break or continue are not inside a loop
  • Prevent invalid prefix exprs
    • - on non-numeric types
    • not on non-bool types
  • Respect return type of overloaded methods
  • Reduce noisy errors in the following cases
    • Assign to undefined ident
    • Method call on undefined ident
    • Use of unknown struct field in infix
    • Assign from unknown function or method

Language Interoperability

  • [JS] Implement native strings js'my str'
  • [JS] Add support for declaring structs, methods, enums and type aliases
  • [JS] Various fixes related to interfaces

Pointers

  • Add pointer dereferencing: ^my_ptr
  • Fix typeof() for pointers

CLI and Tooling

  • Add init tool to setup new projects
  • up: Fix make on windows
  • Add option --timings to show time needed for all compiler stages
  • tests/output_test.bt: Add --fix option
  • gen-baitjs
    • Remove from builtin tools as it's designed for CI only
    • Various fixes related to breaking compiler changes

Testing

  • builder: Fix testing a directory with multiple test files
  • bait.util.testing
    • BuildRunner
      • New field oks to check number of successful runs
      • build_all_in_root(): Add support for directories
      • Add new field targets and enum BuildTarget to specify what to build (default is all)
    • InOutRunner
      • Add fix_out_file field to overwrite out files with the actual output
      • Output tests work on windows now (internal path and line break normalization)
      • Fix checking stderr of a directory
      • Handle skips for lib tests

Standard Library

  • Add work in progress time package
  • Add work in progress cli package
  • Add bait.util.timers to aid with performance measurements
  • builtin:
    • New string method is_capital() bool
    • New map methods values() []any and clear()
    • Implement array methods index() and last_index() on C backend too
  • os:
    • Add input(prompt) string function [JS]
    • Add exists_dir(path) that checks if path exists and is a directory [JS]
    • Fix js error with mkdir() and mkdir_all() if path already exists
  • strings: JS implementation of the string builder

General Fixes

  • parser: Fix precedence of PrefixExpr
  • checker
    • Fix scope of smartcasted if conditions
    • Fix error for methods defined on an array of a user defined type
    • Fix error if a method shares a name with a function defined before
  • gen.js: Fix possible crash by escaping reserved JS keywords in the for ... in loop

Other Changes

  • Implement real if and match expressions
  • Add attribute @noreturn
  • [JS] Add support for float literals
  • Support struct fields of function type that are callable like methods
  • Move compiler tests from lib/bait/tests/ into tests/
  • Complete tokenizer rewrite and rename to lexer
  • Many refactorings, cleanups and performance enhancements
  • Documentation improvements

0.0.5

27 August 2023

Breaking

  • Interfaces: Methods must not be prefixed with fun. Just use method_name(...) ...
  • bait run: Delete executable afterwards. Use option --keep for old behaviour

Windows Support

  • Initial support for Windows with the JS backend, including:
    • Bootstrapping with make.bat
    • Symlinking
    • setup-bait GitHub Action
    • Many adjustments in lib, the compiler and tooling

JS Backend

  • Very limited and minimal generics
  • Results of integer math operations are properly floored
  • Support type definition for JS constants

Standard Library

  • builtin:
    • New string methods split(delim), trim_left(cutset), trim_right(cutset) [JS backend]
    • New array method last()
  • os
    • Add PATH_SEP constant
    • Implement ARGS for C backend
    • Add function user_args() that returns only the arguments passed by the user
    • dir(): Fix trailing slashes
    • exec(): Fix handling of quoted arguments with whitespace
  • New package cli.cmdline containing functions for low level command line parsing

CLI and Tooling

  • up, self: Make tools independent of working directory
  • run:
    • Add --keep flag to not delete the executable after running
    • Arguments after -- are passed to the executable
  • make.sh: Add --no-self flag to compile Bait exactly one time
  • build-examples:
    • Fix exit code on error for the C backend
    • Do not build both backends by default but respect the --backend option
  • self: Respect --out value in success message

Other Changes

  • Check mutability of all fields in nested selector expressions
  • Prevent crash with cyclic imports
  • Fix executable name if compiling directories . or ..
  • Parser:
    • Fix crash if a fun call closing parenthesis is missing
    • Do not get stuck due to a unexpected token inside interface declaration
  • C: Codegen for string interpolation
  • bait.util.testing: Various fixes to the inout runner

0.0.4

16 July 2023

Breaking

  • Replace struct init syntax Struct{ field: value } with Struct{ field = value }

CLI and Tooling

  • Add --library option to build as shared library that not requires a main function
  • Add -w and -W to hide warnings or turn them into errors
  • self: Pass other options to build command
  • ast: Add --tokens option to only print the tokens
  • make.sh: Improve error robustness

Type System

  • Check types of literal map init
  • Allow typeless array inits based on context

Immutability by Default

  • Implement struct field access modifiers mut, pub, pub mut and global
  • Enforce immutability and privacy of struct fields
  • Enforce default immutability of variables and parameters
  • Support parsing of mutable method receivers, function parameters and for-in-loop variables
  • Add error when assigning to a field of a immutable struct
  • Error if a method that requires a mutable receiver is called on a immutable variable

Error Checking

  • Enums
    • Cannot be declared empty
    • Prevent duplicate enum variants
  • Structs
    • Prevent duplicate field names
    • Sum type fields must be initialized
  • Packages and Imports
    • Compiling a folder must include a file with package main
    • Main package must contain a main function
    • Error if a imported package contains no Bait files
    • Fix false-positive error with variable names matching an import of an import
  • Many fixes and improvements regarding symbol visibility
  • Prevent assigning to non-identifiers
  • Fix variable redefinition error not being thrown

Compiler

  • Struct Declarations
    • Support default field values
    • Attribute support for fields and add @required
  • Enum fields can have default values
  • Add labelled break and continue
  • Arrays can be preallocated with a given length
  • Implement @export: 'jsname' that will generate module.exports.jsname = fun
  • Fix printing type aliased values
  • Parser: Fix infinite loop with statements during script mode main function
  • Builder: Do not include files in a imported directory with unexpected package name

Testing

  • bait.util.testing
    • Add inout runner for project directories
    • Add inout runner to check stdout
    • Allow passing an array of elements to skip

Standard Library

  • os
    • Add user_os() function
    • Fix cp() for directories
  • builtin: New toI32() string method
  • [C] Add strings package containing a simple string builder

C Backend (experimental)

  • Properly implement backend selection
  • Limited code generation (enough for hello world and fizzbuzz)

0.0.3

30 May 2023

Breaking

  • Remove type(var) cast syntax in favor of as casting: var as Type
  • $FILE comptime var now gives the relative path. Use $ABS_FILE for the old behaviour

CLI and Tooling

  • Add symlink command that will link a helper bash script which executes bait with NodeJS
  • up: Actually print newest version after update
  • self, build-xxx: Always show stderr output
  • Rename test-self to test-lib
  • gen-baitjs: Logging improvements and fix escaping bugs
  • build: Add --nocolor option to disable colorized output
  • Add --verbose option and verbose output for launching tools
  • Script mode is enabled implicitly but will cause a warning

Type System

  • Infix types must match
  • Match branch exprs must be of the same type as the condition
  • Check types of return values
  • All array init elements must be of the same type
  • as cast: check the target type exists
  • Improve type resolving of constants
  • Implement enum access without specifying the name if the type is already known
  • Infer struct init default value of type alias from parent type
  • Fix typeof()
  • Type check arguments of calls to special builtin array methods

Error Checking

  • Prevent redefinition of functions and methods
  • Prevent shadowing of imports with variables or function parameters
  • Hide noise assign errors after an error for one of the expressions was raised

JS Interoperability

  • Require JS code to be in .js.bt files
  • Implement JS interfaces to define JS types and methods
  • Imports have to follow the scheme import 'package' as #JS.alias
  • JS functions have to be declared with their type signature

Compiler

  • Colorize error messages
  • Create a system for annotating functions with attributes
    • Add @deprecated and @deprecated_after
  • Implement limited method overloading using @overload: '<operator>'
  • Fix enum type struct fields not being initialized with 0
  • Fix escaping of
    • Double quotes in strings
    • Backticks in interpolated strings
    • Double quotes in char literals
  • Name of the compiled file now defaults to the source name

Testing

  • assert
    • Fix runtime error if non-infix asserts fail
    • Fix missing assert details on fail if left side is a empty string
    • Prevent asserting exprs that do not evaluate to a bool
    • Handle more exprs in fail messages
  • Add an error if a test file contains no test functions
  • Add lot's of new unit tests for lib and the compiler

Standard Library

  • builtin:
    • New string methods:
      • all_before(), all_before_last()
      • all_after(), all_after_last()
    • New array methods:
      • copy()
      • index(), last_index()
      • reverse(), reverse_in_place()
  • os:
    • New functions file_mod_time(), rm(), symlink()
    • exec(): Fix missing output of stderr without execution errors

Other Changes

  • Add $ABS_FILE compile time variable
  • Improve and expand the documentation
  • make.sh: add --local flag that skips pulling the last commit
  • Various refactorings

0.0.2

10 May 2023

Breaking Changes

  • Remove testing package
  • Replace testing.assert() with builtin assert keyword
  • Move bait.prefs to bait.preference

Compiler CLI and Tooling

  • build command (it can be omitted)
  • run, version and doctor commands
  • move help, self and up into tools
  • build-examples, build-tools, check-md, test-self and test-all tools
  • build: add --script option to enable script mode, where no main function is required
  • self: backup the bait.js file

Standard Library

  • new functions
    • builtin: panic()
    • os: walk_ext(), cp(), chdir(), home_dir(), rmdir(), rmdir_all(), read_lines(), executable(), getenv(), setenv(), arch(), exec()
  • new methods: string.split_lines()

Documentation

  • Syntax overview as starting point for writing the docs
  • GitHub: issue templates

Other Changes

  • Improve output of failed asserts (file, line, function, got and expected)
  • add compile time pseudo variables
    • $PKG, $FILE, $LINE, $FILE_LINE, $FUN, $BAITEXE, $BAITDIR, $BAITHASH
  • CI pipeline with some basic checks
  • baitjs generation
    • move logic into gen-baitjs tool
    • include branch, hash and commit message from the corresponding bait commit
  • Refactor preference parsing and error printing

0.0.1

28 April 2023

  • Alpha Release