NATS is fast and lightweight and places a priority on performance. the nats CLI tool can, amongst many other things, be used for running benchmarks and measuring performance of your target NATS service infrastructure. In this tutorial you learn how to benchmark and tune NATS on your systems and environment.
nats-server -m 8222 -jsVerify that the NATS server starts successfully, as well as the HTTP monitor:
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.342816 [INF] Starting nats-server
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.342971 [INF] Version: 2.6.1
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.342974 [INF] Git: [not set]
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.342976 [INF] Name: NDUYLGUUNSD53IUR77SQE2XK4PRCDJNPTICAGMGTAYAFN22KNL2GLJ23
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.342979 [INF] Node: ESalpH2B
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.342981 [INF] ID: NDUYLGUUNSD53IUR77SQE2XK4PRCDJNPTICAGMGTAYAFN22KNL2GLJ23
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.343583 [INF] Starting JetStream
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.343946 [INF] _ ___ _____ ___ _____ ___ ___ _ __ __
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.343955 [INF] _ | | __|_ _/ __|_ _| _ \ __| /_\ | \/ |
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.343957 [INF] | || | _| | | __ \ | | | / _| / _ \| |\/| |
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.343959 [INF] __/|___| |_| |___/ |_| |_|____/_/ __| |_|
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.343960 [INF]
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.343962 [INF] https://docs.nats.io/jetstream
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.343964 [INF]
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.343967 [INF] ---------------- JETSTREAM ----------------
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.343970 [INF] Max Memory: 48.00 GB
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.343973 [INF] Max Storage: 581.03 GB
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.343974 [INF] Store Directory: "/var/folders/1b/wb_d92cd6cl_fshyy5qy2tlc0000gn/T/nats/jetstream"
[89075] 2021/10/05 23:26:35.343979 [INF] -------------------------------------------
Let's run a test to see how fast a single publisher can publish one million 16 byte messages to the NATS server.
nats bench foo --pub 1 --size 16The output tells you the number of messages and the number of payload bytes that the client was able to publish per second:
23:33:51 Starting pub/sub benchmark [msgs=100,000, msgsize=16 B, pubs=1, subs=0, js=false]
23:33:51 Starting publisher, publishing 100,000 messages
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Pub stats: 5,173,828 msgs/sec ~ 78.95 MB/sec
Now increase the number of messages published:
nats bench foo --pub 1 --size 16 --msgs 10000000Example output
23:34:29 Starting pub/sub benchmark [msgs=10,000,000, msgsize=16 B, pubs=1, subs=0, js=false]
23:34:29 Starting publisher, publishing 10,000,000 messages
Finished 2s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Pub stats: 4,919,947 msgs/sec ~ 75.07 MB/sec
When using both publishers and subscribers, nats bench reports aggregate, as well as individual publish and subscribe throughput performance.
Let's look at throughput for a single publisher with a single subscriber:
nats bench foo --pub 1 --sub 1 --size 16Note that the output shows the aggregate throughput as well as the individual publisher and subscriber performance:
23:36:00 Starting pub/sub benchmark [msgs=100,000, msgsize=16 B, pubs=1, subs=1, js=false]
23:36:00 Starting subscriber, expecting 100,000 messages
23:36:00 Starting publisher, publishing 100,000 messages
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
NATS Pub/Sub stats: 5,894,441 msgs/sec ~ 89.94 MB/sec
Pub stats: 3,517,660 msgs/sec ~ 53.68 MB/sec
Sub stats: 2,957,796 msgs/sec ~ 45.13 MB/sec
When specifying multiple publishers, or multiple subscribers, nats bench will also report statistics for each publisher and subscriber individually, along with min/max/avg and standard deviation.
Let's increase both the number of messages, and the number of subscribers.:
nats bench foo --pub 1 --sub 5 --size 16 --msgs 1000000Example output
23:38:08 Starting pub/sub benchmark [msgs=1,000,000, msgsize=16 B, pubs=1, subs=5, js=false]
23:38:08 Starting subscriber, expecting 1,000,000 messages
23:38:08 Starting subscriber, expecting 1,000,000 messages
23:38:08 Starting subscriber, expecting 1,000,000 messages
23:38:08 Starting subscriber, expecting 1,000,000 messages
23:38:08 Starting subscriber, expecting 1,000,000 messages
23:38:08 Starting publisher, publishing 1,000,000 messages
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
NATS Pub/Sub stats: 7,123,965 msgs/sec ~ 108.70 MB/sec
Pub stats: 1,188,419 msgs/sec ~ 18.13 MB/sec
Sub stats: 5,937,525 msgs/sec ~ 90.60 MB/sec
[1] 1,187,633 msgs/sec ~ 18.12 MB/sec (1000000 msgs)
[2] 1,187,597 msgs/sec ~ 18.12 MB/sec (1000000 msgs)
[3] 1,187,526 msgs/sec ~ 18.12 MB/sec (1000000 msgs)
[4] 1,187,528 msgs/sec ~ 18.12 MB/sec (1000000 msgs)
[5] 1,187,505 msgs/sec ~ 18.12 MB/sec (1000000 msgs)
min 1,187,505 | avg 1,187,557 | max 1,187,633 | stddev 48 msgs
When more than 1 publisher is specified, nats bench evenly distributes the total number of messages (-msgs) across the number of publishers (-pub).
Now let's increase the number of publishers and examine the output:
nats bench foo --pub 5 --sub 5 --size 16 --msgs 1000000Example output
23:39:28 Starting pub/sub benchmark [msgs=1,000,000, msgsize=16 B, pubs=5, subs=5, js=false]
23:39:28 Starting subscriber, expecting 1,000,000 messages
23:39:28 Starting subscriber, expecting 1,000,000 messages
23:39:28 Starting subscriber, expecting 1,000,000 messages
23:39:28 Starting subscriber, expecting 1,000,000 messages
23:39:28 Starting subscriber, expecting 1,000,000 messages
23:39:28 Starting publisher, publishing 200,000 messages
23:39:28 Starting publisher, publishing 200,000 messages
23:39:28 Starting publisher, publishing 200,000 messages
23:39:28 Starting publisher, publishing 200,000 messages
23:39:28 Starting publisher, publishing 200,000 messages
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Finished 0s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
NATS Pub/Sub stats: 7,019,849 msgs/sec ~ 107.11 MB/sec
Pub stats: 1,172,667 msgs/sec ~ 17.89 MB/sec
[1] 236,240 msgs/sec ~ 3.60 MB/sec (200000 msgs)
[2] 236,168 msgs/sec ~ 3.60 MB/sec (200000 msgs)
[3] 235,541 msgs/sec ~ 3.59 MB/sec (200000 msgs)
[4] 234,911 msgs/sec ~ 3.58 MB/sec (200000 msgs)
[5] 235,545 msgs/sec ~ 3.59 MB/sec (200000 msgs)
min 234,911 | avg 235,681 | max 236,240 | stddev 485 msgs
Sub stats: 5,851,064 msgs/sec ~ 89.28 MB/sec
[1] 1,171,181 msgs/sec ~ 17.87 MB/sec (1000000 msgs)
[2] 1,171,169 msgs/sec ~ 17.87 MB/sec (1000000 msgs)
[3] 1,170,867 msgs/sec ~ 17.87 MB/sec (1000000 msgs)
[4] 1,170,641 msgs/sec ~ 17.86 MB/sec (1000000 msgs)
[5] 1,170,250 msgs/sec ~ 17.86 MB/sec (1000000 msgs)
min 1,170,250 | avg 1,170,821 | max 1,171,181 | stddev 349 msgs
In one shell start a nats bench in 'reply mode' and let it run
nats bench foo --sub 1 --replyAnd in another shell send some requests
nats bench foo --pub 1 --request --msgs 10000Example output
23:47:35 Benchmark in request/reply mode
23:47:35 Starting request/reply benchmark [msgs=10,000, msgsize=128 B, pubs=1, subs=0, js=false, request=true, reply=false]
23:47:35 Starting publisher, publishing 10,000 messages
Finished 1s [==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Pub stats: 8,601 msgs/sec ~ 1.05 MB/sec
In this case the average latency of request/reply between the two nats bench processes over NATS was 1/8,601th of a second (116.2655505 microseconds).
You can now hit control-c to kill that nats bench --reply process
Note: by default nats bench subscribers in 'reply mode' join a queue group, so you can use nats bench for example to simulate a bunch of load balanced server processes.
First let's publish some messages into a stream, nats bench will automatically create a stream called benchstream using default attributes.
nats bench bar --js --pub 1 --size 16 --msgs 1000000Example output
00:00:10 Starting JetStream benchmark [msgs=1,000,000, msgsize=16 B, pubs=1, subs=0, js=true, stream=benchstream storage=memory, syncpub=false, pubbatch=100, jstimeout=30s, pull=false, pullbatch=100, maxackpending=-1, replicas=1, purge=false]
00:00:10 Starting publisher, publishing 1,000,000 messages
Finished 3s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Pub stats: 272,497 msgs/sec ~ 4.16 MB/sec
We can now measure the speed of replay of messages stored in the stream to a consumer
nats bench bar --js --sub 1 --msgs 1000000Example output
00:05:04 JetStream ordered push consumer mode: subscribers will not acknowledge the consumption of messages
00:05:04 Starting JetStream benchmark [msgs=1,000,000, msgsize=128 B, pubs=0, subs=1, js=true, stream=benchstream storage=memory, syncpub=false, pubbatch=100, jstimeout=30s, pull=false, pullbatch=100, maxackpending=-1, replicas=1, purge=false]
00:05:04 Starting subscriber, expecting 1,000,000 messages
Finished 1s [======================================================================================================================================================] 100%
Sub stats: 777,480 msgs/sec ~ 94.91 MB/sec
By default nats bench --js subscribers use 'ordered push' consumers, which are ordered, reliable and flow controlled but not 'acknowledged' meaning that the subscribers do not send an acknowledgement back to the server upon receiving each message from the stream. Ordered push consumers are the preferred way for a single application instance to get it's own copy of all (or some) of the data stored in a stream.
However, you can also benchmark 'pull consumers', which are instead the preferred way to horizontally scale the processing (or consumption) of the messages in the stream where the subscribers do acknowledge the processing of every single message, but can leverage batching to increase the processing throughput.
Don't be afraid to test different JetStream storage and replication options (assuming you have access to a JetStream enabled cluster of servers if you want to go beyond --replicas 1), and of course the number of publishing/subscribing threads and the publish or pull subscribe batch sizes.
Note: If you change the attributes of a stream between runs you will have to delete the stream (e.g. run nats stream rm benchstream)
Once you have finished benchmarking streams, remember that if you have stored many messages in the stream (which is very easy and fast to do) your stream may end up using a certain amount of resources on the nats-server(s) infrastructure (i.e. memory and files) that you may want to reclaim.
You can instruct use the --purge bench command flag to tell nats to purge the stream of messages before starting its benchmark, or purge the stream manually using nats stream purge benchstream or just delete it altogether using nats stream rm benchstream.