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Concepts, guidelines and advanced usage

This document covers terminology, how the action works, general usage guidelines, and advanced usage.

Terminology

Pull requests are proposed changes to a repository branch that can be reviewed by a repository's collaborators before being accepted or rejected.

A pull request references two branches:

  • The base of a pull request is the branch you intend to change once the proposed changes are merged.
  • The branch of a pull request represents what you intend the base to look like when merged. It is the base branch plus changes that have been made to it.

Events and checkout

This action expects repositories to be checked out with the official GitHub Actions checkout action. For each event type there is a default GITHUB_SHA that will be checked out.

The default can be overridden by specifying a ref on checkout.

      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          ref: develop

How the action works

Unless the base input is supplied, the action expects the target repository to be checked out on the pull request base—the branch you intend to modify with the proposed changes.

Workflow steps:

  1. Checkout the base branch
  2. Make changes
  3. Execute create-pull-request action

The following git diagram shows how the action creates and updates a pull request branch.

Create Pull Request GitGraph

Guidelines

Providing a consistent base

For the action to work correctly it should be executed in a workflow that checks out a consistent base branch. This will be the base of the pull request unless overridden with the base input.

This means your workflow should be consistently checking out the branch that you intend to modify once the PR is merged.

In the following example, the push and create events both trigger the same workflow. This will cause the checkout action to checkout inconsistent branches and commits. Do not do this. It will cause multiple pull requests to be created for each additional base the action is executed against.

on:
  push:
  create:
jobs:
  example:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

There may be use cases where it makes sense to execute the workflow on a branch that is not the base of the pull request. In these cases, the base branch can be specified with the base action input. The action will attempt to rebase changes made during the workflow on to the actual base.

Events which checkout a commit

The default checkout for the majority of events will leave the repository checked out on a branch. However, some events such as release and pull_request will leave the repository in a "detached HEAD" state. This is because they checkout a commit, not a branch. In these cases, you must supply the base input so the action can rebase changes made during the workflow for the pull request.

Workflows triggered by pull_request events will by default check out a merge commit. Set the base input as follows to base the new pull request on the current pull request's branch.

      - uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
        with:
          base: ${{ github.head_ref }}

Workflows triggered by release events will by default check out a tag. For most use cases, you will need to set the base input to the branch name of the tagged commit.

      - uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
        with:
          base: main

Restrictions on repository forks

GitHub Actions have imposed restrictions on workflow runs triggered by public repository forks. Private repositories can be configured to enable workflows from forks to run without restriction.

The restrictions apply to the pull_request event triggered by a fork opening a pull request in the upstream repository.

These restrictions mean that during a pull_request event triggered by a forked repository, actions have no write access to GitHub resources and will fail on any attempt.

A job condition can be added to prevent workflows from executing when triggered by a repository fork.

on: pull_request
jobs:
  example:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    # Check if the event is not triggered by a fork
    if: github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository

For further reading regarding the security of pull requests, see this GitHub blog post titled Keeping your GitHub Actions and workflows secure: Preventing pwn requests

Triggering further workflow runs

Pull requests created by the action using the default GITHUB_TOKEN cannot trigger other workflows. If you have on: pull_request or on: push workflows acting as checks on pull requests, they will not run.

When you use the repository's GITHUB_TOKEN to perform tasks, events triggered by the GITHUB_TOKEN will not create a new workflow run. This prevents you from accidentally creating recursive workflow runs. For example, if a workflow run pushes code using the repository's GITHUB_TOKEN, a new workflow will not run even when the repository contains a workflow configured to run when push events occur.

GitHub Actions: Triggering a workflow from a workflow

Workarounds to trigger further workflow runs

There are a number of workarounds with different pros and cons.

  • Use the default GITHUB_TOKEN and allow the action to create pull requests that have no checks enabled. Manually close pull requests and immediately reopen them. This will enable on: pull_request workflows to run and be added as checks. To prevent merging of pull requests without checks erroneously, use branch protection rules.

  • Create draft pull requests by setting the draft: always-true input, and configure your workflow to trigger on: ready_for_review. The workflow will run when users manually click the "Ready for review" button on the draft pull requests. If the pull request is updated by the action, the always-true mode ensures that the pull request will be converted back to a draft.

  • Use a Personal Access Token (PAT) created on an account that has write access to the repository that pull requests are being created in. This is the standard workaround and recommended by GitHub. It's advisable to use a dedicated machine account that has collaborator access to the repository, rather than creating a PAT on a personal user account. Also note that because the account that owns the PAT will be the creator of pull requests, that user account will be unable to perform actions such as request changes or approve the pull request.

  • Use SSH (deploy keys) to push the pull request branch. This is arguably more secure than using a PAT because deploy keys can be set per repository. However, this method will only trigger on: push workflows.

  • Use a machine account that creates pull requests from its own fork. This is the most secure because the PAT created only grants access to the machine account's fork, not the main repository. This method will trigger on: pull_request workflows to run. Workflows triggered on: push will not run because the push event is in the fork.

  • Use a GitHub App to generate a token that can be used with this action. GitHub App generated tokens are more secure than using a Classic PAT because access permissions can be set with finer granularity and are scoped to only repositories where the App is installed. This method will trigger both on: push and on: pull_request workflows.

Security

From a security perspective it's good practice to fork third-party actions, review the code, and use your fork of the action in workflows. By using third-party actions directly the risk exists that it could be modified to do something malicious, such as capturing secrets.

Alternatively, use the action directly and reference the commit hash for the version you want to target.

  - uses: thirdparty/foo-action@172ec762f2ac8e050062398456fccd30444f8f30

This action uses ncc to compile the Node.js code and dependencies into a single JavaScript file under the dist directory.

Advanced usage

Creating pull requests in a remote repository

Checking out a branch from a different repository from where the workflow is executing will make that repository the target for the created pull request. In this case, the GITHUB_TOKEN will not work and one of the other token options must be used.

      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          token: ${{ secrets.PAT }}
          repository: owner/repo

      # Make changes to pull request here

      - uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
        with:
          token: ${{ secrets.PAT }}

Push using SSH (deploy keys)

Deploy keys can be set per repository and so are arguably more secure than using a Classic Personal Access Token (PAT). Allowing the action to push with a configured deploy key will trigger on: push workflows. This makes it an alternative to using a PAT to trigger checks for pull requests.

Note

You cannot use deploy keys alone to create a pull request in a remote repository because then using a PAT would become a requirement. This method only makes sense if creating a pull request in the repository where the workflow is running.

How to use SSH (deploy keys) with create-pull-request action:

  1. Create a new SSH key pair for your repository. Do not set a passphrase.
  2. Copy the contents of the public key (.pub file) to a new repository deploy key and check the box to "Allow write access."
  3. Add a secret to the repository containing the entire contents of the private key.
  4. As shown in the example below, configure actions/checkout to use the deploy key you have created.
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          ssh-key: ${{ secrets.SSH_PRIVATE_KEY }}

      # Make changes to pull request here

      - name: Create Pull Request
        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7

Push pull request branches to a fork

Instead of pushing pull request branches to the repository you want to update, you can push them to a fork of that repository. This allows you to employ the principle of least privilege by using a dedicated user acting as a machine account. This user only has read access to the main repository. It will use their own fork to push code and create the pull request.

Note

If you choose to not give the machine account write access to the parent repository, the following inputs cannot be used: labels, assignees, reviewers, team-reviewers and milestone.

  1. Create a new GitHub user and login.
  2. Fork the repository that you will be creating pull requests in.
  3. Create a Classic Personal Access Token (PAT) with repo scope.
  4. Logout and log back into your main user account.
  5. Add a secret to your repository containing the above PAT.
  6. As shown in the following example workflow, set the push-to-fork input to the full repository name of the fork.
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      # Make changes to pull request here

      - uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
        with:
          token: ${{ secrets.MACHINE_USER_PAT }}
          push-to-fork: machine-user/fork-of-repository

Tip

You can also combine push-to-fork with creating pull requests in a remote repository.

Pushing to a fork with fine-grained permissions

Using a fine-grained Personal Access Token (PAT) or GitHub App with push-to-fork can be achieved, but comes with some caveats.

When using push-to-fork, the action needs permissions for two different repositories. It needs contents: write for the fork to push the branch, and pull-requests: write for the parent repository to create the pull request.

There are two main scenarios:

  1. The parent and fork have different owners. In this case, it's not possible to create a token that is scoped to both repositories so different tokens must be used for each.
  2. The parent and fork both have the same owner (i.e. they exist in the same org). In this case, a single token can be scoped to both repositories, but the permissions granted cannot be different. So it would defeat the purpose of using push-to-fork, and you might as well just create the pull request directly on the parent repository.

For the first scenario, the solution is to scope the token for the fork, and use the branch-token input to push the branch. The token input will then default to the repository's GITHUB_TOKEN, which will be used to create the pull request.

Note

Solution limitations:

  • Since GITHUB_TOKEN will be used to create the pull request, the workflow must be executing in the parent repository where the pull request should be created.
  • maintainer-can-modify must be set to false, because the GITHUB_TOKEN will not have write access to the head branch in the fork.

The following is an example of pushing to a fork using GitHub App tokens.

      - uses: actions/create-github-app-token@v1
        id: generate-token
        with:
          app-id: ${{ secrets.APP_ID }}
          private-key: ${{ secrets.APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
          owner: owner
          repositories: fork-of-repo

      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      # Make changes to pull request here

      - name: Create Pull Request
        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
        with:
          branch-token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
          push-to-fork: owner/fork-of-repo
          maintainer-can-modify: false

Authenticating with GitHub App generated tokens

A GitHub App can be created for the sole purpose of generating tokens for use with GitHub actions. GitHub App generated tokens can be configured with fine-grained permissions and are scoped to only repositories where the App is installed.

  1. Create a minimal GitHub App, setting the following fields:

    • Set GitHub App name.
    • Set Homepage URL to anything you like, such as your GitHub profile page.
    • Uncheck Active under Webhook. You do not need to enter a Webhook URL.
    • Under Repository permissions: Contents select Access: Read & write.
    • Under Repository permissions: Pull requests select Access: Read & write.
    • Under Repository permissions: Workflows select Access: Read-only.
      • NOTE: Only needed if pull requests could contain changes to Actions workflows.
    • Under Organization permissions: Members select Access: Read-only.
      • NOTE: Only needed if you would like add teams as reviewers to PRs.

  2. Create a Private key from the App settings page and store it securely.

  3. Install the App on repositories that the action will require access to in order to create pull requests.

  4. Set secrets on your repository containing the GitHub App ID, and the private key you created in step 2. e.g. APP_ID, APP_PRIVATE_KEY.

  5. The following example workflow shows how to use actions/create-github-app-token to generate a token for use with this action.

    steps:
      - uses: actions/create-github-app-token@v1
        id: generate-token
        with:
          app-id: ${{ secrets.APP_ID }}
          private-key: ${{ secrets.APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}

      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      # Make changes to pull request here

      - name: Create Pull Request
        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
        with:
          token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}

Creating pull requests in a remote repository using GitHub App generated tokens

For this case a token must be generated from the GitHub App installation of the remote repository.

In the following example, a pull request is being created in remote repo owner/repo.

    steps:
      - uses: actions/create-github-app-token@v1
        id: generate-token
        with:
          app-id: ${{ secrets.APP_ID }}
          private-key: ${{ secrets.APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}
          owner: owner
          repositories: repo

      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }} # necessary if the repo is private
          repository: owner/repo

      # Make changes to pull request here

      - name: Create Pull Request
        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
        with:
          token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}

Commit signing

Commit signature verification is a feature where GitHub will mark signed commits as "verified" to give confidence that changes are from a trusted source. Some organizations require commit signing, and enforce it with branch protection rules.

The action supports two methods to sign commits, commit signature verification for bots, and GPG commit signature verification.

Commit signature verification for bots

The action can sign commits as github-actions[bot] when using the repository's default GITHUB_TOKEN, or your own bot when using GitHub App tokens.

Important

  • When setting sign-commits: true the action will ignore the committer and author inputs.
  • If you attempt to use a Personal Access Token (PAT) the action will create the pull request, but commits will not be signed. Commit signing is only supported with bot generated tokens.
  • The GitHub API has a 40MiB limit when creating git blobs. An error will be raised if there are files in the pull request larger than this. If you hit this limit, use GPG commit signature verification instead.

In this example the token input is not supplied, so the action will use the repository's default GITHUB_TOKEN. This will sign commits as github-actions[bot].

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      # Make changes to pull request here

      - name: Create Pull Request
        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
        with:
          sign-commits: true

In this example, the token input is generated using a GitHub App. This will sign commits as <application-name>[bot].

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - uses: actions/create-github-app-token@v1
        id: generate-token
        with:
          app-id: ${{ secrets.APP_ID }}
          private-key: ${{ secrets.APP_PRIVATE_KEY }}

      # Make changes to pull request here

      - name: Create Pull Request
        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
        with:
          token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}
          sign-commits: true

GPG commit signature verification

The action can use GPG to sign commits with a GPG key that you generate yourself.

  1. Follow GitHub's guide to generate a new GPG key.

  2. Add the public key to the user account associated with the Personal Access Token (PAT) that you will use with the action.

  3. Copy the private key to your clipboard, replacing email@example.com with the email address of your GPG key.

    # macOS
gpg --armor --export-secret-key email@example.com | pbcopy

  4. Paste the private key into a repository secret where the workflow will run. e.g. GPG_PRIVATE_KEY

  5. Create another repository secret for the key's passphrase, if applicable. e.g. GPG_PASSPHRASE

  6. The following example workflow shows how to use crazy-max/ghaction-import-gpg to import your GPG key and allow the action to sign commits.

Important

The committer email address MUST match the email address used to create your GPG key.

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - uses: crazy-max/ghaction-import-gpg@v5
        with:
          gpg_private_key: ${{ secrets.GPG_PRIVATE_KEY }}
          passphrase: ${{ secrets.GPG_PASSPHRASE }}
          git_user_signingkey: true
          git_commit_gpgsign: true

      # Make changes to pull request here

      - name: Create Pull Request
        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7
        with:
          token: ${{ secrets.PAT }}
          committer: example <email@example.com>

Running in a container or on self-hosted runners

This action can be run inside a container, or on self-hosted runners, by installing the necessary dependencies.

This action requires git to be installed and on the PATH. Note that actions/checkout requires Git 2.18 or higher to be installed, otherwise it will just download the source of the repository instead of cloning it.

The following examples of running in a container show the dependencies being installed during the workflow, but they could also be pre-installed in a custom image.

Alpine container example:

jobs:
  createPullRequestAlpine:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    container:
      image: alpine
    steps:
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: apk --no-cache add git

      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      # Make changes to pull request here

      - name: Create Pull Request
        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7

Ubuntu container example:

jobs:
  createPullRequestAlpine:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    container:
      image: ubuntu
    steps:
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: |
          apt-get update
          apt-get install -y software-properties-common
          add-apt-repository -y ppa:git-core/ppa
          apt-get install -y git

      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      # Make changes to pull request here

      - name: Create Pull Request
        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v7