ccc_01_basics

Eptalights C Basic Examples.

01 - Working with filenames
02 - Working with functions
03 - Working with callsites
04 - Working with steps/instructions
05 - Working with Control Flow Graph(CFG)/Basicblocks
06 - Working with variables
07 - Working with arrays
08 - Working with structs
09 - Working with loops
10 - Working with multi loops
11 - Working with switch
12 - Working with global variables

Working with filenames

Listing source file names.

project = load_project_config("./eptalights.toml")
db = StorageAPI(project.database_path)

for filename in db.get_filenames():
    print(filename)

# output
"""
/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc
/example/src/02_pointer_arithmetic.cc
/example/src/03_scanf_to_malloc.cc
/example/src/04_scanf_to_calloc_to_forloop.cc
/example/src/05_multi_forloop.cc
"""

Filtering source filenames using filter_filename.

project = load_project_config("./eptalights.toml")
db = StorageAPI(project.database_path)

for filename in db.get_filenames(filter_filename="_to_"):
    print(filename)

# output
"""
/example/src/03_scanf_to_malloc.cc
/example/src/04_scanf_to_calloc_to_forloop.cc
"""

Working with functions

Listing all functions along with their corresponding source filenames in the project.

for fn in db.get_functions():
    print(f"name={fn.name}, filename={fn.filename}")

# output
"""
name=main, filename=/example/src/07_array.cc
name=addNumbers, filename=/example/src/14_struct_arithmetic.cc
name=main, filename=/example/src/14_struct_arithmetic.cc
name=main, filename=/example/src/10_union.cc
"""

Listing functions of a specific file.

for fn in db.get_functions(filter_filename="/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc"):
    print(f"name={fn.name}, filename={fn.filename}")

# output
"""
name=main, filename=/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc
"""

Searching functions by name.

for fn in db.get_functions(filter_function_name="main"):
    print(f"name={fn.name}, filename={fn.filename}")

# output
"""
name=main, filename=/example/src/07_array.cc
name=main, filename=/example/src/14_struct_arithmetic.cc
name=main, filename=/example/src/10_union.cc
name=main, filename=/example/src/03_scanf_to_malloc.cc
name=main, filename=/example/src/16_buffer_overflow.cc
name=main, filename=/example/src/02_pointer_arithmetic.cc
name=main, filename=/example/src/09_switch.cc
name=main, filename=/example/src/12_struct_pointer.cc
name=main, filename=/example/src/06_struct.cc
name=main, filename=/example/src/11_global_union.cc
...
"""

Dumping function data.

All data models/objects are Pydantic models/objects.
Therefore dumping the informal representation or __str__ will give you the Pydantic string representation.

fid = "/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc:main"
fn = db.get_function(fid)
print(fn)

fid='/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc:main' name='main' filename='/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc' prev_nodes={} next_nodes={} prev_nodes_fids=[] next_nodes_fids=[] prev_nodes_non_fids=[] next_nodes_non_fids=[] source_lines={} variable_manager=VariableManagerModel(function_args=[], local_variables=['p', 'c', '68952807'], tmp_variables=['$T1', '$T6'], return_variables=['$T6'], variables={'p': VariableModel(vid='/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc:main:p', name='p', vartype=<VarType.LOCAL_VARIABLE: 'LOCAL_VARIABLE'>, unique_ssa_variables={'p_4': SSAVariableModel ...[redacted]...

All data models/objects are Pydantic models/objects.
Therefore dumping the formal representation or __repr__ will give you the pydantic repr representation.

fid = "/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc:main"
fn = db.get_function(fid)
print(repr(fn))

FunctionModel(fid='/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc:main', name='main', filename='/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc', prev_nodes={}, next_nodes={}, prev_nodes_fids=[], next_nodes_fids=[], prev_nodes_non_fids=[], next_nodes_non_fids=[], source_lines={}, variable_manager=VariableManagerModel(function_args=[], local_variables=['p', 'c', '68952807'], tmp_variables=['$T1', '$T6'], return_variables=['$T6'], variables={'p': VariableModel(vid='/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc:main:p', name='p', vartype=<VarType.LOCAL_VARIABLE: 'LOCAL_VARIABLE'>, unique_ssa_variables={'p_4': SSAVariableModel ...[redacted]...

We provide FunctionModel.readable for a more readable representation, similar to dumping GCC GIMPLE IR.

fid = "/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc:main"
fn = db.get_function(fid)
print(fn.readable())

<bb 2> :
EGimpleIRAssignModel <step_index=0, lowlevel_steps=[0], dst=c_0 src=expr_type:NO_EXPR, lhs:5 >
EGimpleIRAssignModel <step_index=1, lowlevel_steps=[1], dst=p_4 src=expr_type:NO_EXPR, lhs:&c_0 >
EGimpleIRAssignModel <step_index=2, lowlevel_steps=[2], dst=$T1_1 src=expr_type:NO_EXPR, lhs:p_4*p_4 >
EGimpleIRCallModel <step_index=3, lowlevel_steps=[3], fname=printf, dst=None fargs=[0=""%d"",  1=$T1_1]>
<bb 3> :
EGimpleIRAssignModel <step_index=4, lowlevel_steps=[4], dst=$T6_6 src=expr_type:NO_EXPR, lhs:0 >
EGimpleIRAssignModel <step_index=5, lowlevel_steps=[5], dst=c_0 src=expr_type:NO_EXPR, lhs: >
...[redacted]...

Working with callsites

project = load_project_config("./eptalights.toml")
db = StorageAPI(project.database_path)

fid = "/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc:main"
fn = db.get_function(fid)

"""
Get all `printf` callsite names.
"""
for callsite in fn.callsite_manager.all(name="printf"):
    """
    print CallsiteModel model
    """
    print(callsite)

    """
    print step or instruction of the callsite
    """
    print(fn.steps[callsite.step_index].readable())

# output
"""
# callsite model
step_index=3 fn_name=['printf'] num_of_args=2 variables_used_as_callsite_arg=['$T1'] variables_defined_here=[] ssa_variables_used_as_callsite_arg=['$T1_1'] ssa_variables_defined_here=[]

# step/instruction of the callsite
EGimpleIRCallModel <step_index=3, lowlevel_steps=[3], fname=printf, dst=None fargs=[0=""%d"",  1=$T1_1]>
"""

Working with steps

Steps are simply the instructions of the function and can be found in fn.steps.

for step in fn.steps:
    print(step.op, step.readable())

# output
"""
ASSIGN EGimpleIRAssignModel <step_index=0, lowlevel_steps=[0], dst=c_0 src=expr_type:NO_EXPR, lhs:5 >
ASSIGN EGimpleIRAssignModel <step_index=1, lowlevel_steps=[1], dst=p_4 src=expr_type:NO_EXPR, lhs:&c_0 >
ASSIGN EGimpleIRAssignModel <step_index=2, lowlevel_steps=[2], dst=$T1_1 src=expr_type:NO_EXPR, lhs:p_4*p_4 >
CALL EGimpleIRCallModel <step_index=3, lowlevel_steps=[3], fname=printf, dst=None fargs=[0=""%d"",  1=$T1_1]>
ASSIGN EGimpleIRAssignModel <step_index=4, lowlevel_steps=[4], dst=$T6_6 src=expr_type:NO_EXPR, lhs:0 >
ASSIGN EGimpleIRAssignModel <step_index=5, lowlevel_steps=[5], dst=c_0 src=expr_type:NO_EXPR, lhs: >
NOP EGimpleIRNopModel <step_index=6, lowlevel_steps=[6]>
RETURN EGimpleIRReturnModel <step_index=7, lowlevel_steps=[7], dst=$T6_6>
NOP EGimpleIRNopModel <step_index=8, lowlevel_steps=[8]>
ASSIGN EGimpleIRAssignModel <step_index=9, lowlevel_steps=[9], dst=c_0 src=expr_type:NO_EXPR, lhs: >
NOP EGimpleIRNopModel <step_index=10, lowlevel_steps=[10]>
"""

Working with CFG

print(fn.cfg)

# output 
"""
basicblock_exit_nodes=[4, 5] basicblock_steps={2: [0, 1, 2, 3], 3: [4, 5], 4: [6, 7], 5: [8, 9, 10]} basicblock_edges={2: [5, 3], 3: [4], 4: [], 5: []}
"""

from pprint import pprint
pprint(fn.cfg.model_dump())

# output
"""
{'basicblock_edges': {2: [5, 3], 3: [4], 4: [], 5: []},
 'basicblock_exit_nodes': [4, 5],
 'basicblock_steps': {2: [0, 1, 2, 3], 3: [4, 5], 4: [6, 7], 5: [8, 9, 10]}}
"""

Getting the basic block index of a step/instruction.

step = fn.steps[0]
print(step.basicblock_index)

# output
"""
2
"""

Working with variables

All data models/objects are Pydantic models/objects.
Therefore dumping the informal representation or __str__ will give you the Pydantic string representation.

for var in fn.variable_manager.all():
    """
    print VariableModel model
    """
    print(var)

# output
"""
vid='/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc:main:p' name='p' vartype=<VarType.LOCAL_VARIABLE: 'LOCAL_VARIABLE'> unique_ssa_variables={'p_4': SSAVariableModel(ssa_name='p_4', ssa_version=4, variable_name='p', variable_defined_at_steps=[1], variable_used_at_steps=[2], variable_used_in_callsites=[], record_attributes_defined_at_steps={}, record_attributes_used_at_steps={}, ..[redacted]...

vid='/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc:main:c' name='c' vartype=<VarType.LOCAL_VARIABLE: 'LOCAL_VARIABLE'> unique_ssa_variables={'c_0': SSAVariableModel(ssa_name='c_0', ssa_version=0, variable_name='c', variable_defined_at_steps=[0], variable_used_at_steps=[1], variable_used_in_callsites=[], record_attributes_defined_at_steps={}, record_attributes_used_at_steps={}, --[redacted]...

vid='/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc:main:$T1' name='$T1' vartype=<VarType.TMP_VARIABLE: 'TMP_VARIABLE'> unique_ssa_variables={'$T1_1': SSAVariableModel(ssa_name='$T1_1', ssa_version=1, variable_name='$T1', variable_defined_at_steps=[2], variable_used_at_steps=[3], variable_used_in_callsites=['printf_3'], record_attributes_defined_at_steps={}, ..[redacted]...
"""

Getting variables used at a specific step/instruction.

callsite_step_index = 3
for var in fn.variable_manager.used_at_step(callsite_step_index):
    print(var)

# output
vid='/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc:main:$T1' name='$T1' vartype=<VarType.TMP_VARIABLE: 'TMP_VARIABLE'> unique_ssa_variables={'$T1_1': SSAVariableModel(ssa_name='$T1_1', ssa_version=1, variable_name='$T1', variable_defined_at_steps=[2], variable_used_at_steps=[3], variable_used_in_callsites=['printf_3'], record_attributes_defined_at_steps={}, ..[redacted]...

Getting variables defined at a specific step/instruction.

step_index = 2
for var in fn.variable_manager.defined_at_step(step_index):
    print(var)

# output
vid='/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc:main:$T1' name='$T1' vartype=<VarType.TMP_VARIABLE: 'TMP_VARIABLE'> unique_ssa_variables={'$T1_1': SSAVariableModel(ssa_name='$T1_1', ssa_version=1, variable_name='$T1', variable_defined_at_steps=[2], variable_used_at_steps=[3], variable_used_in_callsites=['printf_3'], record_attributes_defined_at_steps={}, ..[redacted]...

Getting variables, whether defined or used, at a specific step/instruction.

callsite_step_index = 3
for var in fn.variable_manager.used_or_defined_at_step(callsite_step_index):
    print(var)

# output
vid='/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc:main:$T1' name='$T1' vartype=<VarType.TMP_VARIABLE: 'TMP_VARIABLE'> unique_ssa_variables={'$T1_1': SSAVariableModel(ssa_name='$T1_1', ssa_version=1, variable_name='$T1', variable_defined_at_steps=[2], variable_used_at_steps=[3], variable_used_in_callsites=['printf_3'], record_attributes_defined_at_steps={}, ..[redacted]...

Getting a variable by name.

varname = "$T1"
var = fn.variable_manager.get(varname)
print(var)

# output
vid='/example/src/01_print_pointer_value.cc:main:$T1' name='$T1' vartype=<VarType.TMP_VARIABLE: 'TMP_VARIABLE'> unique_ssa_variables={'$T1_1': SSAVariableModel(ssa_name='$T1_1', ssa_version=1, variable_name='$T1', variable_defined_at_steps=[2], variable_used_at_steps=[3], variable_used_in_callsites=['printf_3'], record_attributes_defined_at_steps={}, ..[redacted]...

Getting all variable names.

varnames = fn.variable_manager.names
print(varnames)

# output
"""
['p', 'c', '68952807', '$T1', '$T6']
"""

Working with arrays

When we refer to complex variables, we mean arrays, structs, etc.
All step variables are tokenized operands (TokenizedOperandModel), meaning that all details, including symbols and constants, are preserved in the variable.
By examining the first step or instruction in our function, we can see that it is an OpType.ASSIGN or EGimpleIRAssignModel step, which has a dst property with the array value arr_0[0].

fid = "/example/src/07_array.cc:main"
fn = db.get_function(fid)
step1 = fn.steps[0]
print(step1.readable())

# output
"""
EGimpleIRAssignModel <step_index=0, lowlevel_steps=[0], dst=arr_0[0] src=expr_type:NO_EXPR, lhs:10 >
"""

Even though it is a complex variable, you can work with only the main variable name, arr, without needing to deal with the additional information [0] following the variable name.

print(step1.dst.variable_name)
print(step1.dst.ssa_name)

# output
arr
arr_0


print(step1.variables_defined_here)
print(step1.ssa_variables_defined_here)

# output
['arr']
['arr_0']

All TokenizedOperandModel variables or values have a tokens property that stores the list of tokens.

print(step1.dst.tokens)

# output
[TokenModel(token_type=<TokenType.IS_VARIABLE: 'IS_VARIABLE'>, is_base_variable=True, code_name='var_decl', value='arr_0', value_extended='arr', discovery_depth=1), TokenModel(token_type=<TokenType.IS_SYMBOL: 'IS_SYMBOL'>, is_base_variable=False, code_name='array_ref', value='[', value_extended=None, discovery_depth=1), TokenModel(token_type=<TokenType.IS_CONSTANT: 'IS_CONSTANT'>, is_base_variable=False, code_name='integer_cst', value='0', value_extended=None, discovery_depth=1), TokenModel(token_type=<TokenType.IS_SYMBOL: 'IS_SYMBOL'>, is_base_variable=False, code_name='array_ref', value=']', value_extended=None, discovery_depth=1)]

For a more readable version of the tokens.

step1.dst.pretty_print_tokens()

# output
[{'code_name': 'var_decl',
  'discovery_depth': 1,
  'is_base_variable': True,
  'token_type': <TokenType.IS_VARIABLE: 'IS_VARIABLE'>,
  'value': 'arr_0',
  'value_extended': 'arr'},
 {'code_name': 'array_ref',
  'discovery_depth': 1,
  'is_base_variable': False,
  'token_type': <TokenType.IS_SYMBOL: 'IS_SYMBOL'>,
  'value': '[',
  'value_extended': None},
 {'code_name': 'integer_cst',
  'discovery_depth': 1,
  'is_base_variable': False,
  'token_type': <TokenType.IS_CONSTANT: 'IS_CONSTANT'>,
  'value': '0',
  'value_extended': None},
 {'code_name': 'array_ref',
  'discovery_depth': 1,
  'is_base_variable': False,
  'token_type': <TokenType.IS_SYMBOL: 'IS_SYMBOL'>,
  'value': ']',
  'value_extended': None}]

Although you can manually work with TokenizedOperandModel by iterating through the tokens with a for .. in .. loop, we provide helper functions to simplify working with complex variables or values.
Using the example step above, you can iterate through all array index tokens using array_index_tokens_iter, which allows you to avoid dealing with array symbols or multi-array tokens.

print(step1.dst.readable())

# output
arr_0[0]


for arr_idx_token in step1.dst.array_index_tokens_iter():
    print(arr_idx_token)

# output
token_type=<TokenType.IS_CONSTANT: 'IS_CONSTANT'> is_base_variable=False code_name='integer_cst' value='0' value_extended=None discovery_depth=1

Alternatively, you can iterate through all array index token values using array_index_token_values_iter.

for arr_idx_token_value in step1.dst.array_index_token_values_iter():
    print(arr_idx_token_value)

# output
0

If you know the number of array indices and want to retrieve a specific array index.

arr_idx_token = step1.dst.array_index_token_at_index(0)
print(arr_idx_token)

# output
token_type=<TokenType.IS_CONSTANT: 'IS_CONSTANT'> is_base_variable=False code_name='integer_cst' value='0' value_extended=None discovery_depth=1

Not all array index values are IS_CONSTANT. An array index token can also be a variable name.
When looping through all ASSIGN steps, we find that step index 17 with SSA variable name arr2_0 has another variable name i_5 as the array index.

for step in fn.steps:
    if step.op == models.OpType.ASSIGN:
        if step.dst.get_total_array_index_tokens() > 0:
            print(step.step_index, step.dst.readable())

# output
0 arr_0[0]
1 arr_0[1]
2 arr_0[2]
3 arr_0[3]
4 arr_0[4]
5 arr1_0[0]
6 arr1_0[1]
7 arr1_0[2]
8 arr1_0[3]
9 arr1_0[4]
10 arr2_0[0]
17 arr2_0[i_5]

Further introspection into step index 17.

step17 = fn.steps[17]
print(step17.readable())

# output
EGimpleIRAssignModel <step_index=17, lowlevel_steps=[17], dst=arr2_0[i_5] src=expr_type:NO_EXPR, lhs:$T4_4 >


print(step17.dst.variable_name)
print(step17.dst.ssa_name)

# output
arr2
arr2_0


print(step17.variables_defined_here)
print(step17.ssa_variables_defined_here)

# output
['arr2']
['arr2_0']


arr_idx_token = step17.dst.array_index_token_at_index(0)
print(arr_idx_token)

# output
token_type=<TokenType.IS_VARIABLE: 'IS_VARIABLE'> is_base_variable=False code_name='ssa_name' value='i_5' value_extended='i' discovery_depth=1


arr_idx_token = step17.dst.array_index_token_at_index(0)
print(arr_idx_token.value)

# output
i_5


arr_idx_token = step17.dst.array_index_token_at_index(0)
print(arr_idx_token.value_extended)

# output
i

We can also determine if a variable is used within an array variable, similar to how variable i is used as an array index within the arr2 variable.

array_step_index = 17
varname = 'i'
ssa_varname = 'i_5'

var = fn.variable_manager.get(varname)
ssa_var = var.unique_ssa_variables.get(ssa_varname)

print(ssa_var.variable_used_at_steps)
print(array_step_index in ssa_var.variable_used_at_steps)

# output
[12, 13, 17, 18]
True


for step_index, array_ssa_varname in ssa_var.used_inside_other_tokenized_operand_tokens_at_step.items():
    print(
        f"{varname} is used at step_index={step_index} inside array ssa_variable - {array_ssa_varname}"
    )

# output
i is used at step_index=17 inside array ssa_variable - ['arr2_0']

From the above code example, we can see that using ssa_var.variable_used_at_steps provides all the steps where i_5 is used but does not specifically indicate if it is used within an array variable.
To find steps where i_5 is used inside an array variable, and to obtain the names of those array variables, use ssa_var.used_inside_other_tokenized_operand_tokens_at_step.

Working with structs

Working with structs follows the same patterns as dealing with arrays. Using the ASSIGN example below.
We can see that the address (&) of the struct array emp_0 with array index i_5 and struct attribute Name_0 is being assigned to the SSA variable $T1_1.

fid = "/example/src/06_struct.cc:main"
fn = db.get_function(fid)

step3 = fn.steps[3]
print(step3.readable())

# output
EGimpleIRAssignModel <step_index=3, lowlevel_steps=[3], dst=$T1_1 src=expr_type:NO_EXPR, lhs:&emp_0[i_5].Name_0 >

Even though &emp_0[i_5].Name_0 is complex, with the address sign and additional variables and attributes, viewing the variable name or the variable used in that step displays only the highest-level name, which simplifies usage unless you need to delve deeper.
Additionally, we can see that the variable name i appears in the step's variables_used_here because it is used as an array index within emp_0, even though it is not directly used in the step.

print(step3.src.lhs.variable_name)

# output
emp


print(step3.variables_used_here)

# output
['i', 'emp']


print(step3.ssa_variables_used_here)

# output
['i_5', 'emp_0']

We can view all the tokens of the emp_0 variable in a pretty format.

step3.src.lhs.pretty_print_tokens()

[{'code_name': 'addr_expr',
  'discovery_depth': 1,
  'is_base_variable': False,
  'token_type': <TokenType.IS_SYMBOL: 'IS_SYMBOL'>,
  'value': '&',
  'value_extended': None},
 {'code_name': 'var_decl',
  'discovery_depth': 1,
  'is_base_variable': True,
  'token_type': <TokenType.IS_VARIABLE: 'IS_VARIABLE'>,
  'value': 'emp_0',
  'value_extended': 'emp'},
 {'code_name': 'array_ref',
  'discovery_depth': 1,
  'is_base_variable': False,
  'token_type': <TokenType.IS_SYMBOL: 'IS_SYMBOL'>,
  'value': '[',
  'value_extended': None},
 {'code_name': 'ssa_name',
  'discovery_depth': 1,
  'is_base_variable': False,
  'token_type': <TokenType.IS_VARIABLE: 'IS_VARIABLE'>,
  'value': 'i_5',
  'value_extended': 'i'},
 {'code_name': 'array_ref',
  'discovery_depth': 1,
  'is_base_variable': False,
  'token_type': <TokenType.IS_SYMBOL: 'IS_SYMBOL'>,
  'value': ']',
  'value_extended': None},
 {'code_name': 'component_ref',
  'discovery_depth': 1,
  'is_base_variable': False,
  'token_type': <TokenType.IS_SYMBOL: 'IS_SYMBOL'>,
  'value': '.',
  'value_extended': None},
 {'code_name': 'field_decl',
  'discovery_depth': 1,
  'is_base_variable': False,
  'token_type': <TokenType.IS_ATTRIBUTE: 'IS_ATTRIBUTE'>,
  'value': 'Name_0',
  'value_extended': 'Name'}]

To access the struct attributes of emp_0, you can use a Python for loop to iterate over the tokens and isolate attributes by checking if the token_type is models.TokenType.IS_ATTRIBUTE.

for token in step3.src.lhs.tokens:
    if token.token_type == models.TokenType.IS_ATTRIBUTE:
        print(f"ssa_varname={token.value}, varname={token.value_extended}")

# output
ssa_varname=Name_0, varname=Name

Sometimes, structs can have nested attributes like emp[10].attr.history.name, and using a for loop would require keeping track of accessed attributes.
We offer a more straightforward approach for handling struct attributes using record_attributes_defined_at_steps and record_attributes_used_at_steps.
These properties allow you to see where record attributes are defined and used, regardless of how they are accessed, whether through . or ->. They provide information about the step and the attributes accessed.

varname = step3.src.lhs.variable_name
ssa_varname = step3.src.lhs.ssa_name

ssa_variable = fn.variable_manager.get(varname).unique_ssa_variables.get(ssa_varname)

print(ssa_variable.record_attributes_defined_at_steps)
print(ssa_variable.record_attributes_used_at_steps)

# output
{2: ['#employeeID'], 7: ['#WeekAttendence']}
{3: ['#Name'], 13: ['#Name'], 14: ['#employeeID'], 19: ['#WeekAttendence']}

Since we are only interested in step index 3, we can retrieve the specific step.

step3 = fn.steps[3]

varname = step3.src.lhs.variable_name
ssa_varname = step3.src.lhs.ssa_name

ssa_variable = fn.variable_manager.get(varname).unique_ssa_variables.get(ssa_varname)
print(ssa_variable.record_attributes_used_at_steps.get(step3.step_index))

# output
['#Name']

In the case of multiple record attributes being used, such as in the example emp[10].attr.history->name, the result will be ['#attr#history#name'], regardless of whether the symbol (., ->) is used.

print(ssa_variable.record_attributes_used_at_steps.get(step.step_index))

# output
['#attr#history#name']

Working with loops

Coming soon …

Working with multi loops

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Working with switch

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README.md

README.md

ccc_01_basics

Contents

Working with filenames

Working with functions

Working with callsites

Working with steps

Working with CFG

Working with variables

Working with arrays

Working with structs

Working with loops

Working with multi loops

Working with switch

Working with global variables

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README.md

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README.md

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ccc_01_basics

Contents

Working with filenames

Working with functions

Working with callsites

Working with steps

Working with CFG

Working with variables

Working with arrays

Working with structs

Working with loops

Working with multi loops

Working with switch

Working with global variables