training.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import print_function
from __future__ import absolute_import

import warnings
import copy
import time
import numpy as np
import multiprocessing
import threading
import six

try:
    import queue
except ImportError:
    import Queue as queue

from .topology import Container
from .. import backend as K
from .. import optimizers
from .. import losses
from .. import metrics as metrics_module
from ..utils.generic_utils import Progbar
from .. import callbacks as cbks
from ..legacy import interfaces


def _standardize_input_data(data, names, shapes=None,
                            check_batch_axis=True,
                            exception_prefix=''):
    """Normalizes inputs and targets provided by users.

    Users may pass data as a list of arrays, dictionary of arrays,
    or as a single array. We normalize this to an ordered list of
    arrays (same order as `names`), while checking that the provided
    arrays have shapes that match the network's expectations.

    # Arguments
        data: User-provided input data (polymorphic).
        names: List of expected array names.
        shapes: Optional list of expected array shapes.
        check_batch_axis: Boolean; whether to check that
            the batch axis of the arrays matches the expected
            value found in `shapes`.
        exception_prefix: String prefix used for exception formatting.

    # Returns
        List of standardized input arrays (one array per model input).

    # Raises
        ValueError: in case of improperly formatted user-provided data.
    """
    if not names:
        return []
    if data is None:
        return [None for _ in range(len(names))]
    if isinstance(data, dict):
        arrays = []
        for name in names:
            if name not in data:
                raise ValueError('No data provided for "' +
                                 name + '". Need data for each key in: ' +
                                 str(names))
            arrays.append(data[name])
    elif isinstance(data, list):
        if len(data) != len(names):
            if data and hasattr(data[0], 'shape'):
                raise ValueError('Error when checking model ' +
                                 exception_prefix +
                                 ': the list of Numpy arrays '
                                 'that you are passing to your model '
                                 'is not the size the model expected. '
                                 'Expected to see ' + str(len(names)) +
                                 ' arrays but instead got '
                                 'the following list of ' + str(len(data)) +
                                 ' arrays: ' + str(data)[:200] +
                                 '...')
            else:
                if len(names) == 1:
                    data = [np.asarray(data)]
                else:
                    raise ValueError(
                        'Error when checking model ' +
                        exception_prefix +
                        ': you are passing a list as '
                        'input to your model, '
                        'but the model expects '
                        'a list of ' + str(len(names)) +
                        ' Numpy arrays instead. '
                        'The list you passed was: ' +
                        str(data)[:200])
        arrays = data
    else:
        if not hasattr(data, 'shape'):
            raise TypeError('Error when checking model ' +
                            exception_prefix +
                            ': data should be a Numpy array, '
                            'or list/dict of Numpy arrays. '
                            'Found: ' + str(data)[:200] + '...')
        if len(names) > 1:
            # Case: model expects multiple inputs but only received
            # a single Numpy array.
            raise ValueError('The model expects ' + str(len(names)) +
                             exception_prefix +
                             ' arrays, but only received one array. '
                             'Found: array with shape ' + str(data.shape))
        arrays = [data]

    # Make arrays at least 2D.
    for i in range(len(names)):
        array = arrays[i]
        if len(array.shape) == 1:
            array = np.expand_dims(array, 1)
            arrays[i] = array

    # Check shapes compatibility.
    if shapes:
        for i in range(len(names)):
            if shapes[i] is None:
                continue
            array = arrays[i]
            if len(array.shape) != len(shapes[i]):
                raise ValueError('Error when checking ' + exception_prefix +
                                 ': expected ' + names[i] +
                                 ' to have ' + str(len(shapes[i])) +
                                 ' dimensions, but got array with shape ' +
                                 str(array.shape))
            for j, (dim, ref_dim) in enumerate(zip(array.shape, shapes[i])):
                if not j and not check_batch_axis:
                    # skip the first axis
                    continue
                if ref_dim:
                    if ref_dim != dim:
                        raise ValueError(
                            'Error when checking ' + exception_prefix +
                            ': expected ' + names[i] +
                            ' to have shape ' + str(shapes[i]) +
                            ' but got array with shape ' +
                            str(array.shape))
    return arrays


def _standardize_sample_or_class_weights(x_weight, output_names, weight_type):
    """Maps `sample_weight` or `class_weight` to model outputs.

    # Arguments
        x_weight: User-provided `sample_weight` or `class_weight` argument.
        output_names: List of output names (strings) in the model.
        weight_type: A string used purely for exception printing.

    # Returns
        A list of `sample_weight` or `class_weight` where there are exactly
            one element per model output.

    # Raises
        ValueError: In case of invalid user-provided argument.
    """
    if x_weight is None or len(x_weight) == 0:
        return [None for _ in output_names]
    if len(output_names) == 1:
        if isinstance(x_weight, list) and len(x_weight) == 1:
            return x_weight
        if isinstance(x_weight, dict) and output_names[0] in x_weight:
            return [x_weight[output_names[0]]]
        else:
            return [x_weight]
    if isinstance(x_weight, list):
        if len(x_weight) != len(output_names):
            raise ValueError('Provided `' + weight_type + '` was a list of ' +
                             str(len(x_weight)) +
                             ' elements, but the model has ' +
                             str(len(output_names)) + ' outputs. '
                             'You should provide one `' + weight_type + '`'
                             'array per model output.')
        return x_weight
    if isinstance(x_weight, dict):
        x_weights = []
        for name in output_names:
            x_weights.append(x_weight.get(name))
        return x_weights
    else:
        raise TypeError('The model has multiple outputs, so `' +
                        weight_type + '` '
                        'should be either a list of a dict. '
                        'Provided `' + weight_type +
                        '` type not understood: ' +
                        str(x_weight))


def _standardize_class_weights(class_weight, output_names):
    return _standardize_sample_or_class_weights(class_weight,
                                                output_names,
                                                'class_weight')


def _standardize_sample_weights(sample_weight, output_names):
    return _standardize_sample_or_class_weights(sample_weight,
                                                output_names,
                                                'sample_weight')


def _check_array_lengths(inputs, targets, weights):
    """Does user input validation for numpy arrays.

    # Arguments
        inputs: list of Numpy arrays of inputs.
        targets: list of Numpy arrays of targets.
        weights: list of Numpy arrays of sample weights.

    # Raises
        ValueError: in case of incorrectly formatted data.
    """
    x_lengths = [x.shape[0] for x in inputs]
    y_lengths = [y.shape[0] for y in targets]
    w_lengths = [w.shape[0] for w in weights]
    set_x = set(x_lengths)
    if len(set_x) > 1:
        raise ValueError('All input arrays (x) should have '
                         'the same number of samples. Got array shapes: ' +
                         str([x.shape for x in inputs]))
    set_y = set(y_lengths)
    if len(set_y) > 1:
        raise ValueError('All target arrays (y) should have '
                         'the same number of samples. Got array shapes: ' +
                         str([y.shape for y in targets]))
    set_w = set(w_lengths)
    if len(set_w) > 1:
        raise ValueError('All sample_weight arrays should have '
                         'the same number of samples. Got array shapes: ' +
                         str([w.shape for w in weights]))
    if set_x and set_y and list(set_x)[0] != list(set_y)[0]:
        raise ValueError('Input arrays should have '
                         'the same number of samples as target arrays. '
                         'Found ' + str(list(set_x)[0]) + ' input samples '
                         'and ' + str(list(set_y)[0]) + ' target samples.')
    if set_y and set_w and list(set_y)[0] != list(set_w)[0]:
        raise ValueError('Sample_weight arrays should have '
                         'the same number of samples as target arrays. Got ' +
                         str(list(set_y)[0]) + ' input samples and ' +
                         str(list(set_w)[0]) + ' target samples.')


def _check_loss_and_target_compatibility(targets, loss_fns, output_shapes):
    """Does validation on the compatibility of targets and loss functions.

    This helps prevent users from using loss functions incorrectly.

    # Arguments
        targets: list of Numpy arrays of targets.
        loss_fns: list of loss functions.
        output_shapes: list of shapes of model outputs.

    # Raises
        ValueError: if a loss function or target array
            is incompatible with an output.
    """
    key_losses = {'mean_square_error',
                  'binary_crossentropy',
                  'categorical_crossentropy'}
    for y, loss, shape in zip(targets, loss_fns, output_shapes):
        if loss is None:
            continue
        if loss.__name__ == 'categorical_crossentropy':
            if y.shape[-1] == 1:
                raise ValueError(
                    'You are passing a target array of shape ' + str(y.shape) +
                    ' while using as loss `categorical_crossentropy`. '
                    '`categorical_crossentropy` expects '
                    'targets to be binary matrices (1s and 0s) '
                    'of shape (samples, classes). '
                    'If your targets are integer classes, '
                    'you can convert them to the expected format via:\n'
                    '```\n'
                    'from keras.utils.np_utils import to_categorical\n'
                    'y_binary = to_categorical(y_int)\n'
                    '```\n'
                    '\n'
                    'Alternatively, you can use the loss function '
                    '`sparse_categorical_crossentropy` instead, '
                    'which does expect integer targets.')
        if loss.__name__ in key_losses:
            for target_dim, out_dim in zip(y.shape[1:], shape[1:]):
                if out_dim is not None and target_dim != out_dim:
                    raise ValueError(
                        'A target array with shape ' + str(y.shape) +
                        ' was passed for an output of shape ' + str(shape) +
                        ' while using as loss `' + loss.__name__ + '`. '
                        'This loss expects '
                        'targets to have the same shape '
                        'as the output.')


def _collect_metrics(metrics, output_names):
    """Maps metric functions to model outputs.

    # Arguments
        metrics: a list or dict of metric functions.
        output_names: a list of the names (strings) of model outputs.

    # Returns
        A list (one entry per model output) of lists of metric functions.
        For instance, if the model has 2 outputs, and for the first output
        we want to compute "binary_accuracy" and "binary_crossentropy",
        and just "binary_accuracy" for the second output,
        the list would look like:
            `[[binary_accuracy, binary_crossentropy], [binary_accuracy]]`

    # Raises
        TypeError: if an incorrect type is passed for the `metrics` argument.
    """
    if not metrics:
        return [[] for _ in output_names]
    if isinstance(metrics, list):
        # we then apply all metrics to all outputs.
        return [copy.copy(metrics) for _ in output_names]
    elif isinstance(metrics, dict):
        nested_metrics = []
        for name in output_names:
            output_metrics = metrics.get(name, [])
            if not isinstance(output_metrics, list):
                output_metrics = [output_metrics]
            nested_metrics.append(output_metrics)
        return nested_metrics
    else:
        raise TypeError('Type of `metrics` argument not understood. '
                        'Expected a list or dictionary, found: ' +
                        str(metrics))


def _batch_shuffle(index_array, batch_size):
    """Shuffles an array in a batch-wise fashion.

    Useful for shuffling HDF5 arrays
    (where one cannot access arbitrary indices).

    # Arguments
        index_array: array of indices to be shuffled.
        batch_size: integer.

    # Returns
        The `index_array` array, shuffled in a batch-wise fashion.
    """
    batch_count = int(len(index_array) / batch_size)
    # to reshape we need to be cleanly divisible by batch size
    # we stash extra items and reappend them after shuffling
    last_batch = index_array[batch_count * batch_size:]
    index_array = index_array[:batch_count * batch_size]
    index_array = index_array.reshape((batch_count, batch_size))
    np.random.shuffle(index_array)
    index_array = index_array.flatten()
    return np.append(index_array, last_batch)


def _make_batches(size, batch_size):
    """Returns a list of batch indices (tuples of indices).

    # Arguments
        size: Integer, total size of the data to slice into batches.
        batch_size: Integer, batch size.

    # Returns
        A list of tuples of array indices.
    """
    num_batches = int(np.ceil(size / float(batch_size)))
    return [(i * batch_size, min(size, (i + 1) * batch_size))
            for i in range(0, num_batches)]


def _slice_arrays(arrays, start=None, stop=None):
    """Slice an array or list of arrays.

    This takes an array-like, or a list of
    array-likes, and outputs:
        - arrays[start:stop] if `arrays` is an array-like
        - [x[start:stop] for x in arrays] if `arrays` is a list

    Can also work on list/array of indices: `_slice_arrays(x, indices)`

    # Arguments
        arrays: Single array or list of arrays.
        start: can be an integer index (start index)
            or a list/array of indices
        stop: integer (stop index); should be None if
            `start` was a list.

    # Returns
        A slice of the array(s).
    """
    if isinstance(arrays, list):
        if hasattr(start, '__len__'):
            # hdf5 datasets only support list objects as indices
            if hasattr(start, 'shape'):
                start = start.tolist()
            return [x[start] for x in arrays]
        else:
            return [x[start:stop] for x in arrays]
    else:
        if hasattr(start, '__len__'):
            if hasattr(start, 'shape'):
                start = start.tolist()
            return arrays[start]
        else:
            return arrays[start:stop]


def _weighted_masked_objective(fn):
    """Adds support for masking and sample-weighting to an objective function.

    It transforms an objective function `fn(y_true, y_pred)`
    into a sample-weighted, cost-masked objective function
    `fn(y_true, y_pred, weights, mask)`.

    # Arguments
        fn: The objective function to wrap,
            with signature `fn(y_true, y_pred)`.

    # Returns
        A function with signature `fn(y_true, y_pred, weights, mask)`.
    """
    if fn is None:
        return None

    def weighted(y_true, y_pred, weights, mask=None):
        """Wrapper function.

        # Arguments
            y_true: `y_true` argument of `fn`.
            y_pred: `y_pred` argument of `fn`.
            weights: Weights tensor.
            mask: Mask tensor.

        # Returns
            Scalar tensor.
        """
        # score_array has ndim >= 2
        score_array = fn(y_true, y_pred)
        if mask is not None:
            # Cast the mask to floatX to avoid float64 upcasting in theano
            mask = K.cast(mask, K.floatx())
            # mask should have the same shape as score_array
            score_array *= mask
            #  the loss per batch should be proportional
            #  to the number of unmasked samples.
            score_array /= K.mean(mask)

        # reduce score_array to same ndim as weight array
        ndim = K.ndim(score_array)
        weight_ndim = K.ndim(weights)
        score_array = K.mean(score_array, axis=list(range(weight_ndim, ndim)))

        # apply sample weighting
        if weights is not None:
            score_array *= weights
            score_array /= K.mean(K.cast(K.not_equal(weights, 0), K.floatx()))
        return K.mean(score_array)
    return weighted


def _masked_objective(fn):
    """Adds support for masking to an objective function.

    It transforms an objective function `fn(y_true, y_pred)`
    into a cost-masked objective function
    `fn(y_true, y_pred, mask)`.

    # Arguments
        fn: The objective function to wrap,
            with signature `fn(y_true, y_pred)`.

    # Returns
        A function with signature `fn(y_true, y_pred, mask)`.
    """
    def masked(y_true, y_pred, mask=None):
        """Wrapper function.

        # Arguments
            y_true: `y_true` argument of `fn`.
            y_pred: `y_pred` argument of `fn`.
            mask: Mask tensor.

        # Returns
            Scalar tensor.
        """
        # score_array has ndim >= 2
        score_array = fn(y_true, y_pred)
        if mask is not None:
            # Cast the mask to floatX to avoid float64 upcasting in theano
            mask = K.cast(mask, K.floatx())
            # mask should have the same shape as score_array
            score_array *= mask
            #  the loss per batch should be proportional
            #  to the number of unmasked samples.
            score_array /= K.mean(mask)

        return K.mean(score_array)
    return masked


def _standardize_weights(y, sample_weight=None, class_weight=None,
                         sample_weight_mode=None):
    """Performs sample weight validation and standardization.

    Everything gets normalized to a single sample-wise (or timestep-wise)
    weight array.

    # Arguments
        y: Numpy array of model targets to be weighted.
        sample_weight: User-provided `sample_weight` argument.
        class_weight: User-provided `class_weight` argument.
        sample_weight_mode: One of `None` or `"temporal"`.
            `"temporal"` indicated that we expect 2D weight data
            that will be applied to the last 2 dimensions of
            the targets (i.e. we are weighting timesteps, not samples).

    # Returns
        A numpy array of target weights, one entry per sample to weight.

    # Raises
        ValueError: In case of invalid user-provided arguments.
    """
    if sample_weight_mode is not None:
        if sample_weight_mode != 'temporal':
            raise ValueError('"sample_weight_mode '
                             'should be None or "temporal". '
                             'Found: ' + str(sample_weight_mode))
        if len(y.shape) < 3:
            raise ValueError('Found a sample_weight array for '
                             'an input with shape ' +
                             str(y.shape) + '. '
                             'Timestep-wise sample weighting (use of '
                             'sample_weight_mode="temporal") is restricted to '
                             'outputs that are at least 3D, i.e. that have '
                             'a time dimension.')
        if sample_weight is not None and len(sample_weight.shape) != 2:
            raise ValueError('Found a sample_weight array with shape ' +
                             str(sample_weight.shape) + '. '
                             'In order to use timestep-wise sample weighting, '
                             'you should pass a 2D sample_weight array.')
    else:
        if sample_weight is not None and len(sample_weight.shape) != 1:
            raise ValueError('Found a sample_weight array with shape ' +
                             str(sample_weight.shape) + '. '
                             'In order to use timestep-wise sample weights, '
                             'you should specify '
                             'sample_weight_mode="temporal" '
                             'in compile(). If you just mean to use '
                             'sample-wise weights, make sure your '
                             'sample_weight array is 1D.')

    if sample_weight is not None:
        if len(sample_weight.shape) > len(y.shape):
            raise ValueError('Found a sample_weight with shape' +
                             str(sample_weight.shape) + '.'
                             'Expected sample_weight with rank '
                             'less than or equal to ' + str(len(y.shape)))

        if y.shape[:sample_weight.ndim] != sample_weight.shape:
            raise ValueError('Found a sample_weight array with shape ' +
                             str(sample_weight.shape) + ' for an input with shape ' +
                             str(y.shape) + '. '
                             'sample_weight cannot be broadcast.')
        return sample_weight
    elif isinstance(class_weight, dict):
        if len(y.shape) > 2:
            raise ValueError('class_weight not supported for '
                             '3+ dimensional targets.')
        if y.shape[1] > 1:
            y_classes = y.argmax(axis=1)
        elif y.shape[1] == 1:
            y_classes = np.reshape(y, y.shape[0])
        else:
            y_classes = y
        weights = np.asarray([class_weight[cls] for cls in y_classes])
        return weights
    else:
        if sample_weight_mode is None:
            return np.ones((y.shape[0],), dtype=K.floatx())
        else:
            return np.ones((y.shape[0], y.shape[1]), dtype=K.floatx())


class GeneratorEnqueuer(object):
    """Builds a queue out of a data generator.

    Used in `fit_generator`, `evaluate_generator`, `predict_generator`.

    # Arguments
        generator: a generator function which endlessly yields data
        pickle_safe: use multiprocessing if True, otherwise threading
    """

    def __init__(self, generator, pickle_safe=False):
        self._generator = generator
        self._pickle_safe = pickle_safe
        self._threads = []
        self._stop_event = None
        self.queue = None

    def start(self, workers=1, max_q_size=10, wait_time=0.05):
        """Kicks off threads which add data from the generator into the queue.

        # Arguments
            workers: number of worker threads
            max_q_size: queue size (when full, threads could block on put())
            wait_time: time to sleep in-between calls to put()
        """

        def data_generator_task():
            while not self._stop_event.is_set():
                try:
                    if self._pickle_safe or self.queue.qsize() < max_q_size:
                        generator_output = next(self._generator)
                        self.queue.put(generator_output)
                    else:
                        time.sleep(wait_time)
                except Exception:
                    self._stop_event.set()
                    raise

        try:
            if self._pickle_safe:
                self.queue = multiprocessing.Queue(maxsize=max_q_size)
                self._stop_event = multiprocessing.Event()
            else:
                self.queue = queue.Queue()
                self._stop_event = threading.Event()

            for _ in range(workers):
                if self._pickle_safe:
                    # Reset random seed else all children processes
                    # share the same seed
                    np.random.seed()
                    thread = multiprocessing.Process(target=data_generator_task)
                    thread.daemon = True
                else:
                    thread = threading.Thread(target=data_generator_task)
                self._threads.append(thread)
                thread.start()
        except:
            self.stop()
            raise

    def is_running(self):
        return self._stop_event is not None and not self._stop_event.is_set()

    def stop(self, timeout=None):
        """Stop running threads and wait for them to exit, if necessary.

        Should be called by the same thread which called start().

        # Arguments
            timeout: maximum time to wait on thread.join()
        """
        if self.is_running():
            self._stop_event.set()

        for thread in self._threads:
            if thread.is_alive():
                if self._pickle_safe:
                    thread.terminate()
                else:
                    thread.join(timeout)

        if self._pickle_safe:
            if self.queue is not None:
                self.queue.close()

        self._threads = []
        self._stop_event = None
        self.queue = None


class Model(Container):
    """The `Model` class adds training & evaluation routines to a `Container`.
    """

    def compile(self, optimizer, loss, metrics=None, loss_weights=None,
                sample_weight_mode=None, **kwargs):
        """Configures the model for training.

        # Arguments
            optimizer: str (name of optimizer) or optimizer object.
                See [optimizers](/optimizers).
            loss: str (name of objective function) or objective function.
                See [losses](/losses).
                If the model has multiple outputs, you can use a different loss
                on each output by passing a dictionary or a list of losses.
                The loss value that will be minimized by the model
                will then be the sum of all individual losses.
            metrics: list of metrics to be evaluated by the model
                during training and testing.
                Typically you will use `metrics=['accuracy']`.
                To specify different metrics for different outputs of a
                multi-output model, you could also pass a dictionary,
                such as `metrics={'output_a': 'accuracy'}`.
            loss_weights: Optional list or dictionary specifying scalar
                coefficients (Python floats) to weight the loss contributions
                of different model outputs.
                The loss value that will be minimized by the model
                will then be the *weighted sum* of all individual losses,
                weighted by the `loss_weights` coefficients.
                If a list, it is expected to have a 1:1 mapping
                to the model's outputs. If a tensor, it is expected to map
                output names (strings) to scalar coefficients.
            sample_weight_mode: if you need to do timestep-wise
                sample weighting (2D weights), set this to `"temporal"`.
                `None` defaults to sample-wise weights (1D).
                If the model has multiple outputs, you can use a different
                `sample_weight_mode` on each output by passing a
                dictionary or a list of modes.
            **kwargs: when using the Theano backend, these arguments
                are passed into K.function. When using the Tensorflow backend,
                these arguments are passed into `tf.Session.run`.

        # Raises
            ValueError: In case of invalid arguments for
                `optimizer`, `loss`, `metrics` or `sample_weight_mode`.
        """
        loss = loss or {}
        self.optimizer = optimizers.get(optimizer)
        self.sample_weight_mode = sample_weight_mode
        self.loss = loss
        self.loss_weights = loss_weights

        # Prepare loss functions.
        if isinstance(loss, dict):
            for name in loss:
                if name not in self.output_names:
                    raise ValueError('Unknown entry in loss '
                                     'dictionary: "' + name + '". '
                                     'Only expected the following keys: ' +
                                     str(self.output_names))
            loss_functions = []
            for name in self.output_names:
                if name not in loss:
                    warnings.warn('Output "' + name +
                                  '" missing from loss dictionary. '
                                  'We assume this was done on purpose, '
                                  'and we will not be expecting '
                                  'any data to be passed to "' + name +
                                  '" during training.', stacklevel=2)
                loss_functions.append(losses.get(loss.get(name)))
        elif isinstance(loss, list):
            if len(loss) != len(self.outputs):
                raise ValueError('When passing a list as loss, '
                                 'it should have one entry per model outputs. '
                                 'The model has ' + str(len(self.outputs)) +
                                 ' outputs, but you passed loss=' +
                                 str(loss))
            loss_functions = [losses.get(l) for l in loss]
        else:
            loss_function = losses.get(loss)
            loss_functions = [loss_function for _ in range(len(self.outputs))]
        self.loss_functions = loss_functions
        weighted_losses = [_weighted_masked_objective(fn) for fn in loss_functions]
        skip_indices = []
        self._feed_outputs = []
        self._feed_output_names = []
        self._feed_output_shapes = []
        self._feed_loss_fns = []
        for i in range(len(weighted_losses)):
            if weighted_losses[i] is None:
                skip_indices.append(i)
            else:
                self._feed_outputs.append(self.outputs[i])
                self._feed_output_names.append(self.output_names[i])
                self._feed_output_shapes.append(self.internal_output_shapes[i])
                self._feed_loss_fns.append(self.loss_functions[i])

        # Prepare output masks.
        masks = self.compute_mask(self.inputs, mask=None)
        if masks is None:
            masks = [None for _ in self.outputs]
        if not isinstance(masks, list):
            masks = [masks]

        # Prepare loss weights.
        if loss_weights is None:
            loss_weights_list = [1. for _ in range(len(self.outputs))]
        elif isinstance(loss_weights, dict):
            for name in loss_weights:
                if name not in self.output_names:
                    raise ValueError('Unknown entry in loss_weights '
                                     'dictionary: "' + name + '". '
                                     'Only expected the following keys: ' +
                                     str(self.output_names))
            loss_weights_list = []
            for name in self.output_names:
                loss_weights_list.append(loss_weights.get(name, 1.))
        elif isinstance(loss_weights, list):
            if len(loss_weights) != len(self.outputs):
                raise ValueError('When passing a list as loss_weights, '
                                 'it should have one entry per model outputs. '
                                 'The model has ' + str(len(self.outputs)) +
                                 ' outputs, but you passed loss_weights=' +
                                 str(loss_weights))
            loss_weights_list = loss_weights
        else:
            raise TypeError('Could not interpret loss_weights argument: ' +
                            str(loss_weights) +
                            ' - expected a list of dicts.')

        # Prepare sample weights.
        sample_weights = []
        sample_weight_modes = []
        if isinstance(sample_weight_mode, dict):
            for name in sample_weight_mode:
                if name not in self.output_names:
                    raise ValueError('Unknown entry in '
                                     'sample_weight_mode dictionary: "' +
                                     name + '". '
                                     'Only expected the following keys: ' +
                                     str(self.output_names))
            for i, name in enumerate(self.output_names):
                if i in skip_indices:
                    weight = None
                    sample_weight_modes.append(None)
                else:
                    if name not in sample_weight_mode:
                        raise ValueError('Output "' + name +
                                         '" missing from sample_weight_modes '
                                         'dictionary')
                    if sample_weight_mode.get(name) == 'temporal':
                        weight = K.placeholder(ndim=2,
                                               name=name + '_sample_weights')
                        sample_weight_modes.append('temporal')
                    else:
                        weight = K.placeholder(ndim=1,
                                               name=name + '_sample_weights')
                        sample_weight_modes.append(None)
                sample_weights.append(weight)
        elif isinstance(sample_weight_mode, list):
            if len(sample_weight_mode) != len(self.outputs):
                raise ValueError('When passing a list as sample_weight_mode, '
                                 'it should have one entry per model outputs. '
                                 'The model has ' + str(len(self.outputs)) +
                                 ' outputs, but you passed '
                                 'sample_weight_mode=' +
                                 str(sample_weight_mode))
            for i in range(len(self.output_names)):
                if i in skip_indices:
                    weight = None
                    sample_weight_modes.append(None)
                else:
                    mode = sample_weight_mode[i]
                    name = self.output_names[i]
                    if mode == 'temporal':
                        weight = K.placeholder(ndim=2,
                                               name=name + '_sample_weights')
                        sample_weight_modes.append('temporal')
                    else:
                        weight = K.placeholder(ndim=1,
                                               name=name + '_sample_weights')
                        sample_weight_modes.append(None)
                sample_weights.append(weight)
        else:
            for i, name in enumerate(self.output_names):
                if i in skip_indices:
                    sample_weight_modes.append(None)
                    sample_weights.append(None)
                else:
                    if sample_weight_mode == 'temporal':
                        sample_weights.append(
                            K.placeholder(ndim=2,
                                          name=name + '_sample_weights'))
                        sample_weight_modes.append('temporal')
                    else:
                        sample_weights.append(
                            K.placeholder(ndim=1,
                                          name=name + '_sample_weights'))
                        sample_weight_modes.append(None)
        self.sample_weight_modes = sample_weight_modes
        self._feed_sample_weight_modes = []
        for i in range(len(self.outputs)):
            if i not in skip_indices:
                self._feed_sample_weight_modes.append(self.sample_weight_modes[i])

        # Prepare targets of model.
        self.targets = []
        self._feed_targets = []
        for i in range(len(self.outputs)):
            if i in skip_indices:
                self.targets.append(None)
            else:
                shape = self.internal_output_shapes[i]
                name = self.output_names[i]
                target = K.placeholder(ndim=len(shape),
                                       name=name + '_target',
                                       sparse=K.is_sparse(self.outputs[i]),
                                       dtype=K.dtype(self.outputs[i]))
                self.targets.append(target)
                self._feed_targets.append(target)

        # Prepare metrics.
        self.metrics = metrics
        self.metrics_names = ['loss']
        self.metrics_tensors = []

        # Compute total loss.
        total_loss = None
        for i in range(len(self.outputs)):
            if i in skip_indices:
                continue
            y_true = self.targets[i]
            y_pred = self.outputs[i]
            weighted_loss = weighted_losses[i]
            sample_weight = sample_weights[i]
            mask = masks[i]
            loss_weight = loss_weights_list[i]
            output_loss = weighted_loss(y_true, y_pred,
                                        sample_weight, mask)
            if len(self.outputs) > 1:
                self.metrics_tensors.append(output_loss)
                self.metrics_names.append(self.output_names[i] + '_loss')
            if total_loss is None:
                total_loss = loss_weight * output_loss
            else:
                total_loss += loss_weight * output_loss
        if total_loss is None:
            if not self.losses:
                raise RuntimeError('The model cannot be compiled '
                                   'because it has no loss to optimize.')
            else:
                total_loss = 0.

        # Add regularization penalties
        # and other layer-specific losses.
        for loss_tensor in self.losses:
            total_loss += loss_tensor

        # List of same size as output_names.
        # contains tuples (metrics for output, names of metrics).
        nested_metrics = _collect_metrics(metrics, self.output_names)

        def append_metric(layer_num, metric_name, metric_tensor):
            """Helper function used in loop below."""
            if len(self.output_names) > 1:
                metric_name = self.output_layers[layer_num].name + '_' + metric_name
            self.metrics_names.append(metric_name)
            self.metrics_tensors.append(metric_tensor)

        for i in range(len(self.outputs)):
            if i in skip_indices:
                continue
            y_true = self.targets[i]
            y_pred = self.outputs[i]
            output_metrics = nested_metrics[i]
            for metric in output_metrics:
                if metric == 'accuracy' or metric == 'acc':
                    # custom handling of accuracy
                    # (because of class mode duality)
                    output_shape = self.internal_output_shapes[i]
                    acc_fn = None
                    if (output_shape[-1] == 1 or
                       self.loss_functions[i] == losses.binary_crossentropy):
                        # case: binary accuracy
                        acc_fn = metrics_module.binary_accuracy
                    elif self.loss_functions[i] == losses.sparse_categorical_crossentropy:
                        # case: categorical accuracy with sparse targets
                        acc_fn = metrics_module.sparse_categorical_accuracy
                    else:
                        acc_fn = metrics_module.categorical_accuracy

                    masked_fn = _masked_objective(acc_fn)
                    append_metric(i, 'acc', masked_fn(y_true, y_pred, mask=masks[i]))
                else:
                    metric_fn = metrics_module.get(metric)
                    masked_metric_fn = _masked_objective(metric_fn)
                    metric_result = masked_metric_fn(y_true, y_pred, mask=masks[i])
                    metric_result = {
                        metric_fn.__name__: metric_result
                    }
                    for name, tensor in six.iteritems(metric_result):
                        append_metric(i, name, tensor)

        # Prepare gradient updates and state updates.
        self.total_loss = total_loss
        self.sample_weights = sample_weights
        self._feed_sample_weights = []
        for i in range(len(self.sample_weights)):
            if i not in skip_indices:
                self._feed_sample_weights.append(sample_weights[i])

        # Functions for train, test and predict will
        # be compiled lazily when required.
        # This saves time when the user is not using all functions.
        self._function_kwargs = kwargs

        self.train_function = None
        self.test_function = None
        self.predict_function = None

        # Collected trainable weights and sort them deterministically.
        trainable_weights = self.trainable_weights
        # Sort weights by name.
        if trainable_weights:
            if K.backend() == 'theano':
                trainable_weights.sort(key=lambda x: x.name if x.name else x.auto_name)
            else:
                trainable_weights.sort(key=lambda x: x.name)
        self._collected_trainable_weights = trainable_weights

    def _make_train_function(self):
        if not hasattr(self, 'train_function'):
            raise RuntimeError('You must compile your model before using it.')
        if self.train_function is None:
            inputs = self._feed_inputs + self._feed_targets + self._feed_sample_weights
            if self.uses_learning_phase and not isinstance(K.learning_phase(), int):
                inputs += [K.learning_phase()]

            training_updates = self.optimizer.get_updates(
                self._collected_trainable_weights,
                self.constraints,
                self.total_loss)
            updates = self.updates + training_updates
            # Gets loss and metrics. Updates weights at each call.
            self.train_function = K.function(inputs,
                                             [self.total_loss] + self.metrics_tensors,
                                             updates=updates,
                                             name='train_function',
                                             **self._function_kwargs)

    def _make_test_function(self):
        if not hasattr(self, 'test_function'):
            raise RuntimeError('You must compile your model before using it.')
        if self.test_function is None:
            inputs = self._feed_inputs + self._feed_targets + self._feed_sample_weights
            if self.uses_learning_phase and not isinstance(K.learning_phase(), int):
                inputs += [K.learning_phase()]
            # Return loss and metrics, no gradient updates.
            # Does update the network states.
            self.test_function = K.function(inputs,
                                            [self.total_loss] + self.metrics_tensors,
                                            updates=self.state_updates,
                                            name='test_function',
                                            **self._function_kwargs)

    def _make_predict_function(self):
        if not hasattr(self, 'predict_function'):
            self.predict_function = None
        if self.predict_function is None:
            if self.uses_learning_phase and not isinstance(K.learning_phase(), int):
                inputs = self._feed_inputs + [K.learning_phase()]
            else:
                inputs = self._feed_inputs
            # Gets network outputs. Does not update weights.
            # Does update the network states.
            kwargs = getattr(self, '_function_kwargs', {})
            self.predict_function = K.function(inputs,
                                               self.outputs,
                                               updates=self.state_updates,
                                               name='predict_function',
                                               **kwargs)

    def _fit_loop(self, f, ins, out_labels=None, batch_size=32,
                  epochs=100, verbose=1, callbacks=None,
                  val_f=None, val_ins=None, shuffle=True,
                  callback_metrics=None, initial_epoch=0):
        """Abstract fit function for `f(ins)`.

        Assume that f returns a list, labeled by out_labels.

        # Arguments
            f: Keras function returning a list of tensors
            ins: list of tensors to be fed to `f`
            out_labels: list of strings, display names of
                the outputs of `f`
            batch_size: integer batch size
            epochs: number of times to iterate over the data
            verbose: verbosity mode, 0, 1 or 2
            callbacks: list of callbacks to be called during training
            val_f: Keras function to call for validation
            val_ins: list of tensors to be fed to `val_f`
            shuffle: whether to shuffle the data at the beginning of each epoch
            callback_metrics: list of strings, the display names of the metrics
                passed to the callbacks. They should be the
                concatenation of list the display names of the outputs of
                 `f` and the list of display names of the outputs of `f_val`.
            initial_epoch: epoch at which to start training
                (useful for resuming a previous training run)

        # Returns
            `History` object.
        """
        do_validation = False
        if val_f and val_ins:
            do_validation = True
            if verbose:
                print('Train on %d samples, validate on %d samples' %
                      (ins[0].shape[0], val_ins[0].shape[0]))

        if ins and hasattr(ins[0], 'shape'):
            num_train_samples = ins[0].shape[0]
        else:
            # May happen if we are running `fit` without Numpy input data,
            # i.e. if all inputs to the models are data tensors
            # instead of placeholders.
            # In that case we will run `fit` over a single batch.
            num_train_samples = batch_size
            verbose = 2
        index_array = np.arange(num_train_samples)

        self.history = cbks.History()
        callbacks = [cbks.BaseLogger()] + (callbacks or []) + [self.history]
        if verbose:
            callbacks += [cbks.ProgbarLogger()]
        callbacks = cbks.CallbackList(callbacks)
        out_labels = out_labels or []

        # it's possible to callback a different model than self
        # (used by Sequential models)
        if hasattr(self, 'callback_model') and self.callback_model:
            callback_model = self.callback_model
        else:
            callback_model = self

        callbacks.set_model(callback_model)
        callbacks.set_params({
            'batch_size': batch_size,
            'epochs': epochs,
            'samples': num_train_samples,
            'verbose': verbose,
            'do_validation': do_validation,
            'metrics': callback_metrics or [],
        })
        callbacks.on_train_begin()
        callback_model.stop_training = False
        for cbk in callbacks:
            cbk.validation_data = val_ins

        for epoch in range(initial_epoch, epochs):
            callbacks.on_epoch_begin(epoch)
            if shuffle == 'batch':
                index_array = _batch_shuffle(index_array, batch_size)
            elif shuffle:
                np.random.shuffle(index_array)

            batches = _make_batches(num_train_samples, batch_size)
            epoch_logs = {}
            for batch_index, (batch_start, batch_end) in enumerate(batches):
                batch_ids = index_array[batch_start:batch_end]
                try:
                    if isinstance(ins[-1], float):
                        # Do not slice the training phase flag.
                        ins_batch = _slice_arrays(ins[:-1], batch_ids) + [ins[-1]]
                    else:
                        ins_batch = _slice_arrays(ins, batch_ids)
                except TypeError:
                    raise TypeError('TypeError while preparing batch. '
                                    'If using HDF5 input data, '
                                    'pass shuffle="batch".')
                batch_logs = {}
                batch_logs['batch'] = batch_index
                batch_logs['size'] = len(batch_ids)
                callbacks.on_batch_begin(batch_index, batch_logs)
                outs = f(ins_batch)
                if not isinstance(outs, list):
                    outs = [outs]
                for l, o in zip(out_labels, outs):
                    batch_logs[l] = o

                callbacks.on_batch_end(batch_index, batch_logs)
                if callback_model.stop_training:
                    break

                if batch_index == len(batches) - 1:  # Last batch.
                    if do_validation:
                        val_outs = self._test_loop(val_f, val_ins,
                                                   batch_size=batch_size,
                                                   verbose=0)
                        if not isinstance(val_outs, list):
                            val_outs = [val_outs]
                        # Same labels assumed.
                        for l, o in zip(out_labels, val_outs):
                            epoch_logs['val_' + l] = o
            callbacks.on_epoch_end(epoch, epoch_logs)
            if callback_model.stop_training:
                break
        callbacks.on_train_end()
        return self.history

    def _predict_loop(self, f, ins, batch_size=32, verbose=0):
        """Abstract method to loop over some data in batches.

        # Arguments
            f: Keras function returning a list of tensors.
            ins: list of tensors to be fed to `f`.
            batch_size: integer batch size.
            verbose: verbosity mode.

        # Returns
            Array of predictions (if the model has a single output)
            or list of arrays of predictions
            (if the model has multiple outputs).
        """
        if ins and hasattr(ins[0], 'shape'):
            samples = ins[0].shape[0]
        else:
            # May happen if we are running `predict` without Numpy input data,
            # i.e. if all inputs to the models are data tensors
            # instead of placeholders.
            # In that case we will run `predict` over a single batch.
            samples = batch_size
            verbose = 2
        outs = []
        if verbose == 1:
            progbar = Progbar(target=samples)
        batches = _make_batches(samples, batch_size)
        index_array = np.arange(samples)
        for batch_index, (batch_start, batch_end) in enumerate(batches):
            batch_ids = index_array[batch_start:batch_end]
            if ins and isinstance(ins[-1], float):
                # Do not slice the training phase flag.
                ins_batch = _slice_arrays(ins[:-1], batch_ids) + [ins[-1]]
            else:
                ins_batch = _slice_arrays(ins, batch_ids)

            batch_outs = f(ins_batch)
            if not isinstance(batch_outs, list):
                batch_outs = [batch_outs]
            if batch_index == 0:
                for batch_out in batch_outs:
                    shape = (samples,) + batch_out.shape[1:]
                    outs.append(np.zeros(shape, dtype=batch_out.dtype))

            for i, batch_out in enumerate(batch_outs):
                outs[i][batch_start:batch_end] = batch_out
            if verbose == 1:
                progbar.update(batch_end)
        if len(outs) == 1:
            return outs[0]
        return outs

    def _test_loop(self, f, ins, batch_size=32, verbose=0):
        """Abstract method to loop over some data in batches.

        # Arguments
            f: Keras function returning a list of tensors.
            ins: list of tensors to be fed to `f`.
            batch_size: integer batch size.
            verbose: verbosity mode.

        # Returns
            Scalar loss (if the model has a single output and no metrics)
            or list of scalars (if the model has multiple outputs
            and/or metrics). The attribute `model.metrics_names` will give you
            the display labels for the scalar outputs.
        """
        if ins and hasattr(ins[0], 'shape'):
            samples = ins[0].shape[0]
        else:
            # May happen if we are running `evaluate` without Numpy input data,
            # i.e. if all inputs to the models are data tensors
            # instead of placeholders.
            # In that case we will run `evaluate` over a single batch.
            samples = batch_size
            verbose = 2

        outs = []
        if verbose == 1:
            progbar = Progbar(target=samples)
        batches = _make_batches(samples, batch_size)
        index_array = np.arange(samples)
        for batch_index, (batch_start, batch_end) in enumerate(batches):
            batch_ids = index_array[batch_start:batch_end]
            if isinstance(ins[-1], float):
                # Do not slice the training phase flag.
                ins_batch = _slice_arrays(ins[:-1], batch_ids) + [ins[-1]]
            else:
                ins_batch = _slice_arrays(ins, batch_ids)

            batch_outs = f(ins_batch)
            if isinstance(batch_outs, list):
                if batch_index == 0:
                    for batch_out in enumerate(batch_outs):
                        outs.append(0.)
                for i, batch_out in enumerate(batch_outs):
                    outs[i] += batch_out * len(batch_ids)
            else:
                if batch_index == 0:
                    outs.append(0.)
                outs[0] += batch_outs * len(batch_ids)

            if verbose == 1:
                progbar.update(batch_end)
        for i in range(len(outs)):
            outs[i] /= samples
        if len(outs) == 1:
            return outs[0]
        return outs

    def _standardize_user_data(self, x, y,
                               sample_weight=None, class_weight=None,
                               check_batch_axis=True, batch_size=None):
        if not hasattr(self, 'optimizer'):
            raise RuntimeError('You must compile a model before '
                               'training/testing. '
                               'Use `model.compile(optimizer, loss)`.')

        output_shapes = []
        for output_shape, loss_fn in zip(self._feed_output_shapes, self._feed_loss_fns):
            if loss_fn.__name__ == 'sparse_categorical_crossentropy':
                output_shapes.append(output_shape[:-1] + (1,))
            elif getattr(losses, loss_fn.__name__, None) is None:
                output_shapes.append(None)
            else:
                output_shapes.append(output_shape)
        x = _standardize_input_data(x, self._feed_input_names,
                                    self._feed_input_shapes,
                                    check_batch_axis=False,
                                    exception_prefix='input')
        y = _standardize_input_data(y, self._feed_output_names,
                                    output_shapes,
                                    check_batch_axis=False,
                                    exception_prefix='target')
        sample_weights = _standardize_sample_weights(sample_weight,
                                                     self._feed_output_names)
        class_weights = _standardize_class_weights(class_weight,
                                                   self._feed_output_names)
        sample_weights = [_standardize_weights(ref, sw, cw, mode)
                          for (ref, sw, cw, mode)
                          in zip(y, sample_weights, class_weights, self._feed_sample_weight_modes)]
        _check_array_lengths(x, y, sample_weights)
        _check_loss_and_target_compatibility(y,
                                             self._feed_loss_fns,
                                             self._feed_output_shapes)
        if self.stateful and batch_size:
            if x[0].shape[0] % batch_size != 0:
                raise ValueError('In a stateful network, '
                                 'you should only pass inputs with '
                                 'a number of samples that can be '
                                 'divided by the batch size. Found: ' +
                                 str(x[0].shape[0]) + ' samples')
        return x, y, sample_weights

    def _get_deduped_metrics_names(self):
        out_labels = self.metrics_names

        # Rename duplicated metrics name
        # (can happen with an output layer shared among multiple dataflows).
        deduped_out_labels = []
        for i, label in enumerate(out_labels):
            new_label = label
            if out_labels.count(label) > 1:
                dup_idx = out_labels[:i].count(label)
                new_label += '_' + str(dup_idx + 1)
            deduped_out_labels.append(new_label)
        return deduped_out_labels

    def fit(self, x=None,
            y=None,
            batch_size=32,
            epochs=1,
            verbose=1,
            callbacks=None,
            validation_split=0.,
            validation_data=None,
            shuffle=True,
            class_weight=None,
            sample_weight=None,
            initial_epoch=0,
            **kwargs):
        """Trains the model for a fixed number of epochs (iterations on a dataset).

        # Arguments
            x: Numpy array of training data,
                or list of Numpy arrays if the model has multiple inputs.
                If all inputs in the model are named,
                you can also pass a dictionary
                mapping input names to Numpy arrays.
            y: Numpy array of target data,
                or list of Numpy arrays if the model has multiple outputs.
                If all outputs in the model are named,
                you can also pass a dictionary
                mapping output names to Numpy arrays.
            batch_size: integer. Number of samples per gradient update.
            epochs: integer, the number of times to iterate
                over the training data arrays.
            verbose: 0, 1, or 2. Verbosity mode.
                0 = silent, 1 = verbose, 2 = one log line per epoch.
            callbacks: list of callbacks to be called during training.
                See [callbacks](/callbacks).
            validation_split: float between 0 and 1:
                fraction of the training data to be used as validation data.
                The model will set apart this fraction of the training data,
                will not train on it, and will evaluate
                the loss and any model metrics
                on this data at the end of each epoch.
            validation_data: data on which to evaluate
                the loss and any model metrics
                at the end of each epoch. The model will not
                be trained on this data.
                This could be a tuple (x_val, y_val)
                or a tuple (x_val, y_val, val_sample_weights).
            shuffle: boolean, whether to shuffle the training data
                before each epoch.
            class_weight: optional dictionary mapping
                class indices (integers) to
                a weight (float) to apply to the model's loss for the samples
                from this class during training.
                This can be useful to tell the model to "pay more attention" to
                samples from an under-represented class.
            sample_weight: optional array of the same length as x, containing
                weights to apply to the model's loss for each sample.
                In the case of temporal data, you can pass a 2D array
                with shape (samples, sequence_length),
                to apply a different weight to every timestep of every sample.
                In this case you should make sure to specify
                sample_weight_mode="temporal" in compile().
            initial_epoch: epoch at which to start training
                (useful for resuming a previous training run)

        # Returns
            A `History` instance. Its `history` attribute contains
            all information collected during training.

        # Raises
            ValueError: In case of mismatch between the provided input data
                and what the model expects.
        """
        # Legacy support
        if 'nb_epoch' in kwargs:
            warnings.warn('The `nb_epoch` argument in `fit` '
                          'has been renamed `epochs`.', stacklevel=2)
            epochs = kwargs.pop('nb_epoch')
        if kwargs:
            raise TypeError('Unrecognized keyword arguments: ' + str(kwargs))

        # Validate user data.
        x, y, sample_weights = self._standardize_user_data(
            x, y,
            sample_weight=sample_weight,
            class_weight=class_weight,
            check_batch_axis=False,
            batch_size=batch_size)
        # Prepare validation data.
        if validation_data:
            do_validation = True
            if len(validation_data) == 2:
                val_x, val_y = validation_data
                val_sample_weight = None
            elif len(validation_data) == 3:
                val_x, val_y, val_sample_weight = validation_data
            else:
                raise ValueError('When passing validation_data, '
                                 'it must contain 2 (x_val, y_val) '
                                 'or 3 (x_val, y_val, val_sample_weights) '
                                 'items, however it contains %d items' %
                                 len(validation_data))

            val_x, val_y, val_sample_weights = self._standardize_user_data(
                val_x, val_y,
                sample_weight=val_sample_weight,
                check_batch_axis=False,
                batch_size=batch_size)
            self._make_test_function()
            val_f = self.test_function
            if self.uses_learning_phase and not isinstance(K.learning_phase(), int):
                val_ins = val_x + val_y + val_sample_weights + [0.]
            else:
                val_ins = val_x + val_y + val_sample_weights

        elif validation_split and 0. < validation_split < 1.:
            do_validation = True
            if hasattr(x[0], 'shape'):
                split_at = int(x[0].shape[0] * (1. - validation_split))
            else:
                split_at = int(len(x[0]) * (1. - validation_split))
            x, val_x = (_slice_arrays(x, 0, split_at), _slice_arrays(x, split_at))
            y, val_y = (_slice_arrays(y, 0, split_at), _slice_arrays(y, split_at))
            sample_weights, val_sample_weights = (
                _slice_arrays(sample_weights, 0, split_at),
                _slice_arrays(sample_weights, split_at))
            self._make_test_function()
            val_f = self.test_function
            if self.uses_learning_phase and not isinstance(K.learning_phase(), int):
                val_ins = val_x + val_y + val_sample_weights + [0.]
            else:
                val_ins = val_x + val_y + val_sample_weights
        else:
            do_validation = False
            val_f = None
            val_ins = None

        # Prepare input arrays and training function.
        if self.uses_learning_phase and not isinstance(K.learning_phase(), int):
            ins = x + y + sample_weights + [1.]
        else:
            ins = x + y + sample_weights
        self._make_train_function()
        f = self.train_function

        # Prepare display labels.
        out_labels = self._get_deduped_metrics_names()

        if do_validation:
            callback_metrics = copy.copy(out_labels) + ['val_' + n for n in out_labels]
        else:
            callback_metrics = copy.copy(out_labels)

        # Delegate logic to `_fit_loop`.
        return self._fit_loop(f, ins, out_labels=out_labels,
                              batch_size=batch_size, epochs=epochs,
                              verbose=verbose, callbacks=callbacks,
                              val_f=val_f, val_ins=val_ins, shuffle=shuffle,
                              callback_metrics=callback_metrics,
                              initial_epoch=initial_epoch)

    def evaluate(self, x, y, batch_size=32, verbose=1, sample_weight=None):
        """Returns the loss value & metrics values for the model in test mode.

        Computation is done in batches.

        # Arguments
            x: Numpy array of test data,
                or list of Numpy arrays if the model has multiple inputs.
                If all inputs in the model are named,
                you can also pass a dictionary
                mapping input names to Numpy arrays.
            y: Numpy array of target data,
                or list of Numpy arrays if the model has multiple outputs.
                If all outputs in the model are named,
                you can also pass a dictionary
                mapping output names to Numpy arrays.
            batch_size: integer. Number of samples per gradient update.
            verbose: verbosity mode, 0 or 1.
            sample_weight: Array of weights to weight the contribution
                of different samples to the loss and metrics.

        # Returns
            Scalar test loss (if the model has a single output and no metrics)
            or list of scalars (if the model has multiple outputs
            and/or metrics). The attribute `model.metrics_names` will give you
            the display labels for the scalar outputs.
        """
        # Validate user data.
        x, y, sample_weights = self._standardize_user_data(
            x, y,
            sample_weight=sample_weight,
            check_batch_axis=False,
            batch_size=batch_size)
        # Prepare inputs, delegate logic to `_test_loop`.
        if self.uses_learning_phase and not isinstance(K.learning_phase(), int):
            ins = x + y + sample_weights + [0.]
        else:
            ins = x + y + sample_weights
        self._make_test_function()
        f = self.test_function
        return self._test_loop(f, ins,
                               batch_size=batch_size,
                               verbose=verbose)

    def predict(self, x, batch_size=32, verbose=0):
        """Generates output predictions for the input samples.

        Computation is done in batches.

        # Arguments
            x: the input data, as a Numpy array
                (or list of Numpy arrays if the model has multiple outputs).
            batch_size: integer.
            verbose: verbosity mode, 0 or 1.

        # Returns
            Numpy array(s) of predictions.

        # Raises
            ValueError: In case of mismatch between the provided
                input data and the model's expectations,
                or in case a stateful model receives a number of samples
                that is not a multiple of the batch size.
        """
        # Validate user data.
        x = _standardize_input_data(x, self._feed_input_names,
                                    self._feed_input_shapes,
                                    check_batch_axis=False)
        if self.stateful:
            if x[0].shape[0] > batch_size and x[0].shape[0] % batch_size != 0:
                raise ValueError('In a stateful network, '
                                 'you should only pass inputs with '
                                 'a number of samples that can be '
                                 'divided by the batch size. Found: ' +
                                 str(x[0].shape[0]) + ' samples. '
                                 'Batch size: ' + str(batch_size) + '.')

        # Prepare inputs, delegate logic to `_predict_loop`.
        if self.uses_learning_phase and not isinstance(K.learning_phase(), int):
            ins = x + [0.]
        else:
            ins = x
        self._make_predict_function()
        f = self.predict_function
        return self._predict_loop(f, ins,
                                  batch_size=batch_size, verbose=verbose)

    def train_on_batch(self, x, y,
                       sample_weight=None, class_weight=None):
        """Runs a single gradient update on a single batch of data.

        # Arguments
            x: Numpy array of training data,
                or list of Numpy arrays if the model has multiple inputs.
                If all inputs in the model are named,
                you can also pass a dictionary
                mapping input names to Numpy arrays.
            y: Numpy array of target data,
                or list of Numpy arrays if the model has multiple outputs.
                If all outputs in the model are named,
                you can also pass a dictionary
                mapping output names to Numpy arrays.
            sample_weight: optional array of the same length as x, containing
                weights to apply to the model's loss for each sample.
                In the case of temporal data, you can pass a 2D array
                with shape (samples, sequence_length),
                to apply a different weight to every timestep of every sample.
                In this case you should make sure to specify
                sample_weight_mode="temporal" in compile().
            class_weight: optional dictionary mapping
                class indices (integers) to
                a weight (float) to apply to the model's loss for the samples
                from this class during training.
                This can be useful to tell the model to "pay more attention" to
                samples from an under-represented class.

        # Returns
            Scalar training loss
            (if the model has a single output and no metrics)
            or list of scalars (if the model has multiple outputs
            and/or metrics). The attribute `model.metrics_names` will give you
            the display labels for the scalar outputs.
        """
        x, y, sample_weights = self._standardize_user_data(
            x, y,
            sample_weight=sample_weight,
            class_weight=class_weight,
            check_batch_axis=True)
        if self.uses_learning_phase and not isinstance(K.learning_phase(), int):
            ins = x + y + sample_weights + [1.]
        else:
            ins = x + y + sample_weights
        self._make_train_function()
        outputs = self.train_function(ins)
        if len(outputs) == 1:
            return outputs[0]
        return outputs

    def test_on_batch(self, x, y, sample_weight=None):
        """Test the model on a single batch of samples.

        # Arguments
            x: Numpy array of test data,
                or list of Numpy arrays if the model has multiple inputs.
                If all inputs in the model are named,
                you can also pass a dictionary
                mapping input names to Numpy arrays.
            y: Numpy array of target data,
                or list of Numpy arrays if the model has multiple outputs.
                If all outputs in the model are named,
                you can also pass a dictionary
                mapping output names to Numpy arrays.
            sample_weight: optional array of the same length as x, containing
                weights to apply to the model's loss for each sample.
                In the case of temporal data, you can pass a 2D array
                with shape (samples, sequence_length),
                to apply a different weight to every timestep of every sample.
                In this case you should make sure to specify
                sample_weight_mode="temporal" in compile().

        # Returns
            Scalar test loss (if the model has a single output and no metrics)
            or list of scalars (if the model has multiple outputs
            and/or metrics). The attribute `model.metrics_names` will give you
            the display labels for the scalar outputs.
        """
        x, y, sample_weights = self._standardize_user_data(
            x, y,
            sample_weight=sample_weight,
            check_batch_axis=True)
        if self.uses_learning_phase and not isinstance(K.learning_phase(), int):
            ins = x + y + sample_weights + [0.]
        else:
            ins = x + y + sample_weights
        self._make_test_function()
        outputs = self.test_function(ins)
        if len(outputs) == 1:
            return outputs[0]
        return outputs

    def predict_on_batch(self, x):
        """Returns predictions for a single batch of samples.

        # Arguments
            x: Input samples, as a Numpy array.

        # Returns
            Numpy array(s) of predictions.
        """
        x = _standardize_input_data(x, self._feed_input_names,
                                    self._feed_input_shapes)
        if self.uses_learning_phase and not isinstance(K.learning_phase(), int):
            ins = x + [0.]
        else:
            ins = x
        self._make_predict_function()
        outputs = self.predict_function(ins)
        if len(outputs) == 1:
            return outputs[0]
        return outputs

    @interfaces.legacy_generator_methods_support
    def fit_generator(self, generator,
                      steps_per_epoch,
                      epochs=1,
                      verbose=1,
                      callbacks=None,
                      validation_data=None,
                      validation_steps=None,
                      class_weight=None,
                      max_q_size=10,
                      workers=1,
                      pickle_safe=False,
                      initial_epoch=0):
        """Fits the model on data yielded batch-by-batch by a Python generator.

        The generator is run in parallel to the model, for efficiency.
        For instance, this allows you to do real-time data augmentation
        on images on CPU in parallel to training your model on GPU.

        # Arguments
            generator: a generator.
                The output of the generator must be either
                - a tuple (inputs, targets)
                - a tuple (inputs, targets, sample_weights).
                All arrays should contain the same number of samples.
                The generator is expected to loop over its data
                indefinitely. An epoch finishes when `steps_per_epoch`
                batches have been seen by the model.
            steps_per_epoch: Total number of steps (batches of samples)
                to yield from `generator` before declaring one epoch
                finished and starting the next epoch. It should typically
                be equal to the number of unique samples if your dataset
                divided by the batch size.
            epochs: integer, total number of iterations on the data.
            verbose: verbosity mode, 0, 1, or 2.
            callbacks: list of callbacks to be called during training.
            validation_data: this can be either
                - a generator for the validation data
                - a tuple (inputs, targets)
                - a tuple (inputs, targets, sample_weights).
            validation_steps: Only relevant if `validation_data`
                is a generator. Total number of steps (batches of samples)
                to yield from `generator` before stopping.
            class_weight: dictionary mapping class indices to a weight
                for the class.
            max_q_size: maximum size for the generator queue
            workers: maximum number of processes to spin up
                when using process based threading
            pickle_safe: if True, use process based threading.
                Note that because
                this implementation relies on multiprocessing,
                you should not pass
                non picklable arguments to the generator
                as they can't be passed
                easily to children processes.
            initial_epoch: epoch at which to start training
                (useful for resuming a previous training run)

        # Returns
            A `History` object.

        # Example

        ```python
            def generate_arrays_from_file(path):
                while 1:
                    f = open(path)
                    for line in f:
                        # create numpy arrays of input data
                        # and labels, from each line in the file
                        x1, x2, y = process_line(line)
                        yield ({'input_1': x1, 'input_2': x2}, {'output': y})
                    f.close()

            model.fit_generator(generate_arrays_from_file('/my_file.txt'),
                                steps_per_epoch=10000, epochs=10)
        ```

        # Raises
            ValueError: In case the generator yields
                data in an invalid format.
        """
        wait_time = 0.01  # in seconds
        epoch = initial_epoch

        do_validation = bool(validation_data)
        self._make_train_function()
        if do_validation:
            self._make_test_function()

        # python 2 has 'next', 3 has '__next__'
        # avoid any explicit version checks
        val_gen = (hasattr(validation_data, 'next') or
                   hasattr(validation_data, '__next__'))
        if val_gen and not validation_steps:
            raise ValueError('When using a generator for validation data, '
                             'you must specify a value for '
                             '`validation_steps`.')

        # Prepare display labels.
        out_labels = self._get_deduped_metrics_names()
        callback_metrics = out_labels + ['val_' + n for n in out_labels]

        # prepare callbacks
        self.history = cbks.History()
        callbacks = [cbks.BaseLogger()] + (callbacks or []) + [self.history]
        if verbose:
            callbacks += [cbks.ProgbarLogger(count_mode='steps')]
        callbacks = cbks.CallbackList(callbacks)

        # it's possible to callback a different model than self:
        if hasattr(self, 'callback_model') and self.callback_model:
            callback_model = self.callback_model
        else:
            callback_model = self
        callbacks.set_model(callback_model)
        callbacks.set_params({
            'epochs': epochs,
            'steps': steps_per_epoch,
            'verbose': verbose,
            'do_validation': do_validation,
            'metrics': callback_metrics,
        })
        callbacks.on_train_begin()

        if do_validation and not val_gen:
            if len(validation_data) == 2:
                val_x, val_y = validation_data
                val_sample_weight = None
            elif len(validation_data) == 3:
                val_x, val_y, val_sample_weight = validation_data
            else:
                raise ValueError('validation_data should be a tuple '
                                 '`(val_x, val_y, val_sample_weight)` '
                                 'or `(val_x, val_y)`. Found: ' +
                                 str(validation_data))
            val_x, val_y, val_sample_weights = self._standardize_user_data(
                val_x, val_y, val_sample_weight)
            val_data = val_x + val_y + val_sample_weights
            if self.uses_learning_phase and not isinstance(K.learning_phase(), int):
                val_data += [0.]
            for cbk in callbacks:
                cbk.validation_data = val_data
        enqueuer = None

        try:
            enqueuer = GeneratorEnqueuer(generator, pickle_safe=pickle_safe)
            enqueuer.start(max_q_size=max_q_size, workers=workers)

            callback_model.stop_training = False
            while epoch < epochs:
                callbacks.on_epoch_begin(epoch)
                steps_done = 0
                batch_index = 0
                while steps_done < steps_per_epoch:
                    generator_output = None
                    while enqueuer.is_running():
                        if not enqueuer.queue.empty():
                            generator_output = enqueuer.queue.get()
                            break
                        else:
                            time.sleep(wait_time)

                    if not hasattr(generator_output, '__len__'):
                        raise ValueError('output of generator should be '
                                         'a tuple `(x, y, sample_weight)` '
                                         'or `(x, y)`. Found: ' +
                                         str(generator_output))
                    if len(generator_output) == 2:
                        x, y = generator_output
                        sample_weight = None
                    elif len(generator_output) == 3:
                        x, y, sample_weight = generator_output
                    else:
                        raise ValueError('output of generator should be '
                                         'a tuple `(x, y, sample_weight)` '
                                         'or `(x, y)`. Found: ' +
                                         str(generator_output))
                    # build batch logs
                    batch_logs = {}
                    if isinstance(x, list):
                        batch_size = x[0].shape[0]
                    elif isinstance(x, dict):
                        batch_size = list(x.values())[0].shape[0]
                    else:
                        batch_size = x.shape[0]
                    batch_logs['batch'] = batch_index
                    batch_logs['size'] = batch_size
                    callbacks.on_batch_begin(batch_index, batch_logs)

                    outs = self.train_on_batch(x, y,
                                               sample_weight=sample_weight,
                                               class_weight=class_weight)

                    if not isinstance(outs, list):
                        outs = [outs]
                    for l, o in zip(out_labels, outs):
                        batch_logs[l] = o

                    callbacks.on_batch_end(batch_index, batch_logs)

                    # Construct epoch logs.
                    epoch_logs = {}
                    batch_index += 1
                    steps_done += 1

                    # Epoch finished.
                    if steps_done >= steps_per_epoch and do_validation:
                        if val_gen:
                            val_outs = self.evaluate_generator(
                                validation_data,
                                validation_steps,
                                max_q_size=max_q_size,
                                workers=workers,
                                pickle_safe=pickle_safe)
                        else:
                            # No need for try/except because
                            # data has already been validated.
                            val_outs = self.evaluate(
                                val_x, val_y,
                                batch_size=batch_size,
                                sample_weight=val_sample_weights,
                                verbose=0)
                        if not isinstance(val_outs, list):
                            val_outs = [val_outs]
                        # Same labels assumed.
                        for l, o in zip(out_labels, val_outs):
                            epoch_logs['val_' + l] = o

                callbacks.on_epoch_end(epoch, epoch_logs)
                epoch += 1
                if callback_model.stop_training:
                    break

        finally:
            if enqueuer is not None:
                enqueuer.stop()

        callbacks.on_train_end()
        return self.history

    @interfaces.legacy_generator_methods_support
    def evaluate_generator(self, generator, steps,
                           max_q_size=10, workers=1, pickle_safe=False):
        """Evaluates the model on a data generator.

        The generator should return the same kind of data
        as accepted by `test_on_batch`.

        # Arguments
            generator: Generator yielding tuples (inputs, targets)
                or (inputs, targets, sample_weights)
            steps: Total number of steps (batches of samples)
                to yield from `generator` before stopping.
            max_q_size: maximum size for the generator queue
            workers: maximum number of processes to spin up
                when using process based threading
            pickle_safe: if True, use process based threading.
                Note that because
                this implementation relies on multiprocessing,
                you should not pass
                non picklable arguments to the generator
                as they can't be passed
                easily to children processes.

        # Returns
            Scalar test loss (if the model has a single output and no metrics)
            or list of scalars (if the model has multiple outputs
            and/or metrics). The attribute `model.metrics_names` will give you
            the display labels for the scalar outputs.

        # Raises
            ValueError: In case the generator yields
                data in an invalid format.
        """
        self._make_test_function()

        steps_done = 0
        wait_time = 0.01
        all_outs = []
        batch_sizes = []
        enqueuer = None

        try:
            enqueuer = GeneratorEnqueuer(generator, pickle_safe=pickle_safe)
            enqueuer.start(workers=workers, max_q_size=max_q_size)

            while steps_done < steps:
                generator_output = None
                while enqueuer.is_running():
                    if not enqueuer.queue.empty():
                        generator_output = enqueuer.queue.get()
                        break
                    else:
                        time.sleep(wait_time)

                if not hasattr(generator_output, '__len__'):
                    raise ValueError('output of generator should be a tuple '
                                     '(x, y, sample_weight) '
                                     'or (x, y). Found: ' +
                                     str(generator_output))
                if len(generator_output) == 2:
                    x, y = generator_output
                    sample_weight = None
                elif len(generator_output) == 3:
                    x, y, sample_weight = generator_output
                else:
                    raise ValueError('output of generator should be a tuple '
                                     '(x, y, sample_weight) '
                                     'or (x, y). Found: ' +
                                     str(generator_output))
                outs = self.test_on_batch(x, y, sample_weight=sample_weight)

                if isinstance(x, list):
                    batch_size = len(x[0])
                elif isinstance(x, dict):
                    batch_size = len(list(x.values())[0])
                else:
                    batch_size = len(x)
                all_outs.append(outs)

                steps_done += 1
                batch_sizes.append(batch_size)

        finally:
            if enqueuer is not None:
                enqueuer.stop()

        if not isinstance(outs, list):
            return np.average(np.asarray(all_outs),
                              weights=batch_sizes)
        else:
            averages = []
            for i in range(len(outs)):
                averages.append(np.average([out[i] for out in all_outs],
                                           weights=batch_sizes))
            return averages

    @interfaces.legacy_generator_methods_support
    def predict_generator(self, generator, steps,
                          max_q_size=10, workers=1,
                          pickle_safe=False, verbose=0):
        """Generates predictions for the input samples from a data generator.

        The generator should return the same kind of data as accepted by
        `predict_on_batch`.

        # Arguments
            generator: Generator yielding batches of input samples.
            steps: Total number of steps (batches of samples)
                to yield from `generator` before stopping.
            max_q_size: Maximum size for the generator queue.
            workers: Maximum number of processes to spin up
                when using process based threading
            pickle_safe: If `True`, use process based threading.
                Note that because
                this implementation relies on multiprocessing,
                you should not pass
                non picklable arguments to the generator
                as they can't be passed
                easily to children processes.
            verbose: verbosity mode, 0 or 1.

        # Returns
            Numpy array(s) of predictions.

        # Raises
            ValueError: In case the generator yields
                data in an invalid format.
        """
        self._make_predict_function()

        steps_done = 0
        wait_time = 0.01
        all_outs = []
        enqueuer = None

        try:
            enqueuer = GeneratorEnqueuer(generator, pickle_safe=pickle_safe)
            enqueuer.start(workers=workers, max_q_size=max_q_size)

            if verbose == 1:
                progbar = Progbar(target=steps)

            while steps_done < steps:
                generator_output = None
                while enqueuer.is_running():
                    if not enqueuer.queue.empty():
                        generator_output = enqueuer.queue.get()
                        break
                    else:
                        time.sleep(wait_time)

                if isinstance(generator_output, tuple):
                    # Compatibility with the generators
                    # used for training.
                    if len(generator_output) == 2:
                        x, _ = generator_output
                    elif len(generator_output) == 3:
                        x, _, _ = generator_output
                    else:
                        raise ValueError('output of generator should be '
                                         'a tuple `(x, y, sample_weight)` '
                                         'or `(x, y)`. Found: ' +
                                         str(generator_output))
                else:
                    # Assumes a generator that only
                    # yields inputs (not targets and sample weights).
                    x = generator_output

                outs = self.predict_on_batch(x)
                if not isinstance(outs, list):
                    outs = [outs]

                if not all_outs:
                    for out in outs:
                        all_outs.append([])

                for i, out in enumerate(outs):
                    all_outs[i].append(out)
                steps_done += 1
                if verbose == 1:
                    progbar.update(steps_done)

        finally:
            if enqueuer is not None:
                enqueuer.stop()

        if len(all_outs) == 1:
            if steps_done == 1:
                return all_outs[0][0]
            else:
                return np.concatenate(all_outs[0])
        if steps_done == 1:
            return [out for out in all_outs]
        else:
            return [np.concatenate(out) for out in all_outs]