A public repository of scientific and media resources of SARS-CoV-2 related COVID-19 maintained by ITER.
August 12, 2020 updates. Two new sections on Government COVID 19 Contingency Plans for Schools Reopening and Emerging Disease Challenges, together with a bunch of additional resources: airborne transmission (3); saliva based testing (1); schools (and other human-populated spaces) reopenings (5); epidemiology (4); media sources (3); pooling and group testing (1); PCR related methods (3); research coalitions and funding calls (1); seroprevalence (1); sequencing (4)... Enjoy the reading! ;=)
As the repository has largely increased its size, it is also available in WIKI format here for your convenience.
Use the "Home" button to move up between sections and the ToC.
- Airborne transmission
- Apps for COVID tracking
- Books chapters
- Clinical Trials and Pharmacological Treatments
- Clinics
- Diagnostics
- Educational resources
- ** NEW Emerging Diseases Challenges
- Epidemiology
- Genomics and Phylodynamics of SARS-CoV-2
- Guidelines, Society's Clinical and Professional Statements, and Reports
- ** NEW Government COVID 19 Contingency Plans for Schools Reopening
- Media sources
- Protocols
- Rapid Tests
- Research Coalitions and Funding Calls
- Respirators, masks, and other Personal Protective Equipments (PPE)
- Schools and other human-populated spaces reopenings
- Scientific Communications and Literature (Pre-prints & Peer-Reviewed Papers)
- Maths and Epidemiological Models
- PCR related articles
- Pooling and Group Testing
- Saliva based testing
- Sciencific Data and Resources
- Seroprevalence
- Sequencing, Sequences and Bioinformatics
- Shiny and R related dashboards and packages. Under construction
- Virology (largely based on the American Society for Microbiology web structure)
- Animal Models & Epizootic Infections
- Evolution & Phylogenetics
- Host Immune Response
- Proteins & Translation
- RNA Replication
- Virus Assembly, Protein Processing and Structure
- Viral Entry & Receptors
- Viral Replicate/Non-Structural Proteins/Enzymes
- Vaccines
- Acknowledgements
- Contact us
- Contributing to this repository
- Code of Conduct
- Update logs
New section on July 4, 2020.
Apple and Google’s covid-tracing tech has been released to 23 countries
Balancing functionality with Privacy for Effective Contact Tracing Apps
BlueTrace: A privacy-preserving protocol for community-driven contact tracing across borders
Coronavirus contact-tracing apps: can they slow the spread of COVID-19?
DP3T - Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing
Effective configurations of a digital contact tracing app: A report to NHSX
Haz tu autoevaluación del COVID-19, Ministerio de Sanidad
It is possible to stop the epidemic
Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing
New section on August 3, 2020.
A Letter about the Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Based on the Current Evidence
Aerosol and surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 observed in quarantine and isolation care
Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Theoretical Considerations and Available Evidence
Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1
Airborne Spread of SARS-CoV-2 and a Potential Role for Air Disinfection
Airborne Transmission of COVID-19: Epidemiologic Evidence from An Outbreak Investigation
Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality
Choir practice turns fatal. Coronavirus is to blame
Covid-19: Airborne transmission is being underestimated, warn experts
Detection of air and surface contamination by SARS-CoV-2 in hospital rooms of infected patients
Droplets and Aerosols in the Transmission of SARS-CoV-2
How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?
Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19
If the coronavirus is really airborne, we might be fighting it the wrong way
Indoor transmission of SARS-CoV-2
Intense fitness classes can lead to rapid spread of COVID-19, report shows
Japan's supercomputer suggests changes to travel, work amid airborne virus threat
Mounting evidence suggests coronavirus is airborne — but health advice has not caught up
Respiratory Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: What Do We Really Know?
Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks
Role of air distribution in SARS transmission during the largest nosocomial outbreak in Hong Kong
SARS-CoV-2 failure to infect or replicate in mosquitoes: an extreme challenge
Severe COVID-19 in the young and healthy: monogenic inborn errors of immunity?
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: implications for infection prevention precautions
Viable SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patients
We Need to Talk About Ventilation
New section on May 2, 2020.
Section to show on-going clinical trials to figth against COVID-19
U.S. National Library of Medicine, ClinicalTrials.gov, Clinical Trials ordered by treatment
- Anakinra clinical trials
- Azithromycin clinical trials
- Baricitinib clinical trials
- Cobicistat clinical trials
- Colchicina clinical trials
- Darunavir clinical trials
- Hydroxychloroquine clinical trials
- Interferon clinical trials
- Lopinavir clinical trials
- Remdesivir clinical trials
- Ritonavir clinical trials
- Sarilumab clinical trials
- Siltuximab clinical trials
- Tocilizumab clinical trials
Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). A review
STAT's Covid-19 Drugs and Vaccines Tracker
New section on May 16, 2020.
A Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine as Postexposure Prophylaxis for Covid-19
Age Matters: COVID-19 Prevalence in a Vaping Adolescent Population - An Observational Study
Air Hunger and Psychological Trauma in Ventilated COVID-19 Patients: An Urgent Problem
Airway expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE2, and proteases, TMPRSS2 and furin, in severe asthma
Are COVID-19 Patients Dying of or with Cardiac Injury?
Autopsy Findings and Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study
Characterization of the Inflammatory Response to Severe COVID-19 Illness
Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections
Clinical Characteristics and Results of Semen Tests Among Men With Coronavirus Disease 2019
Clinical classifiers of COVID-19 infection from novel ultra-high-throughput proteomics
Clinical Utility of SARS-CoV-2 Whole Genome Sequencing in Deciphering Source of Infection
Coughs and Sneezes: Their Role in Transmission of Respiratory Viral Infections, Including SARS-CoV-2
Covert COVID-19 and false-positive dengue serology in Singapore
COVID-19 Autopsies, Oklahoma, USA
COVID-19 Lung Injury and “Typical” ARDS: The Danger of Presumed Equivalency
COVID-19 Phenotypes and Potential Harm of Conventional Treatments: How to Prove the Hypothesis
Critically ill SARS-CoV-2 patients display lupus-like hallmarks of extrafollicular B cell activation
Culture-Competent SARS-CoV-2 in Nasopharynx of Symptomatic Neonates, Children, and Adolescents
Description of COVID-19 in HIV-infected individuals: a single-centre, prospective cohort
European Union Clinical Trials Register, Clinical trials for COVID-19
Evolution and epidemic spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil
Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 Receptor in the Human Airway Epithelium
Heterogeneity of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in COVID-19: “Typical” or Not?
IL6 inhibition in critically ill COVID-19 patients is associated with increased secondary infections
Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome
Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period
Reply to: Are COVID-19 Patients Dying of or with Cardiac Injury?
Respiratory Mechanics and Gas Exchange in COVID-19 Associated Respiratory Failure
Severe Hypoxemia in Early COVID-19 Pneumonia
Shared SARS-CoV-2 diversity suggests localised transmission of minority variants
Standards and Stereotypes in COVID-19
Suppression of a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in the Italian municipality of Vo’
The COVID-19 Pandemic Presents an Opportunity to Reassess the Value of Polysomnography
The hallmarks of COVID-19 disease
Tobacco Smoking Increases the Lung Gene Expression of ACE2, the Receptor of SARS-CoV-2
Treatment of COVID-19 by Inhaled NO to Reduce Shunt?
Understanding pathophysiology of hemostasis disorders in critically ill patients with COVID‑19
Unravelling the debate on heme effects in COVID-19 infections
Ventilator Sharing During an Acute Shortage Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic
Viable SARS-CoV-2 in various specimens from COVID-19 patients
New section on April 26, 2020.
A case of a readmitted patient who recovered from COVID-19 in Chengdu, China
Chest CT findings of COVID-19 pneumonia by duration of symptoms
Coronavirus Standards Working Group. A COVID-19 Diagnostic Standards Development Partnership
Critically ill SARS-CoV-2 patients display lupus-like hallmarks of extrafollicular B cell activation
Diagnosis of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): rRT-PCR or CT?
Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Imaging of coronavirus disease 2019: A Chinese expert consensus statement. Review
Interpreting a covid-19 test result
PCR Assays Turned Positive in 25 Discharged COVID-19 Patients
Positive RT-PCR Test Results in Patients Recovered From COVID-19
Positive RT-PCR tests among discharged COVID-19 patients in Shenzhen, China
Predictive value of sudden olfactory loss in the diagnosis of COVID-19
Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Transmission in a Skilled Nursing Facility
Rates of Co-infection Between SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Pathogens
SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children
Serial CT features in discharged COVID-19 patients with positive RT-PCR re-test
Seven discharged patients turning positive again for SARS-CoV-2 on quantitative RT-PCR
Actualización sobre la situación de la COVID-19, Dr. Josep Maria Miró
Así es la lucha entre el sistema inmune y el coronavirus. El País
Bioinformatics Training Resources for Experimentalists (and Friends)
CommonCraft COVID Communication Kit
COVID-19 Immunology 101 for Non-immunologists by Akiko Iwasaki, Ph.D.
COVID19: Top 7 online interactive simulations, curated
COVID-19 Preparedness for Radiotherapy Departments - Towards Consensus on Best Practices
Czech campaign #masks4all We need #masks4all, in Youtube
Harvard Medical School MEDICAL STUDENT COVID-19 CURRICULUM
Infectious Disease Modelling: Beyond the Basic SIR Model
Interpreting a covid-19 test result
Learning Without Borders: Asynchronous and Distance Learning in the Age of COVID-19 and Beyond
Los virus más infecciosos del último siglo, en imágenes, diario El País, España
¿Qué pasará ahora? Los futuros de la COVID-19 explicados con simulaciones
The race for coronavirus vaccines: a graphical guide
The woman who discovered the first coronavirus
A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology
A “One-Health” approach for diagnosis and molecular characterization of SARS-CoV-2 in Italy
‘All In’: A Pragmatic Framework for COVID-19 Testing and Action on a Global Scale
Airborne Transmission of COVID-19: Epidemiologic Evidence from An Outbreak Investigation
Analysis of the impact of lockdown on the evolution Covid-19 epidemics in Spain
Asymptomatic Transmission, the Achilles’ Heel of Current Strategies to Control Covid-19
BCG VACCINES MAY NOT REDUCE COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES
Changes in contact patterns shape the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China
Considering how biological sex impacts immune responses and COVID-19 outcomes
Coronavirus Disease Outbreak in Call Center, South Korea
COVID-19 Asymptomatic Infection Estimation
COVID-19 and Postinfection Immunity Limited Evidence, Many Remaining Questions
COVID-19 Disease Dynamics in Germany: First Models and Parameter Identification
COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with Air Conditioning in Restaurant, Guangzhou, China, 2020
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on public surfaces in a densely populated urban area of Brazil
Early detection of superspreaders by mass group pool testing can mitigate COVID-19 pandemic
Estimating the burden of SARS-CoV-2 in France
Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 emissions from non-symptomatic cases
Evidence for probable aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a poorly ventilated restaurant
First detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewaters in Italy
Genomic Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Guangdong Province, China
Genomic surveillance reveals multiple introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into Northern California
How the pandemic might play out in 2021 and beyond
Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19
INTRODUCTIONS ET CIRCULATION INITIALE DU SARS-COV-2 EN FRANCE
Natural History of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Outbreak dynamics of COVID-19 in Europe and the effect of travel restrictions
Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Transmission in a Skilled Nursing Facility
Relationship between COVID-19 death toll doubling time and national BCG vaccination policy
Scientists are drowning in COVID-19 papers. Can new tools keep them afloat?
Strategies to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 re-introduction from international travellers
Successful Elimination of Covid-19 Transmission in New Zealand | New Zealand orders lockdown after four new COVID-19 cases emerge
Temporal variation in transmission during the COVID-19 outbreak
The fate of house cats during the COVID-19 pandemic
The PHA4GE SARS-CoV-2 Contextual Data Specification for Open Genomic Epidemiology
Why does COVID-19 case fatality rate vary among countries?
Section devoted to show main findings in the virus genome.
Comparative ACE2 variation and primate COVID-19 risk
Complete Genome Sequence of a 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Strain Isolated in Nepal
CoV-GLUE. Virus genome analysis for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
CovProfile: profiling the viral genome and gene expressions of SARS-COV2
Direct RNA sequencing and early evolution of SARS-CoV-2
Elevated Plasmin(ogen) as a Common Risk Factor for COVID-19 Susceptibility
Emergence of genomic diversity and recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2
Emergence of multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2 with signature structural changes
Evolutionary origins of the SARS-CoV-2 sarbecovirus lineage responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic
Genomewide Association Study of Severe Covid-19 with Respiratory Failure
Genomic determinants of pathogenicity in SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses
Genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in Coronavirus Disease 2019 patients
Genomic variations of SARS-CoV-2 suggest multiple outbreak sources of transmission
Global patterns in coronavirus diversity
How fast does the SARS-Cov-2 virus really mutate in heterogeneous populations?
Issues with SARS-CoV-2 sequencing data
LAMP-Seq: Population-Scale COVID-19 Diagnostics Using a Compressed Barcode Space
Massive Multiplexing Can Deliver a $1 Test for COVID-19
MERS-CoV recombination: implications about the reservoir and potential for adaptation
Phylodynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Spain
Presence of Genetic Variants Among Young Men With Severe COVID-19
Proyecto Epidemiologia Genomica COVID 19
Proyecto SeqCOVID – Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain
Rapid reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 using a synthetic genomics platform
Quality control of low-frequency variants in SARS-CoV-2 genomes
Reproducible analyses for rejecting rare genomic inversions in SARS-CoV-2
REVEALING COVID-19 TRANSMISSION BY SARS-CoV-2 GENOME SEQUENCING AND AGENT BASED MODELLING
SARS coronavirus 2 in Viral Zone / Covid-19 genome expression
SARS-CoV-2 exhibits intra-host genomic plasticity and low-frequency polymorphic quasispecies
Synonymous mutations and the molecular evolution of SARS-Cov-2 origins
The architecture of SARS-CoV-2 transcriptome
The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2
ViralZone. SARS coronavirus 2 / Covid-19 genome expression
A collection of guides and documents from different national and international institutions with means to protect people against COVID-19, including biosafety guidelines, decontamination recommendations, and risks, etc. The opinions expressed in there do not reflect ITER institutional position.
CEN and CENELEC make European standards available to help prevent the COVID-19 contagion
Coronavirus Standards Working Group. A COVID-19 Diagnostic Standards Development Partnership
Documento de posicionamiento de la SEIMC sobre el diagnóstico microbiológico de COVID-19
How COVID-19 is changing the world: a statistical perspective
Interim Guidelines for Clinical Specimens for COVID-19 | CDC
Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): The American Thoracic Society (ATS) Response
NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines
SemiSyuc | Plan de Contingencia para los Servicios de Medicina Intensiva frente a la pandemia COVID-19
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: implications for infection prevention precautions
WHO several guidelines to protect Workers Health
WHO - Laboratory Biosafety Manual - Third Edition
Section linking the official government contingency plans for the reopenings of non-universitary schools per region in Spain in 2020-2021
MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN Y FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL
ANDALUCIA
Portal web de la Consejería de Educación y Deporte
ARAGÓN
Portal web del Departamento de Educación, Cultura y Deporte
PRINCIPADO DE ASTURIAS
Portal web de la Consejería de Educación
Resolución reanudación presencial de las clases en el curso escolar 2020-2021. Plan de Contingencia
ILLES BALEARS
Portal web de la Consejería de Educación, Universidad e Investigación
Orientacions per a l'elaboració del pla de contingència
CANARIAS
Portal web de la Consejería de Educación, Universidades, Cultura y Deportes
CANTABRIA
Portal web de la Consejería de Educación, Formación Profesional y Turismo
Protocolos de prevención COVID-19
CASTILLA Y LEON
CASTILLA-LA MANCHA
Prevención de Riesgos Laborales
CATALUÑA
Portal web de la Consejería de Educación y Formación
Plan de actuación para los centros educativos para el curso 2020-2021
COMUNITAT VALENCIANA
Portal web de la Conselleria de Educación, Cultura y Deporte
EXTREMADURA
Potal web de la Consejería de Educación y Empleo
GALICIA
Portal web de la Consellería de Educación, Universidade e Formación Profesional
Medidas a adoptar en todos los centros de enseñanza en relación con la pandemia COVID-19
COMUNIDAD DE MADRID
Portal web de la Consejería de Educación e Investigación
REGION DE MURCIA
Portal web de la Consejería de Educación
Instrucciones de comienzo de curso 2020-2021
COMUNIDAD FORAL DE NAVARRA
Portal web del Departamento de Educación
Plan de contingencia curso 2020-2021 posibles escenarios ante la evolución de la COVID-19
PAIS VASCO
Portal web del Departamento de Educación
LA RIOJA
Portal web de la Consejería de Educación y Cultura
Plan de Contingencia General para el inicio del curso 2020/2021 en la Comunidad Autónoma de La Rioja
CIUDADES AUTÓNOMAS DE CEUTA Y MELILLA
Selected media articles because of their informative content. The opinions expressed in there do not reflect ITER institutional position.
Así es la lucha entre el sistema inmune y el coronavirus. El País, España
Canarias identifica el mejor test para diagnosticar el Covid-19 del mercado
Canarias probará la secuenciación genética como método diagnóstico
Cientos de científicos piden a la OMS que reconozca la transmisión aérea del coronavirus
Coronavirus contact-tracing apps: can they slow the spread of COVID-19?
COVID-19: Why we should all wear masks — There is new scientific rationale
Defensas contra la COVID-19 en sangre de 2018: la potente hipótesis de la inmunidad cruzada
El Cabildo de Tenerife aporta una máquina de análisis de COVID-19
Example of a device using UV-C for decontamination
Example of a Rapid Bio Decontamination Service, from Bioquell
Everything we know about coronavirus immunity and antibodies — and plenty we still don’t
How did Spain get its coronavirus response so wrong?
How sewage could reveal true scale of coronavirus outbreak
Investigadores del ITER y de La Candelaria aceleran el método de diagnóstico del Covid-19
“Lo que sabemos ahora es que quien ha dado positivo por anticuerpos está protegido”
Los sesgos que engañan al cerebro durante la pandemia, El País
Mount Sinai to Begin the Transfer of COVID-19 Antibodies into Critically Ill Patients
New Zealand On Alert After 4 Cases Of COVID-19 Emerge From Unknown Source
Nobel laureates and science groups demand NIH review decision to kill coronavirus gran
NYT, Bad News Wrapped in Protein: Inside the Coronavirus Genome
Over 24,000 coronavirus research papers are now available in one place
Radiografía de tres brotes: así se contagiaron y así podemos evitarlo
Respiratory Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: What Do We Really Know?
Rockefeller-Led Team Launches Initiative to Study COVID-19 Genetic Vulnerability (GenomeWeb)
SARS-CoV-2 y COVID-19: la dificultad de nombrar un nuevo virus y la enfermedad asociada
¿Se transmite por el aire el coronavirus?
Scientists are drowning in COVID-19 papers. Can new tools keep them afloat?
The Ibuprofen Debate Reveals the Danger of Covid-19 Rumors
The Risks - Know Them - Avoid Them
The Problem With Stories About Dangerous Coronavirus Mutations
The sprint to solve coronavirus protein structures — and disarm them with drugs
We've never made a successful vaccine for a coronavirus before. This is why it's so difficult
Why It’s So Freaking Hard To Make A Good COVID-19 Model
Shared SARS-COV-2 DIAGNOSTIC PIPELINES at FinDX
WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Laboratory testing for 2019-nCoV in humans (Updated March 25, 2020) In-house developed molecular assays, not validated, probably still under development, but not necessarily updated here
- China CDC Primers and probes for detection 2019-nCoV (24 January 2020)
- Diagnostic detection of Wuhan coronavirus 2019 by real-time RT-PCR – Charité, Berlin Germany (17 January 2020)
- Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases by RT-PCR – Hong Kong University (23 January 2020)
- PCR and sequencing protocol for 2019-nCoV - Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand (Updated 28 January 2020)
- PCR and sequencing protocols for 2019-nCoV- National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan (24 January 2020)
- US CDC Real-Time RT-PCR Panel for Detection 2019-Novel Coronavirus (28 January 2020)
- US CDC panel primer and probes– U.S. CDC, USA (28 January 2020)
- Real-time RT-PCR assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 Institut Pasteur, Paris (2 March 2020)
A Massively Parallel COVID-19 Diagnostic Assay for Simultaneous Testing of 19200 Patient Samples, in Twitter | Protocol | Primers & Spike-in Controls
Chinese Center for Disease and Control and Prevention China CDC Real-time RT-PCR protocol
NIID Japan Detection of second case of 2019-nCoV infection in Japan
USA CDC Center for Disease and Control Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) RT-PCR protocol
Section to highlight contributions to rapid tests production and testing.
COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy
Diagnostic Testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Related Coronavirus-2: A Narrative Review
Fast, portable tests come online to curb coronavirus pandemic, Nature. See table inside
Section to collect open calls in the research funding arena.
CaixaImpulse COVID-19 Call for projects that address the COVID-19 emergency open until 15 April
COG-UK COVID Genomics UK Consortium
COV-IRT – COVID-19 International Research Team
COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition
COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative
Crue Universidades Españolas, CSIC y Banco Santander lanzan el FONDO SUPERA COVID-19
European Comission Funding & tender opportunities Single Electronic Data Interchange Area (SEDIA)
European Research Council List of ERC-funded Research Projects related to coronavirus
Fast Funding for COVID-19 Science
New research projects on Coronavirus
WHO The Global Preparedness Monitoring Board
A selection of websites to understand what a respirator or a mask is, and what are the differences between the different personal protective equipments.
Assessment of N95 respirator decontamination and re-use for SARS-CoV-2
Can N95 respirators be reused after disinfection? And for how many times?
CDC. Cleaning and Disinfecting Your Home
CDC. Community, Work and School: Cleaning and Disinfecting
CDC. How to Protect Yourself and Others
CDC. Use of Cloth Face Coverings to Help Slow the Spread of COVID-19
Clarificación de los diferentes tipos de mascarillas, Ministerio de Sanidad
Comparison of FFP2, KN95, and N95 and Other Filtering Facepiece Respirator Classes
EPA. Additional Measures to Address COVID-19 in Public Indoor Spaces
EPA. Air Cleaners, HVAC Filters and Coronavirus (COVID-19)
EPA. COVID-19, Wildfires, and Indoor Air Quality
EPA. Indoor Air in Homes and Coronavirus (COVID-19)
EPA. Science and Technical Resources related to Indoor Air and Coronavirus (COVID-19)
EPA. Ventilation and Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Face Masks Against COVID-19: An Evidence Review
Face mask use in the general population and optimal resource allocation during the COVID-19 pandemic
Frequently Asked Questions for Multicooker Decontamination of N95 Respirators
Guías para la fabricación de mascarillas y ropa de protección, Ministerio de Sanidad
Marcado CE de las mascarillas, Ministerio de Industrial, Comercio y Turismo
N95 Mask Decontamination using Standard Hospital Sterilization Technologies
N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks (Face Masks)
Publicada la Especificación UNE para facilitar la fabricación de mascarillas higiénicas reutilizables | Descarga directa de PDF
UV light dosage distribution over irregular respirator surfaces. Methods and implications for safety
Ventilators are in high demand for Covid-19 patients. How do they work?
Widespread use of face masks in public may slow the spread of SARS CoV-2: an ecological study
SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and the Risk of Aerosol Generating Procedures
Reminder. Notice that a number of these papers might be preliminary reports that have not been peer-reviewed. They should not be regarded as conclusive, guide clinical practice/health-related behavior, or be reported in news media as established information.
American Society for Microbiology COVID-19 Research Registry
American Thoracic Society COVID-19 Hub
Cell Press Coronavirus Resource Hub
COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 preprints from medRxiv and bioRxiv
Coronavirus: Research, Commentary, and News | Science | AAAS
ELSEVIER Novel Coronavirus Resource Directory | ELSEVIER Novel Coronavirus Information Center
Download full text for data-mining: server: sftp://public@coronacontent.np.elsst.com | user: public | pass: beat_corona
SemanticScholar COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19)
A case of SARS-CoV-2 carrier for 32 days with several times false negative nucleic acid tests
A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China
A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019
Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1
A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin
A Trial of Lopinavir–Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19
Blueprint for a Pop-up SARS-CoV-2 Testing Lab
Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy
CDC Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) publications
Chest CT for Typical 2019-nCoV Pneumonia: Relationship to Negative RT-PCR Testing
Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China
Clinical characteristics of the recovered COVID-19 patients with re-detectable positive RNA test
Clinical Features of 69 Cases with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan,China
Clinical and virological data of the first cases of COVID-19 in Europe: a case series
Coronavirus Disease 2019: Coronaviruses and Blood Safety
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Italy
Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Influenza
Coronavirus Infections—More Than Just the Common Cold
COVID-19 in Singapore—Current Experience: Critical Global Issues That Require Attention and Action
COVID-19: what is next for public health?
Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a first perspective
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens
Dermatology staff participate in fight against Covid-19 in China
Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection by Detection of Nucleocapsid Protein
Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia
Exploring possible mechanisms for COVID‐19 induced thrombocytopenia: Unanswered Questions
Human leukocyte antigen susceptibility map for SARS-CoV-2
Identifying SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins
Is low dose radiation therapy a potential treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia?
Managing neonates with respiratory failure due to SARS-CoV-2 Novel 2019 coronavirus genome
Median-joining network analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes is neither phylogenetic nor evolutionary
Molecular Diagnosis of a Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Causing an Outbreak of Pneumonia
Novel Coronavirus Infection in Newborn Babies Under 28 Days in China
NIID National Institute for Infectious Diseases Manual for the Detection of Pathogen 2019-nCoV
Potent Antiviral Activities of Type I Interferons to SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Rates of Co-infection Between SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Pathogens
Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic
Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks
SARS-CoV-2 detection from nasopharyngeal swab samples without RNA extraction
SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing serum antibodies in cats: a serological investigation
Scientists are drowning in COVID-19 papers. Can new tools keep them afloat?
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 RNA Detected in Blood Donations
Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the Icelandic Population
Stability of the COVID-19 virus under wet, dry and acidic conditions
Structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from COVID-19 virus
Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and different domestic animals to SARS-coronavirus-2
Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19
The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention
Three Emerging Coronaviruses in Two Decades The Story of SARS, MERS, and Now COVID-19
Toilets dominate environmental detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus in a hospital
Transcriptional Inhibition of Host Viral Entry Proteins as a Therapeutic Strategy for SARS-CoV-2
Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany
Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence
Universal Screening for SARS-CoV-2 at Delivery Could Identify Many Asymptomatic Women
Validation of a Lysis Buffer Containing 4 M Guanidinium Thiocyanate (GITC)/ Triton X-100 for Extraction of SARS-CoV-2 RNA for COVID-19 Testing: Comparison of Formulated Lysis Buffers Containing 4 to 6 M GITC, Roche External Lysis Buffer and Qiagen RTL Lysis Buffer Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019
Subsection dedicated to PCR (RT-qPCR) and related topics.
A Path to the End of COIVD-19 - a Mathematical Model
An SEIR Model for Assessment of Current COVID-19 Pandemic Situation in the UK
Estimating the impact of mobility patterns on COVID-19 infection rates in 11 European countries
Google Cloud AI and Harvard Global Health Institute Collaborate on new COVID-19 forecasting model
How you can help with COVID-19 modelling
Mathematical models to guide pandemic response
OpenABM-Covid19: Agent-based model for modelling the Covid-19
Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period
Reproductive numbers, epidemic spread and control in a community of households
SIAM Mathematics of Data Science (MDS20) Distinguished Lecture Series: David L. Donoho
Swiss Medical Weekly - Potential impact of seasonal forcing on a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
Sustainable social distancing through facemask use and testing during the Covid-19 pandemic
The Hybrid Forecasting Method SVR-ESAR for Covid-19
The Immediate Effect of COVID-19 Policies on Social Distancing Behavior in the United States
Unraveling R0: Considerations for Public Health Applications
Wrong but Useful — What Covid-19 Epidemiologic Models Can and Cannot Tell Us
Subsection dedicated to PCR (RT-qPCR) and related topics.
A handheld point-of-care system for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 in under 20 minutes
A protocol for massively parallel diagnosis and genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-
A rapid, low cost, and highly sensitive SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic based on whole genome sequencing
A Scalable, Easy-to-Deploy, Protocol for Cas13-Based Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Material
A streamlined approach to rapidly detect SARS-CoV-2 infection, avoiding RNA extraction
Analysis of factors associated early diagnosis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Analytical validity of nanopore sequencing for rapid SARS-CoV-2 genome analysis
BEARmix: Basic Economical Amplification Reaction one-step RT-qPCR master mix
Comparison of SARS-CoV2 N gene real-time RT-PCR targets and commercially available mastermixes
Comparison of SARS-CoV2 N gene real-time RT-PCR targets and commercially available mastermixes
COVID-19 Protocolo - Grupo de investigación Neuronal Ubiquitin Pathways - UPV/EHU
CRISPR–Cas12-based detection of SARS-CoV-2
Database of SARS-CoV2-relevant control materials: Specs, Vendors, and more.
Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR
Detection of Respiratory Viruses in Sputum from Adults by Use of Automated Multiplex PCR
Developing antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2
Efficient high throughput SARS-CoV-2 testing to detect asymptomatic carriers
Estimating false-negative detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR
FALSE-NEGATIVE RESULTS OF INITIAL RT-PCR ASSAYS FOR COVID-19: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
False Negative Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Infection — Challenges and Implications
Fast and accurate diagnostics from highly multiplexed sequencing assays
Fast SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-qPCR in preheated nasopharyngeal swab samples
Genotyping SARS-CoV-2 through an interactive web application
LamPORE, for rapid, highly scalable, low-cost COVID-19 detection
Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Specimens
Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 using a reagent-free approach
Non-specific Primers Reveal False-negative Risk in Detection of COVID-19 Infections
Optimization of SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-QPCR without RNA extraction
Pooled RNA extraction and PCR assay for efficient SARS-CoV-2 detection
Positive RT-PCR Test Results in Patients Recovered From COVID-19
Preliminary support for a 'dry swab, extraction free' protocol for SARS-CoV-2 testing via RT-qPCR
Rapid and quantitative detection of COVID-19 markers in micro-liter sized samples
Rapid Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus RNA Using Colorimetric LAMP
Reconstructed diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the RT-PCR test for COVID-19
Resilient SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics workflows including viral heat inactivation
Saliva is more sensitive for SARS-CoV-2 detection in COVID-19 patients than nasopharyngeal swabs
SARS-CoV-2 detection with CRISPR diagnostics
SARS-CoV-2 Detection Using an Isothermal Amplification Reaction and a Rapid, Inexpensive Protocol for Sample Inactivation and PurificationSmart Pooled sample Testing for COVID-19: A Possible Solution for Sparsity of Test Kits
Screening for SARS-CoV-2 infections with colorimetric RT-LAMP and LAMP sequencing
Sensitivity of different RT-qPCR solutions for SARS-CoV-2 detection
Swabs Collected by Patients or Health Care Workers for SARS-CoV-2 Testing
Variation in False Negative Rate of RT-PCR Based SARS-CoV-2 Tests by Time Since Exposure
Subsection dedicated to pooling of samples to apply PCR (RT-qPCR) to groups of individuals.
A Note on Double Pooling Tests
Assessment of sample pooling for clinical SARS-CoV-2 testing
Evaluation of commercial qPCR kits for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in pooled samples
Evaluation of COVID-19 RT-qPCR Test in Multi sample Pools
Early detection of superspreaders by mass group pool testing can mitigate COVID-19 pandemic
Efficient and Practical Sample Pooling for High-Throughput PCR Diagnosis of COVID-19
Efficient prevalence estimation and infected sample identification with group testing for SARS-CoV-2
Efficient sample pooling strategies for COVID-19 data gathering
Evaluation of COVID-19 RT-qPCR Test in Multi sample Pools
Evaluation of Group Testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA
Evaluation of Pool-based Testing Approaches to Enable Population-wide Screening for COVID-19
Evaluation of Sample Pooling for Screening of SARS-CoV-2
False-Negative Mitigation in Group Testing for COVID-19 Screening
Group testing against Covid-19
Group testing performance evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 massive scale screening and testing
Increased PCR screening capacity using a multi-replicate pooling scheme
Increasing Virus Test Capacity via Recursive Pool Testing with an Application to SARS-CoV-2 Testing
LAMP-Seq: Population-Scale COVID-19 Diagnostics Using Combinatorial Barcoding
Large-scale implementation of pooled RNA-extraction and RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection
Methodology for estimating point prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection by pooled RT-PCR testing
Multi-Stage Group Testing Improves Efficiency of Large-Scale COVID-19 Screening
Noisy Pooled PCR for Virus Testing
Optimal Pool Size for COVID-19 Group Testing
Optimally Pooled Viral Testing
Optimal group based testing strategy for detecting infected individuals: comparison of algorithms
Optimal sample pooling: an efficient tool against SARS-CoV-2
Optimal Size of COVID-19 Testing Pools
Pooled testing with replication: a mass testing strategy for the COVID-19 pandemics
Pooling nasopharyngeal swab specimens to increase testing capacity for SARS-CoV-2
Pooling of Samples to Increase Testing Capacity for COVID-19
Rapid, Large-Scale, and Effective Detection of COVID-19 Via Non-Adaptive Testing
Remarks on pooling Coronavirus tests
Sample pooling on triplets to speed up SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis using CDC FDA EUA RT-qPCR kit
Sequential informed pooling approach to detect SARS-CoV2 infection
Smart Pooling: AI-powered COVID-19 testing
Tapestry: A Single-Round Smart Pooling Technique for COVID-19 Testing
The Mathematics of Mass Testing for COVID-19
Throat wash as a source of SARS-CoV-2 RNA to monitor community spread of COVID-19
Subsection dedicated to testing of SARS-CoV-2 based on saliva samples.
Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 detection in nasopharyngeal swab and saliva
COVID-19 serology at population scale: SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses in saliva
EasyCOV: LAMP based rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva
Evaluation of specimen types and saliva stabilization solutions for SARS-CoV-2 testing
Evaluation of symptomatic patient saliva as a sample type for the Abbott ID NOW COVID-19 assay
Field-deployable, rapid diagnostic testing of saliva samples for SARS-CoV-2
Immunochromatographic test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva
Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 viral copy number in saliva mouthwash samples using digital droplet PCR
Rapid and extraction-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 from saliva with colorimetric LAMP
Saliva as a Candidate for COVID-19 Diagnostic Testing: A Meta-Analysis
Saliva as a non-invasive sample for the detection of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review
Saliva is less sensitive than nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 detection in the community setting
Saliva is more sensitive for SARS-CoV-2 detection in COVID-19 patients than nasopharyngeal swabs
SalivaDirect: Simple and sensitive molecular diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance
Simply saliva: stability of SARS-CoV-2 detection negates the need for expensive collection devices
Validation of a Self-administrable, Saliva-based RT-qPCR Test Detecting SARS-CoV-2
A large COVID-19 outbreak in a high school 10 days after schools’ reopening, Israel, May 2020
A school outbreak of Norwalk-like virus: evidence for airborne transmission
A School Reopens, and the Coronavirus Creeps In
After Reopening Schools, Israel Orders Them To Shut If COVID-19 Cases Are Discovered
American Academy of Pediatrics. COVID-19 Planning Considerations: Guidance for School Re-entry
Association Between Statewide School Closure and COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality in the US
Coronavirus Disease Outbreak in Call Center, South Korea
Covid-19: German high school tests students twice a week
COVID-19 screening strategies that permit the safe re-opening of college campuses
Dozens of Australian schools shut down after coronavirus outbreaks
GOV.UK Guidance. Actions for schools during the coronavirus outbreak
Indoor transmission of SARS-CoV-2
On the effect of age on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in households, schools and the community
SARS-CoV-2 and the Role of Orofecal Transmission: Systematic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Infection Among Attendees of an Overnight Camp — Georgia, June 2020
Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans
The risk of COVID-19 transmission in train passengers: an epidemiological and modelling study
UNESCO Education: From disruption to recovery
WHO Considerations for school-related public health measures in the context of COVID-19
2019 Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 (2019-nCoV) Data Repository by Johns Hopkins CSSE
Análisis de los datos de COVID-19 en España, por Z Data Labs
Bioinformatics Unit of Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain)
Bioinformatics resources for SARS-CoV-2
Broad COVID-19 Testing Dashboard
Clustering COVID-19 research papers
COG-UK The New Microreact dashboard
CORD-19. COVID-19 Open Research Dataset
Coronavirus analysis tools developed by scientists at the University of Tartu, Estonia
COVID-19 Collaboration Platform
COVID-19 Data Hub. Funded by the Institute for Data Valorization IVADO, Canada
Coronavirus Structural Task Force
COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative
COVID-19 Open Research Dataset Challenge (CORD-19)
COVID-19 GENOTYPING TOOL (Genotyping SARS-CoV-2 through an interactive web application)
COVID-19: Government Response Stringency Index
COVID-19 Law Lab collecting legal documents from the COVID-19 response
CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Novel Coronavirus Reports
CDC Information for Laboratories RT-PCR resources
COVID-19 Tracker Shiny app in R
DataStudio International-Domestic spreading of 2019-nCoV-V4
Discourse Data Against Covid19
ETE team modeling group ( MIVEGEC Laboratory , CNRS, IRD, University of Montpellier)
European mortality monitoring: EUROMOMO
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, data
European Data Portal, data for Spain, Evolución de enfermedad por el coronavirus (COVID-19)
European Lung Foundation COVID-19) data center
Evolución del coronavirus (COVID-19) en Euskadi
Explore the Spread of Covid-19, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
How many tests for COVID-19 are being performed around the world?
IHME, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, USA data
Imperial College London reports
INB/ELIXIR-ES nodes and TransBioNet members effort on COVID-19 research
Instituto de Matemática Interdisciplinar de la Universitat Politécnica de Valencia (UPV) Modelling Uncertainty Quantification, Reports in PDF Modelización epidemiolgica: Informes
MIDAS 2019 Novel Coronavirus Repository
National Genomics Data Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Released genomes
NCBI SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) Sequences
NIH Coronavirus Disease 2019 Situation Summary
Nanopore (ONT) Novel Coronavirus information(COVID-19)
Nextstrain. Real-time tracking of pathogen evolution
NIH Open-Access Data and Computational Resources to Address COVID-19
NIKKEI ASIAN REVIEW. Coronavirus infection tracker -World Map-
OpenTargets COVID-19 repository
PolyMath COVID-19 dataset clearinghouse
Reich Lab COVID-19 Forecast Hub
Rivas Lab analysis of existing data
SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Resources
The COVID Tracking Project, testing data available for US states and territories
Tout sur SARS-Cov-2 / COVID-19 à l'Institut Psteur
Universidad de Granada - Genyo DatAC: Data Against COVID-19
WHO updates COVID-19 dashboard with better data visualization
Zoic Labs and The Krogan Lab SARS-Cov-2 Virus-HUman Protein-Protein Interaction Map
List of institutional websites for the governments of each of the Spanish Autonomous Regions (17) and Cities (2).
Autonomous Regions and Cities in Spain:
- Aragón
- Principado de Asturias
- Castilla La Mancha Datos
- Portal del GOBCAN con el seguimiento de la pandemia por SARS-Cov-2 Canarias. Informes epidemiológicos de Salud Pública de la Consejería de Sanidad del Gobierno Autónomo de Canarias Dashboard with graphical information on COVID-19 incidence in the Canary Islands, by Grafcan-GOBCAN
- Generalitat de Catalunya Datos
- Cantabria
- Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta
- Govern Illes Balears
- Junta de Andalucía
- Junta de Extremadura
- Xunta de Galicia
- Junta de Castilla y León. Situación epidemiológica del coronavirus en Castilla y León — Análisis de datos abiertos JCyL
- Madrid | Covid 19 -TIA Zonas Básicas de Salud - Conjuntos de datos - Datos Abiertos Comunidad de Madrid
- Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla
- Navarra Datos
- País Vasco
- Región de Murcia
- La Rioja
- Generalitat Valenciana
Casos de Covid-19 en España por Comunidades Autónomas, by CJP
New section on April 26, 2020.
A case of a readmitted patient who recovered from COVID-19 in Chengdu, China
A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans
A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans
Considering how biological sex impacts immune responses and COVID-19 outcomes
Coronavirus: los primeros datos de seroprevalencia estiman que un 5% de la población ha estado contagiada, con variabilidad según provincias | INFORME
COVID-19 and Postinfection Immunity. Limited Evidence, Many Remaining Questions
COVID-19 Antibody Seroprevalence in Santa Clara County, California
Daily viral kinetics and innate and adaptive immune responses assessment in COVID-19: a case series
Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals
Diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for covid-19: systematic review and meta-analysis
Disappearance of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in a Covid-19 patient after recovery
Dissecting antibody-mediated protection against SARS-CoV-2
Escape from neutralizing antibodies by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants
Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate by real-time antibody screening of blood donors
Estimating population immunity without serological testing
Humoral Response Dynamics Following Infection with SARS-CoV-2
Immune complement and coagulation dysfunction in adverse outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Immune evasion via SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 protein?
Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19
Long-Term Persistence of IgG Antibodies in SARS-CoV Infected Healthcare Workers
Pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2: the knowns and unknowns
Presence of SARS-CoV-2 reactive T cells in COVID-19 patients and healthy donors
Robust T cell immunity in convalescent individuals with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in COVID-19 hotspots
Test performance evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 serological assays
The potential danger of suboptimal antibody responses in COVID-19
Towards the next phase: evaluation of serological assays for diagnostics and exposure assessment
A section of sequencing protocols, sequence sources and related bioinformatics pipelines
A High-Coverage SARS-CoV-2 Genome Sequence Acquired by Target Capture Sequencing
Alternative Illumina protocol for SARS sequencing (for Ct up to 38)
Centre for Genomic Regulation, CRG, public.docs repository, COVID sequences, including fast5 files
China National Center for Bioinformation (CNCB), 2019 Novel Coronavirus Resource | Genome Variation | Data release statistics
CDC GitHub SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Resources
CoV Genome Tracker: tracing genomic footprints of Covid-19 pandemic
COVID-19 ARTIC v3 Illumina library construction and sequencing protocol
Elevated Plasmin(ogen) as a Common Risk Factor for COVID-19 Susceptibility
Emergence of multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2 with signature structural changes
Enrichment workflow for detecting coronavirus using Illumina NGS systems
High-throughput SARS-CoV-2 and host genome sequencing from single nasopharyngeal swabs
How fast does the SARS-Cov-2 virus really mutate in heterogeneous populations?
iVar for for viral amplicon-based sequencing
Katarina Braun GitHub ARS-CoV-2_sequencing repository
Nanopore sequencing enables comprehensive transposable element epigenomic profiling
NCBI GenBank SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) Sequences
Quality control of low-frequency variants in SARS-CoV-2 genomes
SARS coronavirus 2 in Viral Zone / Covid-19 genome expression
Swab-Seq: A high-throughput platform for massively scaled up SARS-CoV-2 testing
The global population of SARS-CoV-2 is composed of six major subtypes
Section to show relevant Shiny dashborads, R packages and codes.
R Interface to COVID-19 Data Hub
Section under construction...
Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines
Section to describe the different mechanisms and tropism that the virus displays. Under construction...
A gene locus that controls expression of ACE2 in virus infection
A previously uncharacterized gene in SARS-CoV-2 and the origins of the COVID-19 pandemic
Another Decade, Another Coronavirus
A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response to severe COVID-19
ACE2: from vasopeptidase to SARS virus receptor
ACE2 shedding and furin abundance in target organs may influence the efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 entry
ACE2: The Only Thing That Matters?
A highly conserved cryptic epitope in the receptor-binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV
Airway expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE2, and proteases, TMPRSS2 and furin, in severe asthma
Analysis the susceptibility of lung cancer patients to SARS-CoV-2 infection
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 Receptor and Regulator of the Renin-Angiotensin System
Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics
CD147/EMMPRIN Acts as a Functional Entry Receptor for Measles Virus on Epithelial Cells
Complement as a target in COVID-19?
Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge
Coronavirus infections and immune responses
COVID‐19 in the heart and the lungs: could we “Notch” the inflammatory storm?
COVID-19. Transport of respiratory droplets in a microclimatologic urban scenario
Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation
Cyclophilin–CD147 interactions: a new target for anti-inflammatory therapeutics
Elevated Plasmin(ogen) as a Common Risk Factor for COVID-19 Susceptibility
Enhanced isolation of SARS-CoV-2 by TMPRSS2-expressing cells
Evolutionary stasis of viruses? | Reply to ‘Evolutionary stasis of viruses?’
Evaluation of antibody testing for SARS-Cov-2 using ELISA and lateral flow immunoassays
Human ACE2 receptor polymorphisms predict SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility
Infection of dogs with SARS-CoV-2
Individual variation of the SARS-CoV2 receptor ACE2 gene expression and regulation
Immune mechanisms of pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy in COVID-19 pneumonia
Immunoglobulin fragment F(ab')2 against RBD potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 in vitro
Is COVID-19 receiving ADE from other coronaviruses?
Isolation and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 from the first US COVID-19 patient
Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins
Mechanistic modeling of the SARS-CoV-2 disease map
Meplazumab treats COVID-19 pneumonia: an open-labelled, concurrent controlled add-on clinical trial
Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses
Pandemics: spend on surveillance, not prediction
Persistent viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in faeces - a rapid review
Prisoners of war — host adaptation and its constraints on virus evolution
Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak
Profile of a killer: the complex biology powering the coronavirus pandemic
Ready, Set, Fuse! The Coronavirus Spike Protein and Acquisition of Fusion Competence
SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes through its spike protein-mediated membrane fusion
SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells via a novel route: CD147-spike protein
SARS-CoV-2 Life Cycle: Stages and Inhibition Targets
SARS-CoV-2 productively infects human gut enterocytes
SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are primarily expressed in bronchial transient secretory cells
Structural basis for inhibition of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from SARS-CoV-2 by remdesivir
Structural basis of receptor cognition by SARS-CoV-2
Structural Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Priming by TMPRSS2
Structural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 and predictions of the human interactome
Structural interactions between pandemic SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and human Furin protease
Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein
Structure of replicating SARS-CoV-2 polymerase
Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor
Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and different domestic animals to SARS-coronavirus-2
Targeting the Endocytic Pathway and Autophagy Process as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy in COVID-19
The biology of influenza viruses
The insert sequence in SARS-CoV-2 enhances spike protein cleavage by TMPRSS
The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2
TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 mediate SARS-CoV-2 infection of human small intestinal enterocytes
Tracking virus outbreaks in the twenty-first century
Unveiling diffusion pattern and structural impact of the most invasive SARS-CoV-2 spike mutation
Viral and host factors related to the clinical outcome of COVID-19
Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19
Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples
We shouldn’t worry when a virus mutates during disease outbreaks
Widely available lysosome targeting agents should be considered as a potential therapy for COVID-19
A Comprehensive Review of Animal Models for Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV
A Mouse Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Pathogenesis
A SARS-CoV-2 Infection Model in Mice Demonstrates Protection by Neutralizing Antibodies
A versatile mouse model of COVID-19
Antiviral Efficacies of FDA-Approved Drugs against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Ferrets
ARDS and Cytokine Storm in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Caribbean Vervets
Comparison of Transgenic and Adenovirus hACE2 Mouse Models for SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Comparative pathogenesis of COVID-19, MERS, and SARS in a nonhuman primate model
Establishment of an African green monkey model for COVID-19
Infection and Rapid Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Ferret
Infection of bat and human intestinal organoids by SARS-CoV-2
Infection of dogs with SARS-CoV-2
Pathogenesis and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in golden hamsters
Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 protects against reinfection in rhesus macaques
Proteomics of SARS-CoV-2-infected host cells reveals therapy targets
SARS-CoV-2 infects and damages the mature and immature olfactory sensory neurons of hamsters
Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS–coronavirus 2
A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology
A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China
A planarian nidovirus expands the limits of RNA genome size
A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence
ACE2 diversity in placental mammals reveals the evolutionary strategy of SARS-CoV-2
Analysis of Rapidly Emerging Variants in Structured Regions of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome
Complex Immune Dysregulation in COVID-19 Patients with Severe Respiratory Failure
Equine arteritis virus is not a togavirus but belongs to the coronaviruslike superfamily
Evaluation of NGS-based approaches for SARS-CoV-2 whole genome characterisation
Evidence of significant natural selection in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in bats, not humans
Genomic Analysis of Early SARS-CoV-2 Variants Introduced in Mexico
High‐Coverage SARS‐CoV‐2 Genome Sequences Acquired by Target Capture Sequencing
Identification of super-transmitters of SARS-CoV-2
Identifying SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins
Infection and Rapid Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Ferrets
Genotyping coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: Methods and implications
Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome
Possible Bat Origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
RNA genome conservation and secondary structure in SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-related viruses: a first look
Six reference-quality genomes reveal evolution of bat adaptations
Snapshot of the evolution and mutation patterns of SARS-CoV-2
Spike mutation pipeline reveals the emergence of a more transmissible form of SARS-CoV-2
The evolutionary history of ACE2 usage within the coronavirus subgenus Sarbecovirus
Validation of Variant Assembly Using HAPHPIPE with Next-Generation Sequence Data from Viruses
Virus Isolation from the First Patient with SARS-CoV-2 in Korea
A possible role of immunopathogenesis in COVID-19 progression
An inflammatory cytokine signature helps predict COVID-19 severity and death
Autoinflammatory and autoimmune conditions at the crossroad of COVID-19
Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections
Comprehensive mapping of immune perturbations associated with severe COVID-19
Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals
Cross-reactive antibody response between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infections
Cross-sectional evaluation of humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 Spike
Cross-talk between the airway epithelium and activated immune cells defines severity in COVID-19
Cytokine biomarkers of COVID-19
Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals
Gut microbiota may underlie the predisposition of healthy individuals to COVID-19
Homologous 2′,5′-phosphodiesterases from disparate RNA viruses antagonize antiviral innate immunity
Human B cell clonal expansion and convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2
IgA dominates the early neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2
Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19
Impaired immune cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19 is IL-6 dependent
Immunogenic profile of SARS-CoV-2 spike in individuals recovered from COVID-19
Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 and Mechanisms of Immunopathological Changes in COVID-19
Longitudinal immune profiling reveals distinct features of COVID-19 pathogenesis
Modulation of Extracellular ISG15 Signaling by Pathogens and Viral Effector Proteins
Mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 reveals inflammatory role of type I interferon signaling
Mutations from bat ACE2 orthologs markedly enhance ACE2-Fc neutralization of SARS-CoV-2
Potently neutralizing and protective human antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
Proteomics Uncovers Immunosuppression in COVID-19 Patients with Long Disease Course
SARS-CoV-2 epitopes are recognized by a public and diverse repertoire of human T-cell receptors
SARS-CoV-2 proteome microarray for global profiling of COVID-19 specific IgG and IgM responses
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls
SARS-CoV-2 viral loads and serum IgA/IgG immune responses in critically ill COVID-19 patients
Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19
Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 reactive CD4 + T cells
Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections display specific IgG Fc structures
Targeted Immunosuppression Distinguishes COVID-19 from Influenza in Moderate and Severe Disease
The Dynamic Changes of Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 during the Infection and Recovery of COVID-19
Type I and III interferons disrupt lung epithelial repair during recovery from viral infection
Type III interferons disrupt the lung epithelial barrier upon viral recognition
Viral and host factors related to the clinical outcome of COVID-19
Will we see protection or reinfection in COVID-19?
A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing
Codon Usage and Phenotypic Divergences of SARS-CoV-2 Genes
Critical Differences Between the Binding Features of the Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV
Cytologic and molecular correlates of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the nasopharynx
Data, reagents, assays and merits of proteomics for SARS-CoV-2 research and testing
Genomic determinants of pathogenicity in SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses
High-Resolution Analysis of Coronavirus Gene Expression by RNA Sequencing and Ribosome Profiling
Integrative Vectors for Regulated Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Proteins Implicated in RNA Metabolism
Proteomic and Metabolomic Characterization of COVID-19 Patient Sera
Coronaviruses: an RNA proofreading machine regulates replication fidelity and diversity
Nidovirales: evolving the largest RNA virus genome
RNA-GPS Predicts SARS-CoV-2 RNA Residency to Host Mitochondria and Nucleolus
Structural Basis for RNA Replication by the SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase
Structure of replicating SARS-CoV-2 polymerase
Structure of the SARS-CoV nsp12 polymerase bound to nsp7 and nsp8 co-factors
A direct RNA-protein interaction atlas of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA in infected human cells
An Infectious cDNA Clone of SARS-CoV-2
Architecture and self-assembly of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein
Cryo-electron microscopy structure of a coronavirus spike glycoprotein trimer
Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation
Deducing the N- and O- glycosylation profile of the spike protein of novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
Discovery of G-quadruplex-forming sequences in SARS-CoV-2
High-surety isothermal amplification and detection of SARS-CoV-2, including with crude enzymes Identification of common deletions in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2
Ligand-centered assessment of SARS-CoV-2 drug target models in the Protein Data Bank
Persistence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Aerosol Suspensions
Specific viral RNA drives the SARS CoV-2 nucleocapsid to phase separate
Structural analysis of the putative SARS-CoV-2 primase complex
Structural and molecular basis of mismatch correction and ribavirin excision from coronavirus RNA
Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein
The D614G mutation in SARS-CoV-2 Spike increases transduction of multiple human cell types
The SARS-CoV-2 conserved macrodomain is a highly efficient ADP-ribosylhydrolase enzyme
The sprint to solve coronavirus protein structures — and disarm them with drugs
A pH-dependent switch mediates conformational masking of SARS-CoV-2 spike
Controlling the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein conformation
Cryo-EM analysis of the post-fusion structure of the SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein
Does the human placenta express the canonical cell entry mediators for SARS-CoV-2?
Distinct conformational states of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
Glycans on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Control the Receptor Binding Domain Conformation
High affinity binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enhances ACE2 carboxypeptidase activity
LY6E impairs coronavirus fusion and confers immune control of viral disease
LY6E Restricts Entry of Human Coronaviruses, Including Currently Pandemic SARS-CoV-2
Neuropilin-1 is a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection
Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus by recombinant ACE2-Ig
SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Genetics Reveals a Variable Infection Gradient in the Respiratory Tract
SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein hijacks VEGF-A/Neuropilin-1 receptor signaling to induce analgesia
Single-cell longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human bronchial epithelial cells
SARS-CoV-2 productively infects human gut enterocytes
SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are primarily expressed in bronchial transient secretory cells
Shielding and Beyond: The Roles of Glycans in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein
Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike
Structural and functional basis of SARS-CoV-2 entry by using human ACE2
Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2
Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor
Structure-based design of prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spikes
The Global Phosphorylation Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Variant D614G Favors an Open Conformational State
TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 promote SARS-CoV-2 infection of human small intestinal enterocytes
Unexpected Receptor Functional Mimicry Elucidates Activation of Coronavirus Fusion
An in silico map of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA Structurome
A molecular pore spans the double membrane of the coronavirus replication organelle
Cryo-EM structure of the SARS-CoV-2 3a ion channel in lipid nanodiscs
Crystal Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 Non-structural Protein 9, Nsp9
Genetic architecture of host proteins interacting with SARS-CoV-2
Intracellular autoactivation of TMPRSS11A, an airway epithelial transmembrane serine protease
Molecular Basis for ADP-ribose Binding to the Mac1 Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3
Rapid reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 using a synthetic genomics platform
Replication of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Human Respiratory Epithelium
SARS-CoV-2 nsp13, nsp14, nsp15 and orf6 function as potent interferon antagonists
Structural basis for translational shutdown and immune evasion by the Nsp1 protein of SARS-CoV-2
The ORF3a protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces apoptosis in cells
Section to highlight the contributors of many links within this repository. Want to share your relevant links? Place a Direct Message to @resocios in Twitter.
- Agustín Valenzuela Fernández (ULL) @SciArt3D
- Carlos Javier Pérez González (ULL) @cpgonzal
- José Luis Roda (ULL) @joluroga
- Marcos Colebrook Santamaría (ULL) @MColebrook
- María López Pérez (FIMERALL-SEGAI, ULL)
- Carlos Flores Infante (FIISC, ITER) @LabCflores
- Contributing PR to this repository, Miguel Correa (@evocellnet, EMBL-EBI)
Want to contact us? We highly encourage people to contribute to this COVID-19 repository (and acknowledged in the section above). Please, send me a Direct Message on Twitter (see below).
Last update: 15:20 GMT - August 12, 2020 | By JMLS @resocios 
August 12, 2020 updates. Two new sections on Government COVID 19 Contingency Plans for Schools Reopening and Emerging Disease Challenges, together with a bunch of additional resources: airborne transmission (3); saliva based testing (1); schools (and other human-populated spaces) reopenings (5); epidemiology (4); media sources (3); pooling and group testing (1); PCR related methods (3); research coalitions and funding calls (1); seroprevalence (1); sequencing (4)... Enjoy the reading! ;=)
August 4, 2020 updates: a new massive update since the creation of this repository: (>200 new records!): new section on airborne transmission (27); new section on saliva based testing (24); new section on schools (and other human-populated spaces) reopenings (18); clinics (5); data boards (10); educational resources (1); epidemiology (10); guidelines and reports (4); mathematical models (2); media sources (4); pooling and group testing (3); PCR related methods (9); research coalitions and funding calls (1); respirators, masks, and other Personal Protective Equipments (PPE) section (11); seroprevalence (14); sequencing (1); virology (83)... Enjoy the reading! ;=)
July 4, 2020 updates: the largest update since the creation of this repository:ç (>300 new records!): scientific literature hubs (3), data hubs (2), sequencing (5), genomics (2), new section of pooling (2), reports (2), media sources (8), mathematical models (2), PCR stuff (3), new section of apps for COVID-19 tracking (10), new section on vaccines (1), restructured section on Virology (>250), seroprevalence (5)... Enjoy the reading! ;=)
May 16, 2020 updates: a new major update with 64 new entries as follows: a new section, Clinical stuff, including the first COVID-19 autopsies (10), Data sources (10), Diagnostics (6), Epidemiology (5), Genomics (9), Maths (1), Respirators and other PPE (1), Media (2), PCR and related stuff (4), Preprints and Published literature (2), Seroprevalence (7), and Viral mechanisms (7). Enjoy the reading! ;=)
May 2, 2020 updates: a new major update with 86 new entries and a new section on Book chapters, as follows: Book chapters (5), Clinical (1), Data sources (1), Diagnostics (16), Epidemiology (12), Genomics (9), Journal COVID-19 hubs (5), Maths (1), Respirators and other PPE (1), Projects and Calls (2), Media (1), PCR and related stuff (11), Preprints and Published literature (1), Seroprevalence (9), Viral mechanisms (10), and Education (2). Enjoy the reading! ;=)
April 26, 2020 updates: new Epidemiology, Diagnostics, and Seroprevalence sections; 2 entries in Media section; 10 new entries in Virology section; 7 entries in the renamed 'Genomics and Phylodynamics' section; many (13) new entries in the PCR and related stuff (attention to new protocols and experiments for detecting the virus in sputum, use of 'dry-swabs', and saliva samples); more on funding opportunities; and some new data sources (3). Most of the entries now alphabetically sorted.
April 21, 2020 updates: CRISPR–Cas12-based detection of SARS-CoV-2.
April 20, 2020 updates: an alternative Illumina protocol for SARS sequencing (for Ct up to 38) in the Sequences & Sequencing section; new PCR fast detection method using a portable PCR thermocycler and comparative of PCR methods.
April 19, 2020 updates: 67 new selected preprints and published papers in the Viral mechanisms section courtesy of Prof. A. Valenzuela (ULL).
April 17-18, 2020 updates: new wiki structure in progress.
April 16, 2020 updates: several entries in the Scientific Literature (Preprints & Published); and two new items in data sources.
April 15, 2020 updates: added Databricks data collection; new CoV Genome Tracker; COVID-19 in Icelandic population; new records in the Education section; new articles about use and disinfection or respirators; more on virus mechanisms; new papers on COVID-19 detection techniques.
April 14, 2020 updates: more on False Negatives in qPCR, the impact of face mask against COVID-19, JAMA review of pharmacological treatments for COVID-19 in the Preprints section; added some Journals Watch pages; dashboard of the Spanish MoMo report about mortality, new dashboard for WHO, and new dashboard with graphical information for COVID-19 data in the Canary Islands by Grafcan-GOBCAN, in the Data Sources section; modeling of the SARS-CoV-2 disease map in the Viral mechanisms section; many new inputs in different sections (>20); new pages "Code of Conduct" and "Contributing to this repository" created.
April 13, 2020 updates: few new articles in Scientific Literature (Pre-prints & Peer-Reviewed Papers) section and MIDAS COVID-19 repository in the Data Sources section. As the repository increases its size, we are moving into a Wiki format (soon here!). Pull request by Miguel Correa added to the main branch of this repository.
April 12, 2020 updates: new articles regarding COVID-19 detection, a comprehensive draft list of clinical trials by country from WHO (updated April 11), dermatological effects of COVID-19, a new report from University of Göttingen, and many more.
April 11, 2020 updates: new rapid PCR methods to detect COVID-19; warning about the use of non-specific PCR primers and False Negatives; more on the disinfection of respirators.
April 10, 2020 updates: new logos; new papers in Scientific Literature; new subsection "Maths and Epidemiological Models", where the impact of social distancing and face mask use are presented.
April 9, 2020 updates: new entries in the scientific literature section (PCR false negatives and COVID-19 affecting newborn babies, among others); a new entry in the genomics section; new subsection dedicated to PCR and related topics within the Scientific Literature section; new articles related to respiratory protective equipment and ways to disinfect them; new section about sequencing and sequences.