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cff-version: 1.2.0
title: >-
A novel framework for semi-Bayesian radial velocities through template
matching
message: >-
If you made the use of s-BART, I would appreciate it if you give credit.
authors:
- family-names: Silva
given-names: A. M.
email: amiguel@astro.up.pt
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4920-738X'
- family-names: Faria
given-names: J. P.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6728-244X'
- family-names: Santos
given-names: N. C.
- family-names: Sousa
given-names: S. G.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9047-2965'
- family-names: Viana
given-names: P. T. P.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1572-8531'
- family-names: Martins
given-names: J. H. C.
- family-names: Figueira
given-names: P.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8504-283X'
- family-names: Lovis
given-names: C.
- family-names: Pepe
given-names: F.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9815-773X'
- family-names: Cristiani
given-names: S.
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2115-5234
- family-names: Rebolo
given-names: R.
- family-names: Allart
given-names: R.
- family-names: Cabral
given-names: A.
- family-names: Mehner
given-names: A.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9564-3302'
- family-names: Sozzetti
given-names: A.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7504-365X'
- family-names: Suárez Mascareño
given-names: A.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3814-5323'
- family-names: Martins
given-names: C. J. A. P.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4886-9261'
- family-names: Ehrenreich
given-names: D.
- family-names: Mégevand
given-names: D.
- family-names: Palle
given-names: E.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0987-1593'
- family-names: Lo Curto
given-names: G.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1158-9354'
- family-names: Tabernero
given-names: H. M.
- family-names: Lillo-Box
given-names: J.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3742-1987'
- family-names: González Hernández
given-names: J. I.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0264-7356'
- family-names: Zapatero Osorio
given-names: M. R.
- family-names: Hara
given-names: N. C.
- family-names: Nunes
given-names: N. J.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3837-6914'
- family-names: Di Marcantonio
given-names: P.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3168-2289'
- family-names: Udry
given-names: S.
- family-names: Adibekyan
given-names: V.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0601-6199'
- family-names: Dumusque
given-names: X.
repository-code: 'https://github.com/iastro-pt/sBART'
abstract: >-
Context. The ability to detect and characterise an increasing variety of
exoplanets has been made possible by the continuous development of stable,
high-resolution spectrographs and the Doppler radial velocity (RV) method.
The cross-correlation function (CCF) method is one of the traditional
approaches used to derive RVs. More recently, template matching has been
introduced as an advantageous alternative for M-dwarf stars.
Aims. We describe a new implementation of the template matching technique for
stellar RV estimation within a semi-Bayesian framework, providing a more
statistically principled characterisation of the RV measurements and
associated uncertainties. This methodology, named the Semi-Bayesian Approach
for RVs with Template matching, S-BART, can currently be applied to HARPS and
ESPRESSO data. We first validate its performance with respect to other
template matching pipelines using HARPS data. We then apply S-BART to
ESPRESSO observations, comparing the scatter and uncertainty of the derived
RV time series with those obtained using the CCF method. We leave a full
analysis of the planetary and activity signals present in the considered
datasets for future work.
Methods. In the context of a semi-Bayesian framework, a common RV shift is
assumed to describe the difference between each spectral order of a given
stellar spectrum and a template built from the available observations.
Posterior probability distributions are obtained for the relative RV
associated with each spectrum using the Laplace approximation, after
marginalization with respect to the continuum. We also implemented, for
validation purposes, a traditional template matching approach, where a RV
shift is estimated individually for each spectral order and the final RV
estimate is calculated as a weighted average of the RVs of the individual
orders.
Results. The application of our template-based methods to HARPS archival
observations of Barnard's star allowed us to validate our implementation
against other template matching methods. Although we find similar results,
the standard deviation of the RVs derived with S-BART is smaller than that
obtained with the HARPS-TERRA and SERVAL pipelines. We believe this is due to
differences in the construction of the stellar template and the handling of
telluric features. After validating S-BART, we applied it to 33 ESPRESSO GTO
targets, evaluating its performance and comparing it to the CCF method as
implemented in ESO's official pipeline. We find a decrease in the median RV
scatter of ~10 and ~4% for M- and K-type stars, respectively. Our
semi-Bayesian framework yields more precise RV estimates than the CCF method,
in particular in the case of M-type stars where S-BART achieves a median
uncertainty of ~15 cm/s over 309 observations of 16 targets. Further, with
the same data we estimated the nightly zero point (NZP) of the instrument,
finding a weighted NZP scatter of below ~0.7 m/s. Given that this includes
stellar variability, photon noise, and potential planetary signals, it should
be taken as an upper limit on the RV precision attainable with ESPRESSO data.
keywords:
- 'techniques: radial velocities'
- 'techniques: spectroscopic'
- 'techniques: interferometric'
- 'planets and satellites: detection'
- 'methods: data analysis'
- 'planets and satellites: terrestrial planets'
- 'methods: statistical'
preferred-citation:
type: article
title: >-
A novel framework for semi-Bayesian radial velocities through template
matching
authors:
- family-names: Silva
given-names: A. M.
email: amiguel@astro.up.pt
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4920-738X'
- family-names: Faria
given-names: J. P.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6728-244X'
- family-names: Santos
given-names: N. C.
- family-names: Sousa
given-names: S. G.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9047-2965'
- family-names: Viana
given-names: P. T. P.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1572-8531'
- family-names: Martins
given-names: J. H. C.
- family-names: Figueira
given-names: P.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8504-283X'
- family-names: Lovis
given-names: C.
- family-names: Pepe
given-names: F.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9815-773X'
- family-names: Cristiani
given-names: S.
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2115-5234
- family-names: Rebolo
given-names: R.
- family-names: Allart
given-names: R.
- family-names: Cabral
given-names: A.
- family-names: Mehner
given-names: A.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9564-3302'
- family-names: Sozzetti
given-names: A.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7504-365X'
- family-names: Suárez Mascareño
given-names: A.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3814-5323'
- family-names: Martins
given-names: C. J. A. P.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4886-9261'
- family-names: Ehrenreich
given-names: D.
- family-names: Mégevand
given-names: D.
- family-names: Palle
given-names: E.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0987-1593'
- family-names: Lo Curto
given-names: G.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1158-9354'
- family-names: Tabernero
given-names: H. M.
- family-names: Lillo-Box
given-names: J.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3742-1987'
- family-names: González Hernández
given-names: J. I.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0264-7356'
- family-names: Zapatero Osorio
given-names: M. R.
- family-names: Hara
given-names: N. C.
- family-names: Nunes
given-names: N. J.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3837-6914'
- family-names: Di Marcantonio
given-names: P.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3168-2289'
- family-names: Udry
given-names: S.
- family-names: Adibekyan
given-names: V.
orcid: 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0601-6199'
- family-names: Dumusque
given-names: X.
doi: "10.1051/0004-6361/202142262"
journal: 'A&A'
year: 2022
month: 07
volume: 663
number: 'A143'
url: 'https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142262'
license: MIT