ultratb.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Verbose and colourful traceback formatting.

**ColorTB**

I've always found it a bit hard to visually parse tracebacks in Python.  The
ColorTB class is a solution to that problem.  It colors the different parts of a
traceback in a manner similar to what you would expect from a syntax-highlighting
text editor.

Installation instructions for ColorTB::

    import sys,ultratb
    sys.excepthook = ultratb.ColorTB()

**VerboseTB**

I've also included a port of Ka-Ping Yee's "cgitb.py" that produces all kinds
of useful info when a traceback occurs.  Ping originally had it spit out HTML
and intended it for CGI programmers, but why should they have all the fun?  I
altered it to spit out colored text to the terminal.  It's a bit overwhelming,
but kind of neat, and maybe useful for long-running programs that you believe
are bug-free.  If a crash *does* occur in that type of program you want details.
Give it a shot--you'll love it or you'll hate it.

.. note::

  The Verbose mode prints the variables currently visible where the exception
  happened (shortening their strings if too long). This can potentially be
  very slow, if you happen to have a huge data structure whose string
  representation is complex to compute. Your computer may appear to freeze for
  a while with cpu usage at 100%. If this occurs, you can cancel the traceback
  with Ctrl-C (maybe hitting it more than once).

  If you encounter this kind of situation often, you may want to use the
  Verbose_novars mode instead of the regular Verbose, which avoids formatting
  variables (but otherwise includes the information and context given by
  Verbose).

.. note::

  The verbose mode print all variables in the stack, which means it can
  potentially leak sensitive information like access keys, or unencrypted
  password.

Installation instructions for VerboseTB::

    import sys,ultratb
    sys.excepthook = ultratb.VerboseTB()

Note:  Much of the code in this module was lifted verbatim from the standard
library module 'traceback.py' and Ka-Ping Yee's 'cgitb.py'.

Color schemes
-------------

The colors are defined in the class TBTools through the use of the
ColorSchemeTable class. Currently the following exist:

  - NoColor: allows all of this module to be used in any terminal (the color
    escapes are just dummy blank strings).

  - Linux: is meant to look good in a terminal like the Linux console (black
    or very dark background).

  - LightBG: similar to Linux but swaps dark/light colors to be more readable
    in light background terminals.

  - Neutral: a neutral color scheme that should be readable on both light and
    dark background

You can implement other color schemes easily, the syntax is fairly
self-explanatory. Please send back new schemes you develop to the author for
possible inclusion in future releases.

Inheritance diagram:

.. inheritance-diagram:: IPython.core.ultratb
   :parts: 3
"""

#*****************************************************************************
# Copyright (C) 2001 Nathaniel Gray <n8gray@caltech.edu>
# Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Fernando Perez <fperez@colorado.edu>
#
# Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
# the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
#*****************************************************************************


from collections.abc import Sequence
import functools
import inspect
import linecache
import pydoc
import sys
import time
import traceback
import types
from types import TracebackType
from typing import Any, List, Optional, Tuple

import stack_data
from pygments.formatters.terminal256 import Terminal256Formatter
from pygments.styles import get_style_by_name

import IPython.utils.colorable as colorable
# IPython's own modules
from IPython import get_ipython
from IPython.core import debugger
from IPython.core.display_trap import DisplayTrap
from IPython.core.excolors import exception_colors
from IPython.utils import PyColorize
from IPython.utils import path as util_path
from IPython.utils import py3compat
from IPython.utils.terminal import get_terminal_size

# Globals
# amount of space to put line numbers before verbose tracebacks
INDENT_SIZE = 8

# Default color scheme.  This is used, for example, by the traceback
# formatter.  When running in an actual IPython instance, the user's rc.colors
# value is used, but having a module global makes this functionality available
# to users of ultratb who are NOT running inside ipython.
DEFAULT_SCHEME = 'NoColor'
FAST_THRESHOLD = 10_000

# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Code begins

# Helper function -- largely belongs to VerboseTB, but we need the same
# functionality to produce a pseudo verbose TB for SyntaxErrors, so that they
# can be recognized properly by ipython.el's py-traceback-line-re
# (SyntaxErrors have to be treated specially because they have no traceback)


@functools.lru_cache()
def count_lines_in_py_file(filename: str) -> int:
    """
    Given a filename, returns the number of lines in the file
    if it ends with the extension ".py". Otherwise, returns 0.
    """
    if not filename.endswith(".py"):
        return 0
    else:
        try:
            with open(filename, "r") as file:
                s = sum(1 for line in file)
        except UnicodeError:
            return 0
    return s

    """
    Given a frame object, returns the total number of lines in the file
    if the filename ends with the extension ".py". Otherwise, returns 0.
    """


def get_line_number_of_frame(frame: types.FrameType) -> int:
    """
    Given a frame object, returns the total number of lines in the file
    containing the frame's code object, or the number of lines in the
    frame's source code if the file is not available.

    Parameters
    ----------
    frame : FrameType
        The frame object whose line number is to be determined.

    Returns
    -------
    int
        The total number of lines in the file containing the frame's
        code object, or the number of lines in the frame's source code
        if the file is not available.
    """
    filename = frame.f_code.co_filename
    if filename is None:
        print("No file....")
        lines, first = inspect.getsourcelines(frame)
        return first + len(lines)
    return count_lines_in_py_file(filename)


def _safe_string(value, what, func=str):
    # Copied from cpython/Lib/traceback.py
    try:
        return func(value)
    except:
        return f"<{what} {func.__name__}() failed>"


def _format_traceback_lines(lines, Colors, has_colors: bool, lvals):
    """
    Format tracebacks lines with pointing arrow, leading numbers...

    Parameters
    ----------
    lines : list[Line]
    Colors
        ColorScheme used.
    lvals : str
        Values of local variables, already colored, to inject just after the error line.
    """
    numbers_width = INDENT_SIZE - 1
    res = []

    for stack_line in lines:
        if stack_line is stack_data.LINE_GAP:
            res.append('%s   (...)%s\n' % (Colors.linenoEm, Colors.Normal))
            continue

        line = stack_line.render(pygmented=has_colors).rstrip('\n') + '\n'
        lineno = stack_line.lineno
        if stack_line.is_current:
            # This is the line with the error
            pad = numbers_width - len(str(lineno))
            num = '%s%s' % (debugger.make_arrow(pad), str(lineno))
            start_color = Colors.linenoEm
        else:
            num = '%*s' % (numbers_width, lineno)
            start_color = Colors.lineno

        line = '%s%s%s %s' % (start_color, num, Colors.Normal, line)

        res.append(line)
        if lvals and stack_line.is_current:
            res.append(lvals + '\n')
    return res

def _simple_format_traceback_lines(lnum, index, lines, Colors, lvals, _line_format):
    """
    Format tracebacks lines with pointing arrow, leading numbers...

    Parameters
    ==========

    lnum: int
        number of the target line of code.
    index: int
        which line in the list should be highlighted.
    lines: list[string]
    Colors:
        ColorScheme used.
    lvals: bytes
        Values of local variables, already colored, to inject just after the error line.
    _line_format: f (str) -> (str, bool)
        return (colorized version of str, failure to do so)
    """
    numbers_width = INDENT_SIZE - 1
    res = []
    for i, line in enumerate(lines, lnum - index):
        # assert isinstance(line, str)
        line = py3compat.cast_unicode(line)

        new_line, err = _line_format(line, "str")
        if not err:
            line = new_line

        if i == lnum:
            # This is the line with the error
            pad = numbers_width - len(str(i))
            num = "%s%s" % (debugger.make_arrow(pad), str(lnum))
            line = "%s%s%s %s%s" % (
                Colors.linenoEm,
                num,
                Colors.line,
                line,
                Colors.Normal,
            )
        else:
            num = "%*s" % (numbers_width, i)
            line = "%s%s%s %s" % (Colors.lineno, num, Colors.Normal, line)

        res.append(line)
        if lvals and i == lnum:
            res.append(lvals + "\n")
    return res


def _format_filename(file, ColorFilename, ColorNormal, *, lineno=None):
    """
    Format filename lines with custom formatting from caching compiler or `File *.py` by default

    Parameters
    ----------
    file : str
    ColorFilename
        ColorScheme's filename coloring to be used.
    ColorNormal
        ColorScheme's normal coloring to be used.
    """
    ipinst = get_ipython()
    if (
        ipinst is not None
        and (data := ipinst.compile.format_code_name(file)) is not None
    ):
        label, name = data
        if lineno is None:
            tpl_link = f"{{label}} {ColorFilename}{{name}}{ColorNormal}"
        else:
            tpl_link = (
                f"{{label}} {ColorFilename}{{name}}, line {{lineno}}{ColorNormal}"
            )
    else:
        label = "File"
        name = util_path.compress_user(
            py3compat.cast_unicode(file, util_path.fs_encoding)
        )
        if lineno is None:
            tpl_link = f"{{label}} {ColorFilename}{{name}}{ColorNormal}"
        else:
            # can we make this the more friendly ", line {{lineno}}", or do we need to preserve the formatting with the colon?
            tpl_link = f"{{label}} {ColorFilename}{{name}}:{{lineno}}{ColorNormal}"

    return tpl_link.format(label=label, name=name, lineno=lineno)

#---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Module classes
class TBTools(colorable.Colorable):
    """Basic tools used by all traceback printer classes."""

    # Number of frames to skip when reporting tracebacks
    tb_offset = 0

    def __init__(
        self,
        color_scheme="NoColor",
        call_pdb=False,
        ostream=None,
        parent=None,
        config=None,
        *,
        debugger_cls=None,
    ):
        # Whether to call the interactive pdb debugger after printing
        # tracebacks or not
        super(TBTools, self).__init__(parent=parent, config=config)
        self.call_pdb = call_pdb

        # Output stream to write to.  Note that we store the original value in
        # a private attribute and then make the public ostream a property, so
        # that we can delay accessing sys.stdout until runtime.  The way
        # things are written now, the sys.stdout object is dynamically managed
        # so a reference to it should NEVER be stored statically.  This
        # property approach confines this detail to a single location, and all
        # subclasses can simply access self.ostream for writing.
        self._ostream = ostream

        # Create color table
        self.color_scheme_table = exception_colors()

        self.set_colors(color_scheme)
        self.old_scheme = color_scheme  # save initial value for toggles
        self.debugger_cls = debugger_cls or debugger.Pdb

        if call_pdb:
            self.pdb = self.debugger_cls()
        else:
            self.pdb = None

    def _get_ostream(self):
        """Output stream that exceptions are written to.

        Valid values are:

        - None: the default, which means that IPython will dynamically resolve
          to sys.stdout.  This ensures compatibility with most tools, including
          Windows (where plain stdout doesn't recognize ANSI escapes).

        - Any object with 'write' and 'flush' attributes.
        """
        return sys.stdout if self._ostream is None else self._ostream

    def _set_ostream(self, val):
        assert val is None or (hasattr(val, 'write') and hasattr(val, 'flush'))
        self._ostream = val

    ostream = property(_get_ostream, _set_ostream)

    @staticmethod
    def _get_chained_exception(exception_value):
        cause = getattr(exception_value, "__cause__", None)
        if cause:
            return cause
        if getattr(exception_value, "__suppress_context__", False):
            return None
        return getattr(exception_value, "__context__", None)

    def get_parts_of_chained_exception(
        self, evalue
    ) -> Optional[Tuple[type, BaseException, TracebackType]]:
        chained_evalue = self._get_chained_exception(evalue)

        if chained_evalue:
            return chained_evalue.__class__, chained_evalue, chained_evalue.__traceback__
        return None

    def prepare_chained_exception_message(self, cause) -> List[Any]:
        direct_cause = "\nThe above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:\n"
        exception_during_handling = "\nDuring handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:\n"

        if cause:
            message = [[direct_cause]]
        else:
            message = [[exception_during_handling]]
        return message

    @property
    def has_colors(self) -> bool:
        return self.color_scheme_table.active_scheme_name.lower() != "nocolor"

    def set_colors(self, *args, **kw):
        """Shorthand access to the color table scheme selector method."""

        # Set own color table
        self.color_scheme_table.set_active_scheme(*args, **kw)
        # for convenience, set Colors to the active scheme
        self.Colors = self.color_scheme_table.active_colors
        # Also set colors of debugger
        if hasattr(self, 'pdb') and self.pdb is not None:
            self.pdb.set_colors(*args, **kw)

    def color_toggle(self):
        """Toggle between the currently active color scheme and NoColor."""

        if self.color_scheme_table.active_scheme_name == 'NoColor':
            self.color_scheme_table.set_active_scheme(self.old_scheme)
            self.Colors = self.color_scheme_table.active_colors
        else:
            self.old_scheme = self.color_scheme_table.active_scheme_name
            self.color_scheme_table.set_active_scheme('NoColor')
            self.Colors = self.color_scheme_table.active_colors

    def stb2text(self, stb):
        """Convert a structured traceback (a list) to a string."""
        return '\n'.join(stb)

    def text(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset: Optional[int] = None, context=5):
        """Return formatted traceback.

        Subclasses may override this if they add extra arguments.
        """
        tb_list = self.structured_traceback(etype, value, tb,
                                            tb_offset, context)
        return self.stb2text(tb_list)

    def structured_traceback(
        self,
        etype: type,
        evalue: Optional[BaseException],
        etb: Optional[TracebackType] = None,
        tb_offset: Optional[int] = None,
        number_of_lines_of_context: int = 5,
    ):
        """Return a list of traceback frames.

        Must be implemented by each class.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError()


#---------------------------------------------------------------------------
class ListTB(TBTools):
    """Print traceback information from a traceback list, with optional color.

    Calling requires 3 arguments: (etype, evalue, elist)
    as would be obtained by::

      etype, evalue, tb = sys.exc_info()
      if tb:
        elist = traceback.extract_tb(tb)
      else:
        elist = None

    It can thus be used by programs which need to process the traceback before
    printing (such as console replacements based on the code module from the
    standard library).

    Because they are meant to be called without a full traceback (only a
    list), instances of this class can't call the interactive pdb debugger."""


    def __call__(self, etype, value, elist):
        self.ostream.flush()
        self.ostream.write(self.text(etype, value, elist))
        self.ostream.write('\n')

    def _extract_tb(self, tb):
        if tb:
            return traceback.extract_tb(tb)
        else:
            return None

    def structured_traceback(
        self,
        etype: type,
        evalue: Optional[BaseException],
        etb: Optional[TracebackType] = None,
        tb_offset: Optional[int] = None,
        context=5,
    ):
        """Return a color formatted string with the traceback info.

        Parameters
        ----------
        etype : exception type
            Type of the exception raised.
        evalue : object
            Data stored in the exception
        etb : list | TracebackType | None
            If list: List of frames, see class docstring for details.
            If Traceback: Traceback of the exception.
        tb_offset : int, optional
            Number of frames in the traceback to skip.  If not given, the
            instance evalue is used (set in constructor).
        context : int, optional
            Number of lines of context information to print.

        Returns
        -------
        String with formatted exception.
        """
        # This is a workaround to get chained_exc_ids in recursive calls
        # etb should not be a tuple if structured_traceback is not recursive
        if isinstance(etb, tuple):
            etb, chained_exc_ids = etb
        else:
            chained_exc_ids = set()

        if isinstance(etb, list):
            elist = etb
        elif etb is not None:
            elist = self._extract_tb(etb)
        else:
            elist = []
        tb_offset = self.tb_offset if tb_offset is None else tb_offset
        assert isinstance(tb_offset, int)
        Colors = self.Colors
        out_list = []
        if elist:

            if tb_offset and len(elist) > tb_offset:
                elist = elist[tb_offset:]

            out_list.append('Traceback %s(most recent call last)%s:' %
                            (Colors.normalEm, Colors.Normal) + '\n')
            out_list.extend(self._format_list(elist))
        # The exception info should be a single entry in the list.
        lines = ''.join(self._format_exception_only(etype, evalue))
        out_list.append(lines)

        # Find chained exceptions if we have a traceback (not for exception-only mode)
        if etb is not None:
            exception = self.get_parts_of_chained_exception(evalue)

            if exception and (id(exception[1]) not in chained_exc_ids):
                chained_exception_message = (
                    self.prepare_chained_exception_message(evalue.__cause__)[0]
                    if evalue is not None
                    else ""
                )
                etype, evalue, etb = exception
                # Trace exception to avoid infinite 'cause' loop
                chained_exc_ids.add(id(exception[1]))
                chained_exceptions_tb_offset = 0
                out_list = (
                    self.structured_traceback(
                        etype,
                        evalue,
                        (etb, chained_exc_ids),  # type: ignore
                        chained_exceptions_tb_offset,
                        context,
                    )
                    + chained_exception_message
                    + out_list
                )

        return out_list

    def _format_list(self, extracted_list):
        """Format a list of traceback entry tuples for printing.

        Given a list of tuples as returned by extract_tb() or
        extract_stack(), return a list of strings ready for printing.
        Each string in the resulting list corresponds to the item with the
        same index in the argument list.  Each string ends in a newline;
        the strings may contain internal newlines as well, for those items
        whose source text line is not None.

        Lifted almost verbatim from traceback.py
        """

        Colors = self.Colors
        output_list = []
        for ind, (filename, lineno, name, line) in enumerate(extracted_list):
            normalCol, nameCol, fileCol, lineCol = (
                # Emphasize the last entry
                (Colors.normalEm, Colors.nameEm, Colors.filenameEm, Colors.line)
                if ind == len(extracted_list) - 1
                else (Colors.Normal, Colors.name, Colors.filename, "")
            )

            fns = _format_filename(filename, fileCol, normalCol, lineno=lineno)
            item = f"{normalCol}  {fns}"

            if name != "<module>":
                item += f" in {nameCol}{name}{normalCol}\n"
            else:
                item += "\n"
            if line:
                item += f"{lineCol}    {line.strip()}{normalCol}\n"
            output_list.append(item)

        return output_list

    def _format_exception_only(self, etype, value):
        """Format the exception part of a traceback.

        The arguments are the exception type and value such as given by
        sys.exc_info()[:2]. The return value is a list of strings, each ending
        in a newline.  Normally, the list contains a single string; however,
        for SyntaxError exceptions, it contains several lines that (when
        printed) display detailed information about where the syntax error
        occurred.  The message indicating which exception occurred is the
        always last string in the list.

        Also lifted nearly verbatim from traceback.py
        """
        have_filedata = False
        Colors = self.Colors
        output_list = []
        stype = py3compat.cast_unicode(Colors.excName + etype.__name__ + Colors.Normal)
        if value is None:
            # Not sure if this can still happen in Python 2.6 and above
            output_list.append(stype + "\n")
        else:
            if issubclass(etype, SyntaxError):
                have_filedata = True
                if not value.filename: value.filename = "<string>"
                if value.lineno:
                    lineno = value.lineno
                    textline = linecache.getline(value.filename, value.lineno)
                else:
                    lineno = "unknown"
                    textline = ""
                output_list.append(
                    "%s  %s%s\n"
                    % (
                        Colors.normalEm,
                        _format_filename(
                            value.filename,
                            Colors.filenameEm,
                            Colors.normalEm,
                            lineno=(None if lineno == "unknown" else lineno),
                        ),
                        Colors.Normal,
                    )
                )
                if textline == "":
                    textline = py3compat.cast_unicode(value.text, "utf-8")

                if textline is not None:
                    i = 0
                    while i < len(textline) and textline[i].isspace():
                        i += 1
                    output_list.append(
                        "%s    %s%s\n" % (Colors.line, textline.strip(), Colors.Normal)
                    )
                    if value.offset is not None:
                        s = '    '
                        for c in textline[i:value.offset - 1]:
                            if c.isspace():
                                s += c
                            else:
                                s += " "
                        output_list.append(
                            "%s%s^%s\n" % (Colors.caret, s, Colors.Normal)
                        )

            try:
                s = value.msg
            except Exception:
                s = self._some_str(value)
            if s:
                output_list.append(
                    "%s%s:%s %s\n" % (stype, Colors.excName, Colors.Normal, s)
                )
            else:
                output_list.append("%s\n" % stype)

            # PEP-678 notes
            output_list.extend(f"{x}\n" for x in getattr(value, "__notes__", []))

        # sync with user hooks
        if have_filedata:
            ipinst = get_ipython()
            if ipinst is not None:
                ipinst.hooks.synchronize_with_editor(value.filename, value.lineno, 0)

        return output_list

    def get_exception_only(self, etype, value):
        """Only print the exception type and message, without a traceback.

        Parameters
        ----------
        etype : exception type
        value : exception value
        """
        return ListTB.structured_traceback(self, etype, value)

    def show_exception_only(self, etype, evalue):
        """Only print the exception type and message, without a traceback.

        Parameters
        ----------
        etype : exception type
        evalue : exception value
        """
        # This method needs to use __call__ from *this* class, not the one from
        # a subclass whose signature or behavior may be different
        ostream = self.ostream
        ostream.flush()
        ostream.write('\n'.join(self.get_exception_only(etype, evalue)))
        ostream.flush()

    def _some_str(self, value):
        # Lifted from traceback.py
        try:
            return py3compat.cast_unicode(str(value))
        except:
            return u'<unprintable %s object>' % type(value).__name__


class FrameInfo:
    """
    Mirror of stack data's FrameInfo, but so that we can bypass highlighting on
    really long frames.
    """

    description: Optional[str]
    filename: Optional[str]
    lineno: Tuple[int]
    # number of context lines to use
    context: Optional[int]
    raw_lines: List[str]

    @classmethod
    def _from_stack_data_FrameInfo(cls, frame_info):
        return cls(
            getattr(frame_info, "description", None),
            getattr(frame_info, "filename", None),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
            getattr(frame_info, "lineno", None),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
            getattr(frame_info, "frame", None),
            getattr(frame_info, "code", None),
            sd=frame_info,
            context=None,
        )

    def __init__(
        self,
        description: Optional[str],
        filename: str,
        lineno: Tuple[int],
        frame,
        code,
        *,
        sd=None,
        context=None,
    ):
        self.description = description
        self.filename = filename
        self.lineno = lineno
        self.frame = frame
        self.code = code
        self._sd = sd
        self.context = context

        # self.lines = []
        if sd is None:
            try:
                # return a list of source lines and a starting line number
                self.raw_lines = inspect.getsourcelines(frame)[0]
            except OSError:
                self.raw_lines = [
                    "'Could not get source, probably due dynamically evaluated source code.'"
                ]

    @property
    def variables_in_executing_piece(self):
        if self._sd:
            return self._sd.variables_in_executing_piece
        else:
            return []

    @property
    def lines(self):
        from executing.executing import NotOneValueFound

        try:
            return self._sd.lines
        except NotOneValueFound:

            class Dummy:
                lineno = 0
                is_current = False

                def render(self, *, pygmented):
                    return "<Error retrieving source code with stack_data see ipython/ipython#13598>"

            return [Dummy()]

    @property
    def executing(self):
        if self._sd:
            return self._sd.executing
        else:
            return None


# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
class VerboseTB(TBTools):
    """A port of Ka-Ping Yee's cgitb.py module that outputs color text instead
    of HTML.  Requires inspect and pydoc.  Crazy, man.

    Modified version which optionally strips the topmost entries from the
    traceback, to be used with alternate interpreters (because their own code
    would appear in the traceback)."""

    tb_highlight = "bg:ansiyellow"
    tb_highlight_style = "default"

    def __init__(
        self,
        color_scheme: str = "Linux",
        call_pdb: bool = False,
        ostream=None,
        tb_offset: int = 0,
        long_header: bool = False,
        include_vars: bool = True,
        check_cache=None,
        debugger_cls=None,
        parent=None,
        config=None,
    ):
        """Specify traceback offset, headers and color scheme.

        Define how many frames to drop from the tracebacks. Calling it with
        tb_offset=1 allows use of this handler in interpreters which will have
        their own code at the top of the traceback (VerboseTB will first
        remove that frame before printing the traceback info)."""
        TBTools.__init__(
            self,
            color_scheme=color_scheme,
            call_pdb=call_pdb,
            ostream=ostream,
            parent=parent,
            config=config,
            debugger_cls=debugger_cls,
        )
        self.tb_offset = tb_offset
        self.long_header = long_header
        self.include_vars = include_vars
        # By default we use linecache.checkcache, but the user can provide a
        # different check_cache implementation.  This was formerly used by the
        # IPython kernel for interactive code, but is no longer necessary.
        if check_cache is None:
            check_cache = linecache.checkcache
        self.check_cache = check_cache

        self.skip_hidden = True

    def format_record(self, frame_info: FrameInfo):
        """Format a single stack frame"""
        assert isinstance(frame_info, FrameInfo)
        Colors = self.Colors  # just a shorthand + quicker name lookup
        ColorsNormal = Colors.Normal  # used a lot

        if isinstance(frame_info._sd, stack_data.RepeatedFrames):
            return '    %s[... skipping similar frames: %s]%s\n' % (
                Colors.excName, frame_info.description, ColorsNormal)

        indent = " " * INDENT_SIZE
        em_normal = "%s\n%s%s" % (Colors.valEm, indent, ColorsNormal)
        tpl_call = f"in {Colors.vName}{{file}}{Colors.valEm}{{scope}}{ColorsNormal}"
        tpl_call_fail = "in %s%%s%s(***failed resolving arguments***)%s" % (
            Colors.vName,
            Colors.valEm,
            ColorsNormal,
        )
        tpl_name_val = "%%s %s= %%s%s" % (Colors.valEm, ColorsNormal)

        link = _format_filename(
            frame_info.filename,
            Colors.filenameEm,
            ColorsNormal,
            lineno=frame_info.lineno,
        )
        args, varargs, varkw, locals_ = inspect.getargvalues(frame_info.frame)
        if frame_info.executing is not None:
            func = frame_info.executing.code_qualname()
        else:
            func = "?"
        if func == "<module>":
            call = ""
        else:
            # Decide whether to include variable details or not
            var_repr = eqrepr if self.include_vars else nullrepr
            try:
                scope = inspect.formatargvalues(
                    args, varargs, varkw, locals_, formatvalue=var_repr
                )
                call = tpl_call.format(file=func, scope=scope)
            except KeyError:
                # This happens in situations like errors inside generator
                # expressions, where local variables are listed in the
                # line, but can't be extracted from the frame.  I'm not
                # 100% sure this isn't actually a bug in inspect itself,
                # but since there's no info for us to compute with, the
                # best we can do is report the failure and move on.  Here
                # we must *not* call any traceback construction again,
                # because that would mess up use of %debug later on.  So we
                # simply report the failure and move on.  The only
                # limitation will be that this frame won't have locals
                # listed in the call signature.  Quite subtle problem...
                # I can't think of a good way to validate this in a unit
                # test, but running a script consisting of:
                #  dict( (k,v.strip()) for (k,v) in range(10) )
                # will illustrate the error, if this exception catch is
                # disabled.
                call = tpl_call_fail % func

        lvals = ''
        lvals_list = []
        if self.include_vars:
            try:
                # we likely want to fix stackdata at some point, but
                # still need a workaround.
                fibp = frame_info.variables_in_executing_piece
                for var in fibp:
                    lvals_list.append(tpl_name_val % (var.name, repr(var.value)))
            except Exception:
                lvals_list.append(
                    "Exception trying to inspect frame. No more locals available."
                )
        if lvals_list:
            lvals = '%s%s' % (indent, em_normal.join(lvals_list))

        result = f'{link}{", " if call else ""}{call}\n'
        if frame_info._sd is None:
            # fast fallback if file is too long
            tpl_link = "%s%%s%s" % (Colors.filenameEm, ColorsNormal)
            link = tpl_link % util_path.compress_user(frame_info.filename)
            level = "%s %s\n" % (link, call)
            _line_format = PyColorize.Parser(
                style=self.color_scheme_table.active_scheme_name, parent=self
            ).format2
            first_line = frame_info.code.co_firstlineno
            current_line = frame_info.lineno[0]
            raw_lines = frame_info.raw_lines
            index = current_line - first_line

            if index >= frame_info.context:
                start = max(index - frame_info.context, 0)
                stop = index + frame_info.context
                index = frame_info.context
            else:
                start = 0
                stop = index + frame_info.context
            raw_lines = raw_lines[start:stop]

            return "%s%s" % (
                level,
                "".join(
                    _simple_format_traceback_lines(
                        current_line,
                        index,
                        raw_lines,
                        Colors,
                        lvals,
                        _line_format,
                    )
                ),
            )
            # result += "\n".join(frame_info.raw_lines)
        else:
            result += "".join(
                _format_traceback_lines(
                    frame_info.lines, Colors, self.has_colors, lvals
                )
            )
        return result

    def prepare_header(self, etype: str, long_version: bool = False):
        colors = self.Colors  # just a shorthand + quicker name lookup
        colorsnormal = colors.Normal  # used a lot
        exc = '%s%s%s' % (colors.excName, etype, colorsnormal)
        width = min(75, get_terminal_size()[0])
        if long_version:
            # Header with the exception type, python version, and date
            pyver = 'Python ' + sys.version.split()[0] + ': ' + sys.executable
            date = time.ctime(time.time())

            head = "%s%s%s\n%s%s%s\n%s" % (
                colors.topline,
                "-" * width,
                colorsnormal,
                exc,
                " " * (width - len(etype) - len(pyver)),
                pyver,
                date.rjust(width),
            )
            head += (
                "\nA problem occurred executing Python code.  Here is the sequence of function"
                "\ncalls leading up to the error, with the most recent (innermost) call last."
            )
        else:
            # Simplified header
            head = "%s%s" % (
                exc,
                "Traceback (most recent call last)".rjust(width - len(etype)),
            )

        return head

    def format_exception(self, etype, evalue):
        colors = self.Colors  # just a shorthand + quicker name lookup
        colorsnormal = colors.Normal  # used a lot
        # Get (safely) a string form of the exception info
        try:
            etype_str, evalue_str = map(str, (etype, evalue))
        except:
            # User exception is improperly defined.
            etype, evalue = str, sys.exc_info()[:2]
            etype_str, evalue_str = map(str, (etype, evalue))

        # PEP-678 notes
        notes = getattr(evalue, "__notes__", [])
        if not isinstance(notes, Sequence) or isinstance(notes, (str, bytes)):
            notes = [_safe_string(notes, "__notes__", func=repr)]

        # ... and format it
        return [
            "{}{}{}: {}".format(
                colors.excName,
                etype_str,
                colorsnormal,
                py3compat.cast_unicode(evalue_str),
            ),
            *(
                "{}{}".format(
                    colorsnormal, _safe_string(py3compat.cast_unicode(n), "note")
                )
                for n in notes
            ),
        ]

    def format_exception_as_a_whole(
        self,
        etype: type,
        evalue: Optional[BaseException],
        etb: Optional[TracebackType],
        number_of_lines_of_context,
        tb_offset: Optional[int],
    ):
        """Formats the header, traceback and exception message for a single exception.

        This may be called multiple times by Python 3 exception chaining
        (PEP 3134).
        """
        # some locals
        orig_etype = etype
        try:
            etype = etype.__name__  # type: ignore
        except AttributeError:
            pass

        tb_offset = self.tb_offset if tb_offset is None else tb_offset
        assert isinstance(tb_offset, int)
        head = self.prepare_header(str(etype), self.long_header)
        records = (
            self.get_records(etb, number_of_lines_of_context, tb_offset) if etb else []
        )

        frames = []
        skipped = 0
        lastrecord = len(records) - 1
        for i, record in enumerate(records):
            if (
                not isinstance(record._sd, stack_data.RepeatedFrames)
                and self.skip_hidden
            ):
                if (
                    record.frame.f_locals.get("__tracebackhide__", 0)
                    and i != lastrecord
                ):
                    skipped += 1
                    continue
            if skipped:
                Colors = self.Colors  # just a shorthand + quicker name lookup
                ColorsNormal = Colors.Normal  # used a lot
                frames.append(
                    "    %s[... skipping hidden %s frame]%s\n"
                    % (Colors.excName, skipped, ColorsNormal)
                )
                skipped = 0
            frames.append(self.format_record(record))
        if skipped:
            Colors = self.Colors  # just a shorthand + quicker name lookup
            ColorsNormal = Colors.Normal  # used a lot
            frames.append(
                "    %s[... skipping hidden %s frame]%s\n"
                % (Colors.excName, skipped, ColorsNormal)
            )

        formatted_exception = self.format_exception(etype, evalue)
        if records:
            frame_info = records[-1]
            ipinst = get_ipython()
            if ipinst is not None:
                ipinst.hooks.synchronize_with_editor(frame_info.filename, frame_info.lineno, 0)

        return [[head] + frames + formatted_exception]

    def get_records(
        self, etb: TracebackType, number_of_lines_of_context: int, tb_offset: int
    ):
        assert etb is not None
        context = number_of_lines_of_context - 1
        after = context // 2
        before = context - after
        if self.has_colors:
            style = get_style_by_name(self.tb_highlight_style)
            style = stack_data.style_with_executing_node(style, self.tb_highlight)
            formatter = Terminal256Formatter(style=style)
        else:
            formatter = None
        options = stack_data.Options(
            before=before,
            after=after,
            pygments_formatter=formatter,
        )

        # Let's estimate the amount of code we will have to parse/highlight.
        cf: Optional[TracebackType] = etb
        max_len = 0
        tbs = []
        while cf is not None:
            try:
                mod = inspect.getmodule(cf.tb_frame)
                if mod is not None:
                    mod_name = mod.__name__
                    root_name, *_ = mod_name.split(".")
                    if root_name == "IPython":
                        cf = cf.tb_next
                        continue
                max_len = get_line_number_of_frame(cf.tb_frame)

            except OSError:
                max_len = 0
            max_len = max(max_len, max_len)
            tbs.append(cf)
            cf = getattr(cf, "tb_next", None)

        if max_len > FAST_THRESHOLD:
            FIs = []
            for tb in tbs:
                frame = tb.tb_frame  # type: ignore
                lineno = (frame.f_lineno,)
                code = frame.f_code
                filename = code.co_filename
                # TODO: Here we need to use before/after/
                FIs.append(
                    FrameInfo(
                        "Raw frame", filename, lineno, frame, code, context=context
                    )
                )
            return FIs
        res = list(stack_data.FrameInfo.stack_data(etb, options=options))[tb_offset:]
        res = [FrameInfo._from_stack_data_FrameInfo(r) for r in res]
        return res

    def structured_traceback(
        self,
        etype: type,
        evalue: Optional[BaseException],
        etb: Optional[TracebackType] = None,
        tb_offset: Optional[int] = None,
        number_of_lines_of_context: int = 5,
    ):
        """Return a nice text document describing the traceback."""
        formatted_exception = self.format_exception_as_a_whole(etype, evalue, etb, number_of_lines_of_context,
                                                               tb_offset)

        colors = self.Colors  # just a shorthand + quicker name lookup
        colorsnormal = colors.Normal  # used a lot
        head = '%s%s%s' % (colors.topline, '-' * min(75, get_terminal_size()[0]), colorsnormal)
        structured_traceback_parts = [head]
        chained_exceptions_tb_offset = 0
        lines_of_context = 3
        formatted_exceptions = formatted_exception
        exception = self.get_parts_of_chained_exception(evalue)
        if exception:
            assert evalue is not None
            formatted_exceptions += self.prepare_chained_exception_message(evalue.__cause__)
            etype, evalue, etb = exception
        else:
            evalue = None
        chained_exc_ids = set()
        while evalue:
            formatted_exceptions += self.format_exception_as_a_whole(etype, evalue, etb, lines_of_context,
                                                                     chained_exceptions_tb_offset)
            exception = self.get_parts_of_chained_exception(evalue)

            if exception and not id(exception[1]) in chained_exc_ids:
                chained_exc_ids.add(id(exception[1])) # trace exception to avoid infinite 'cause' loop
                formatted_exceptions += self.prepare_chained_exception_message(evalue.__cause__)
                etype, evalue, etb = exception
            else:
                evalue = None

        # we want to see exceptions in a reversed order:
        # the first exception should be on top
        for formatted_exception in reversed(formatted_exceptions):
            structured_traceback_parts += formatted_exception

        return structured_traceback_parts

    def debugger(self, force: bool = False):
        """Call up the pdb debugger if desired, always clean up the tb
        reference.

        Keywords:

          - force(False): by default, this routine checks the instance call_pdb
            flag and does not actually invoke the debugger if the flag is false.
            The 'force' option forces the debugger to activate even if the flag
            is false.

        If the call_pdb flag is set, the pdb interactive debugger is
        invoked. In all cases, the self.tb reference to the current traceback
        is deleted to prevent lingering references which hamper memory
        management.

        Note that each call to pdb() does an 'import readline', so if your app
        requires a special setup for the readline completers, you'll have to
        fix that by hand after invoking the exception handler."""

        if force or self.call_pdb:
            if self.pdb is None:
                self.pdb = self.debugger_cls()
            # the system displayhook may have changed, restore the original
            # for pdb
            display_trap = DisplayTrap(hook=sys.__displayhook__)
            with display_trap:
                self.pdb.reset()
                # Find the right frame so we don't pop up inside ipython itself
                if hasattr(self, "tb") and self.tb is not None:  # type: ignore[has-type]
                    etb = self.tb  # type: ignore[has-type]
                else:
                    etb = self.tb = sys.last_traceback
                while self.tb is not None and self.tb.tb_next is not None:
                    assert self.tb.tb_next is not None
                    self.tb = self.tb.tb_next
                if etb and etb.tb_next:
                    etb = etb.tb_next
                self.pdb.botframe = etb.tb_frame
                # last_value should be deprecated, but last-exc sometimme not set
                # please check why later and remove the getattr.
                exc = sys.last_value if sys.version_info < (3, 12) else getattr(sys, "last_exc", sys.last_value)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
                if exc:
                    self.pdb.interaction(None, exc)
                else:
                    self.pdb.interaction(None, etb)

        if hasattr(self, 'tb'):
            del self.tb

    def handler(self, info=None):
        (etype, evalue, etb) = info or sys.exc_info()
        self.tb = etb
        ostream = self.ostream
        ostream.flush()
        ostream.write(self.text(etype, evalue, etb))
        ostream.write('\n')
        ostream.flush()

    # Changed so an instance can just be called as VerboseTB_inst() and print
    # out the right info on its own.
    def __call__(self, etype=None, evalue=None, etb=None):
        """This hook can replace sys.excepthook (for Python 2.1 or higher)."""
        if etb is None:
            self.handler()
        else:
            self.handler((etype, evalue, etb))
        try:
            self.debugger()
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print("\nKeyboardInterrupt")


#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
class FormattedTB(VerboseTB, ListTB):
    """Subclass ListTB but allow calling with a traceback.

    It can thus be used as a sys.excepthook for Python > 2.1.

    Also adds 'Context' and 'Verbose' modes, not available in ListTB.

    Allows a tb_offset to be specified. This is useful for situations where
    one needs to remove a number of topmost frames from the traceback (such as
    occurs with python programs that themselves execute other python code,
    like Python shells).  """

    mode: str

    def __init__(self, mode='Plain', color_scheme='Linux', call_pdb=False,
                 ostream=None,
                 tb_offset=0, long_header=False, include_vars=False,
                 check_cache=None, debugger_cls=None,
                 parent=None, config=None):

        # NEVER change the order of this list. Put new modes at the end:
        self.valid_modes = ['Plain', 'Context', 'Verbose', 'Minimal']
        self.verbose_modes = self.valid_modes[1:3]

        VerboseTB.__init__(self, color_scheme=color_scheme, call_pdb=call_pdb,
                           ostream=ostream, tb_offset=tb_offset,
                           long_header=long_header, include_vars=include_vars,
                           check_cache=check_cache, debugger_cls=debugger_cls,
                           parent=parent, config=config)

        # Different types of tracebacks are joined with different separators to
        # form a single string.  They are taken from this dict
        self._join_chars = dict(Plain='', Context='\n', Verbose='\n',
                                Minimal='')
        # set_mode also sets the tb_join_char attribute
        self.set_mode(mode)

    def structured_traceback(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None, number_of_lines_of_context=5):
        tb_offset = self.tb_offset if tb_offset is None else tb_offset
        mode = self.mode
        if mode in self.verbose_modes:
            # Verbose modes need a full traceback
            return VerboseTB.structured_traceback(
                self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset, number_of_lines_of_context
            )
        elif mode == 'Minimal':
            return ListTB.get_exception_only(self, etype, value)
        else:
            # We must check the source cache because otherwise we can print
            # out-of-date source code.
            self.check_cache()
            # Now we can extract and format the exception
            return ListTB.structured_traceback(
                self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset, number_of_lines_of_context
            )

    def stb2text(self, stb):
        """Convert a structured traceback (a list) to a string."""
        return self.tb_join_char.join(stb)

    def set_mode(self, mode: Optional[str] = None):
        """Switch to the desired mode.

        If mode is not specified, cycles through the available modes."""

        if not mode:
            new_idx = (self.valid_modes.index(self.mode) + 1 ) % \
                      len(self.valid_modes)
            self.mode = self.valid_modes[new_idx]
        elif mode not in self.valid_modes:
            raise ValueError(
                "Unrecognized mode in FormattedTB: <" + mode + ">\n"
                "Valid modes: " + str(self.valid_modes)
            )
        else:
            assert isinstance(mode, str)
            self.mode = mode
        # include variable details only in 'Verbose' mode
        self.include_vars = (self.mode == self.valid_modes[2])
        # Set the join character for generating text tracebacks
        self.tb_join_char = self._join_chars[self.mode]

    # some convenient shortcuts
    def plain(self):
        self.set_mode(self.valid_modes[0])

    def context(self):
        self.set_mode(self.valid_modes[1])

    def verbose(self):
        self.set_mode(self.valid_modes[2])

    def minimal(self):
        self.set_mode(self.valid_modes[3])


#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
class AutoFormattedTB(FormattedTB):
    """A traceback printer which can be called on the fly.

    It will find out about exceptions by itself.

    A brief example::

        AutoTB = AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Verbose',color_scheme='Linux')
        try:
          ...
        except:
          AutoTB()  # or AutoTB(out=logfile) where logfile is an open file object
    """

    def __call__(self, etype=None, evalue=None, etb=None,
                 out=None, tb_offset=None):
        """Print out a formatted exception traceback.

        Optional arguments:
          - out: an open file-like object to direct output to.

          - tb_offset: the number of frames to skip over in the stack, on a
          per-call basis (this overrides temporarily the instance's tb_offset
          given at initialization time."""

        if out is None:
            out = self.ostream
        out.flush()
        out.write(self.text(etype, evalue, etb, tb_offset))
        out.write('\n')
        out.flush()
        # FIXME: we should remove the auto pdb behavior from here and leave
        # that to the clients.
        try:
            self.debugger()
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print("\nKeyboardInterrupt")

    def structured_traceback(
        self,
        etype: type,
        evalue: Optional[BaseException],
        etb: Optional[TracebackType] = None,
        tb_offset: Optional[int] = None,
        number_of_lines_of_context: int = 5,
    ):
        # tb: TracebackType or tupleof tb types ?
        if etype is None:
            etype, evalue, etb = sys.exc_info()
        if isinstance(etb, tuple):
            # tb is a tuple if this is a chained exception.
            self.tb = etb[0]
        else:
            self.tb = etb
        return FormattedTB.structured_traceback(
            self, etype, evalue, etb, tb_offset, number_of_lines_of_context
        )


#---------------------------------------------------------------------------

# A simple class to preserve Nathan's original functionality.
class ColorTB(FormattedTB):
    """Shorthand to initialize a FormattedTB in Linux colors mode."""

    def __init__(self, color_scheme='Linux', call_pdb=0, **kwargs):
        FormattedTB.__init__(self, color_scheme=color_scheme,
                             call_pdb=call_pdb, **kwargs)


class SyntaxTB(ListTB):
    """Extension which holds some state: the last exception value"""

    def __init__(self, color_scheme='NoColor', parent=None, config=None):
        ListTB.__init__(self, color_scheme, parent=parent, config=config)
        self.last_syntax_error = None

    def __call__(self, etype, value, elist):
        self.last_syntax_error = value

        ListTB.__call__(self, etype, value, elist)

    def structured_traceback(self, etype, value, elist, tb_offset=None,
                             context=5):
        # If the source file has been edited, the line in the syntax error can
        # be wrong (retrieved from an outdated cache). This replaces it with
        # the current value.
        if isinstance(value, SyntaxError) \
                and isinstance(value.filename, str) \
                and isinstance(value.lineno, int):
            linecache.checkcache(value.filename)
            newtext = linecache.getline(value.filename, value.lineno)
            if newtext:
                value.text = newtext
        self.last_syntax_error = value
        return super(SyntaxTB, self).structured_traceback(etype, value, elist,
                                                          tb_offset=tb_offset, context=context)

    def clear_err_state(self):
        """Return the current error state and clear it"""
        e = self.last_syntax_error
        self.last_syntax_error = None
        return e

    def stb2text(self, stb):
        """Convert a structured traceback (a list) to a string."""
        return ''.join(stb)


# some internal-use functions
def text_repr(value):
    """Hopefully pretty robust repr equivalent."""
    # this is pretty horrible but should always return *something*
    try:
        return pydoc.text.repr(value)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        raise
    except:
        try:
            return repr(value)
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            raise
        except:
            try:
                # all still in an except block so we catch
                # getattr raising
                name = getattr(value, '__name__', None)
                if name:
                    # ick, recursion
                    return text_repr(name)
                klass = getattr(value, '__class__', None)
                if klass:
                    return '%s instance' % text_repr(klass)
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                raise
            except:
                return 'UNRECOVERABLE REPR FAILURE'


def eqrepr(value, repr=text_repr):
    return '=%s' % repr(value)


def nullrepr(value, repr=text_repr):
    return ''