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__init__.py
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__init__.py
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"""
Path Pie
Implements ``path.Path`` - An object representing a
path to a file or directory.
Example::
from path import Path
d = Path('/home/guido/bin')
# Globbing
for f in d.files('*.py'):
f.chmod(0o755)
# Changing the working directory:
with Path("somewhere"):
# cwd in now `somewhere`
...
# Concatenate paths with /
foo_txt = Path("bar") / "foo.txt"
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import builtins
import contextlib
import datetime
import errno
import fnmatch
import functools
import glob
import hashlib
import importlib
import itertools
import os
import re
import shutil
import sys
import tempfile
import warnings
from numbers import Number
with contextlib.suppress(ImportError):
import win32security
with contextlib.suppress(ImportError):
import pwd
with contextlib.suppress(ImportError):
import grp
from io import (
BufferedRandom,
BufferedReader,
BufferedWriter,
FileIO,
TextIOWrapper,
)
from typing import (
IO,
TYPE_CHECKING,
Any,
BinaryIO,
Callable,
Iterator,
overload,
)
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from _typeshed import (
OpenBinaryMode,
OpenBinaryModeReading,
OpenBinaryModeUpdating,
OpenBinaryModeWriting,
OpenTextMode,
)
from typing_extensions import Literal
from . import classes, masks, matchers
from .compat.py38 import removeprefix, removesuffix
__all__ = ['Path', 'TempDir']
LINESEPS = ['\r\n', '\r', '\n']
U_LINESEPS = LINESEPS + ['\u0085', '\u2028', '\u2029']
B_NEWLINE = re.compile('|'.join(LINESEPS).encode())
U_NEWLINE = re.compile('|'.join(U_LINESEPS))
B_NL_END = re.compile(B_NEWLINE.pattern + b'$')
U_NL_END = re.compile(U_NEWLINE.pattern + '$')
_default_linesep = object()
def _make_timestamp_ns(value: Number | datetime.datetime) -> Number:
timestamp_s = value if isinstance(value, Number) else value.timestamp()
return int(timestamp_s * 10**9)
class TreeWalkWarning(Warning):
pass
class Traversal:
"""
Wrap a walk result to customize the traversal.
`follow` is a function that takes an item and returns
True if that item should be followed and False otherwise.
For example, to avoid traversing into directories that
begin with `.`:
>>> traverse = Traversal(lambda dir: not dir.startswith('.'))
>>> items = list(traverse(Path('.').walk()))
Directories beginning with `.` will appear in the results, but
their children will not.
>>> dot_dir = next(item for item in items if item.is_dir() and item.startswith('.'))
>>> any(item.parent == dot_dir for item in items)
False
"""
def __init__(self, follow):
self.follow = follow
def __call__(self, walker):
traverse = None
while True:
try:
item = walker.send(traverse)
except StopIteration:
return
yield item
traverse = functools.partial(self.follow, item)
def _strip_newlines(lines):
r"""
>>> list(_strip_newlines(['Hello World\r\n', 'foo']))
['Hello World', 'foo']
"""
return (U_NL_END.sub('', line) for line in lines)
class Path(str):
"""
Represents a filesystem path.
For documentation on individual methods, consult their
counterparts in :mod:`os.path`.
Some methods are additionally included from :mod:`shutil`.
The functions are linked directly into the class namespace
such that they will be bound to the Path instance. For example,
``Path(src).copy(target)`` is equivalent to
``shutil.copy(src, target)``. Therefore, when referencing
the docs for these methods, assume `src` references `self`,
the Path instance.
"""
module = os.path
""" The path module to use for path operations.
.. seealso:: :mod:`os.path`
"""
def __new__(cls, other='.'):
return super().__new__(cls, other)
def __init__(self, other='.'):
if other is None:
raise TypeError("Invalid initial value for path: None")
with contextlib.suppress(AttributeError):
self._validate()
@classmethod
@functools.lru_cache
def using_module(cls, module):
subclass_name = cls.__name__ + '_' + module.__name__
bases = (cls,)
ns = {'module': module}
return type(subclass_name, bases, ns)
@classes.ClassProperty
@classmethod
def _next_class(cls):
"""
What class should be used to construct new instances from this class
"""
return cls
# --- Special Python methods.
def __repr__(self):
return f'{type(self).__name__}({super().__repr__()})'
# Adding a Path and a string yields a Path.
def __add__(self, more):
return self._next_class(super().__add__(more))
def __radd__(self, other):
return self._next_class(other.__add__(self))
# The / operator joins Paths.
def __div__(self, rel):
"""fp.__div__(rel) == fp / rel == fp.joinpath(rel)
Join two path components, adding a separator character if
needed.
.. seealso:: :func:`os.path.join`
"""
return self._next_class(self.module.join(self, rel))
# Make the / operator work even when true division is enabled.
__truediv__ = __div__
# The / operator joins Paths the other way around
def __rdiv__(self, rel):
"""fp.__rdiv__(rel) == rel / fp
Join two path components, adding a separator character if
needed.
.. seealso:: :func:`os.path.join`
"""
return self._next_class(self.module.join(rel, self))
# Make the / operator work even when true division is enabled.
__rtruediv__ = __rdiv__
def __enter__(self):
self._old_dir = self.cwd()
os.chdir(self)
return self
def __exit__(self, *_):
os.chdir(self._old_dir)
@classmethod
def cwd(cls):
"""Return the current working directory as a path object.
.. seealso:: :func:`os.getcwd`
"""
return cls(os.getcwd())
@classmethod
def getcwd(cls):
warnings.warn(
".getcwd is deprecated; use cwd",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return cls.cwd()
#
# --- Operations on Path strings.
def absolute(self):
""".. seealso:: :func:`os.path.abspath`"""
return self._next_class(self.module.abspath(self))
def abspath(self):
warnings.warn(
".abspath is deprecated; use absolute",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return self.absolute()
def normcase(self):
""".. seealso:: :func:`os.path.normcase`"""
return self._next_class(self.module.normcase(self))
def normpath(self):
""".. seealso:: :func:`os.path.normpath`"""
return self._next_class(self.module.normpath(self))
def realpath(self):
""".. seealso:: :func:`os.path.realpath`"""
return self._next_class(self.module.realpath(self))
def expanduser(self):
""".. seealso:: :func:`os.path.expanduser`"""
return self._next_class(self.module.expanduser(self))
def expandvars(self):
""".. seealso:: :func:`os.path.expandvars`"""
return self._next_class(self.module.expandvars(self))
def dirname(self):
""".. seealso:: :attr:`parent`, :func:`os.path.dirname`"""
return self._next_class(self.module.dirname(self))
def basename(self):
""".. seealso:: :attr:`name`, :func:`os.path.basename`"""
return self._next_class(self.module.basename(self))
def expand(self):
"""Clean up a filename by calling :meth:`expandvars()`,
:meth:`expanduser()`, and :meth:`normpath()` on it.
This is commonly everything needed to clean up a filename
read from a configuration file, for example.
"""
return self.expandvars().expanduser().normpath()
@property
def stem(self):
"""The same as :meth:`name`, but with one file extension stripped off.
>>> Path('/home/guido/python.tar.gz').stem
'python.tar'
"""
base, ext = self.module.splitext(self.name)
return base
def with_stem(self, stem):
"""Return a new path with the stem changed.
>>> Path('/home/guido/python.tar.gz').with_stem("foo")
Path('/home/guido/foo.gz')
"""
return self.with_name(stem + self.suffix)
@property
def suffix(self):
"""The file extension, for example ``'.py'``."""
f, suffix = self.module.splitext(self)
return suffix
@property
def ext(self): # pragma: no cover
warnings.warn(
".ext is deprecated; use suffix",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return self.suffix
def with_suffix(self, suffix):
"""Return a new path with the file suffix changed (or added, if none)
>>> Path('/home/guido/python.tar.gz').with_suffix(".foo")
Path('/home/guido/python.tar.foo')
>>> Path('python').with_suffix('.zip')
Path('python.zip')
>>> Path('filename.ext').with_suffix('zip')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Invalid suffix 'zip'
"""
if not suffix.startswith('.'):
raise ValueError(f"Invalid suffix {suffix!r}")
return self.stripext() + suffix
@property
def drive(self):
"""The drive specifier, for example ``'C:'``.
This is always empty on systems that don't use drive specifiers.
"""
drive, r = self.module.splitdrive(self)
return self._next_class(drive)
parent = property(
dirname,
None,
None,
""" This path's parent directory, as a new Path object.
For example,
``Path('/usr/local/lib/libpython.so').parent ==
Path('/usr/local/lib')``
.. seealso:: :meth:`dirname`, :func:`os.path.dirname`
""",
)
name = property(
basename,
None,
None,
""" The name of this file or directory without the full path.
For example,
``Path('/usr/local/lib/libpython.so').name == 'libpython.so'``
.. seealso:: :meth:`basename`, :func:`os.path.basename`
""",
)
def with_name(self, name):
"""Return a new path with the name changed.
>>> Path('/home/guido/python.tar.gz').with_name("foo.zip")
Path('/home/guido/foo.zip')
"""
return self._next_class(removesuffix(self, self.name) + name)
def splitpath(self):
"""Return two-tuple of ``.parent``, ``.name``.
.. seealso:: :attr:`parent`, :attr:`name`, :func:`os.path.split`
"""
parent, child = self.module.split(self)
return self._next_class(parent), child
def splitdrive(self):
"""Return two-tuple of ``.drive`` and rest without drive.
Split the drive specifier from this path. If there is
no drive specifier, :samp:`{p.drive}` is empty, so the return value
is simply ``(Path(''), p)``. This is always the case on Unix.
.. seealso:: :func:`os.path.splitdrive`
"""
drive, rel = self.module.splitdrive(self)
return self._next_class(drive), self._next_class(rel)
def splitext(self):
"""Return two-tuple of ``.stripext()`` and ``.ext``.
Split the filename extension from this path and return
the two parts. Either part may be empty.
The extension is everything from ``'.'`` to the end of the
last path segment. This has the property that if
``(a, b) == p.splitext()``, then ``a + b == p``.
.. seealso:: :func:`os.path.splitext`
"""
filename, ext = self.module.splitext(self)
return self._next_class(filename), ext
def stripext(self):
"""Remove one file extension from the path.
For example, ``Path('/home/guido/python.tar.gz').stripext()``
returns ``Path('/home/guido/python.tar')``.
"""
return self.splitext()[0]
@classes.multimethod
def joinpath(cls, first, *others):
"""
Join first to zero or more :class:`Path` components,
adding a separator character (:samp:`{first}.module.sep`)
if needed. Returns a new instance of
:samp:`{first}._next_class`.
.. seealso:: :func:`os.path.join`
"""
return cls._next_class(cls.module.join(first, *others))
def splitall(self):
r"""Return a list of the path components in this path.
The first item in the list will be a Path. Its value will be
either :data:`os.curdir`, :data:`os.pardir`, empty, or the root
directory of this path (for example, ``'/'`` or ``'C:\\'``). The
other items in the list will be strings.
``Path.joinpath(*result)`` will yield the original path.
>>> Path('/foo/bar/baz').splitall()
[Path('/'), 'foo', 'bar', 'baz']
"""
return list(self._parts())
def parts(self):
"""
>>> Path('/foo/bar/baz').parts()
(Path('/'), 'foo', 'bar', 'baz')
"""
return tuple(self._parts())
def _parts(self):
return reversed(tuple(self._parts_iter()))
def _parts_iter(self):
loc = self
while loc != os.curdir and loc != os.pardir:
prev = loc
loc, child = prev.splitpath()
if loc == prev:
break
yield child
yield loc
def relpath(self, start='.'):
"""Return this path as a relative path,
based from `start`, which defaults to the current working directory.
"""
cwd = self._next_class(start)
return cwd.relpathto(self)
def relpathto(self, dest):
"""Return a relative path from `self` to `dest`.
If there is no relative path from `self` to `dest`, for example if
they reside on different drives in Windows, then this returns
``dest.absolute()``.
"""
origin = self.absolute()
dest = self._next_class(dest).absolute()
orig_list = origin.normcase().splitall()
# Don't normcase dest! We want to preserve the case.
dest_list = dest.splitall()
if orig_list[0] != self.module.normcase(dest_list[0]):
# Can't get here from there.
return dest
# Find the location where the two paths start to differ.
i = 0
for start_seg, dest_seg in zip(orig_list, dest_list):
if start_seg != self.module.normcase(dest_seg):
break
i += 1
# Now i is the point where the two paths diverge.
# Need a certain number of "os.pardir"s to work up
# from the origin to the point of divergence.
segments = [os.pardir] * (len(orig_list) - i)
# Need to add the diverging part of dest_list.
segments += dest_list[i:]
if len(segments) == 0:
# If they happen to be identical, use os.curdir.
relpath = os.curdir
else:
relpath = self.module.join(*segments)
return self._next_class(relpath)
# --- Listing, searching, walking, and matching
def iterdir(self, match=None):
"""Yields items in this directory.
Use :meth:`files` or :meth:`dirs` instead if you want a listing
of just files or just subdirectories.
The elements of the list are Path objects.
With the optional `match` argument, a callable,
only return items whose names match the given pattern.
.. seealso:: :meth:`files`, :meth:`dirs`
"""
match = matchers.load(match)
return filter(match, (self / child for child in os.listdir(self)))
def listdir(self, match=None):
warnings.warn(
".listdir is deprecated; use iterdir",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return list(self.iterdir(match=match))
def dirs(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""List of this directory's subdirectories.
The elements of the list are Path objects.
This does not walk recursively into subdirectories
(but see :meth:`walkdirs`).
Accepts parameters to :meth:`iterdir`.
"""
return [p for p in self.iterdir(*args, **kwargs) if p.is_dir()]
def files(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""List of the files in self.
The elements of the list are Path objects.
This does not walk into subdirectories (see :meth:`walkfiles`).
Accepts parameters to :meth:`iterdir`.
"""
return [p for p in self.iterdir(*args, **kwargs) if p.is_file()]
def walk(self, match=None, errors='strict'):
"""Iterator over files and subdirs, recursively.
The iterator yields Path objects naming each child item of
this directory and its descendants. This requires that
``D.is_dir()``.
This performs a depth-first traversal of the directory tree.
Each directory is returned just before all its children.
The `errors=` keyword argument controls behavior when an
error occurs. The default is ``'strict'``, which causes an
exception. Other allowed values are ``'warn'`` (which
reports the error via :func:`warnings.warn()`), and ``'ignore'``.
`errors` may also be an arbitrary callable taking a msg parameter.
"""
errors = Handlers._resolve(errors)
match = matchers.load(match)
try:
childList = self.iterdir()
except Exception as exc:
errors(f"Unable to list directory '{self}': {exc}")
return
for child in childList:
traverse = None
if match(child):
traverse = yield child
traverse = traverse or child.is_dir
try:
do_traverse = traverse()
except Exception as exc:
errors(f"Unable to access '{child}': {exc}")
continue
if do_traverse:
yield from child.walk(errors=errors, match=match)
def walkdirs(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""Iterator over subdirs, recursively."""
return (item for item in self.walk(*args, **kwargs) if item.is_dir())
def walkfiles(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""Iterator over files, recursively."""
return (item for item in self.walk(*args, **kwargs) if item.is_file())
def fnmatch(self, pattern, normcase=None):
"""Return ``True`` if `self.name` matches the given `pattern`.
`pattern` - A filename pattern with wildcards,
for example ``'*.py'``. If the pattern contains a `normcase`
attribute, it is applied to the name and path prior to comparison.
`normcase` - (optional) A function used to normalize the pattern and
filename before matching. Defaults to normcase from
``self.module``, :func:`os.path.normcase`.
.. seealso:: :func:`fnmatch.fnmatch`
"""
default_normcase = getattr(pattern, 'normcase', self.module.normcase)
normcase = normcase or default_normcase
name = normcase(self.name)
pattern = normcase(pattern)
return fnmatch.fnmatchcase(name, pattern)
def glob(self, pattern):
"""Return a list of Path objects that match the pattern.
`pattern` - a path relative to this directory, with wildcards.
For example, ``Path('/users').glob('*/bin/*')`` returns a list
of all the files users have in their :file:`bin` directories.
.. seealso:: :func:`glob.glob`
.. note:: Glob is **not** recursive, even when using ``**``.
To do recursive globbing see :func:`walk`,
:func:`walkdirs` or :func:`walkfiles`.
"""
cls = self._next_class
return [cls(s) for s in glob.glob(self / pattern)]
def iglob(self, pattern):
"""Return an iterator of Path objects that match the pattern.
`pattern` - a path relative to this directory, with wildcards.
For example, ``Path('/users').iglob('*/bin/*')`` returns an
iterator of all the files users have in their :file:`bin`
directories.
.. seealso:: :func:`glob.iglob`
.. note:: Glob is **not** recursive, even when using ``**``.
To do recursive globbing see :func:`walk`,
:func:`walkdirs` or :func:`walkfiles`.
"""
cls = self._next_class
return (cls(s) for s in glob.iglob(self / pattern))
#
# --- Reading or writing an entire file at once.
@overload
def open(
self,
mode: OpenTextMode = ...,
buffering: int = ...,
encoding: str | None = ...,
errors: str | None = ...,
newline: str | None = ...,
closefd: bool = ...,
opener: Callable[[str, int], int] | None = ...,
) -> TextIOWrapper: ...
@overload
def open(
self,
mode: OpenBinaryMode,
buffering: Literal[0],
encoding: str | None = ...,
errors: str | None = ...,
newline: str | None = ...,
closefd: bool = ...,
opener: Callable[[str, int], int] = ...,
) -> FileIO: ...
@overload
def open(
self,
mode: OpenBinaryModeUpdating,
buffering: Literal[-1, 1] = ...,
encoding: str | None = ...,
errors: str | None = ...,
newline: str | None = ...,
closefd: bool = ...,
opener: Callable[[str, int], int] = ...,
) -> BufferedRandom: ...
@overload
def open(
self,
mode: OpenBinaryModeReading,
buffering: Literal[-1, 1] = ...,
encoding: str | None = ...,
errors: str | None = ...,
newline: str | None = ...,
closefd: bool = ...,
opener: Callable[[str, int], int] = ...,
) -> BufferedReader: ...
@overload
def open(
self,
mode: OpenBinaryModeWriting,
buffering: Literal[-1, 1] = ...,
encoding: str | None = ...,
errors: str | None = ...,
newline: str | None = ...,
closefd: bool = ...,
opener: Callable[[str, int], int] = ...,
) -> BufferedWriter: ...
@overload
def open(
self,
mode: OpenBinaryMode,
buffering: int,
encoding: str | None = ...,
errors: str | None = ...,
newline: str | None = ...,
closefd: bool = ...,
opener: Callable[[str, int], int] = ...,
) -> BinaryIO: ...
@overload
def open(
self,
mode: str,
buffering: int = ...,
encoding: str | None = ...,
errors: str | None = ...,
newline: str | None = ...,
closefd: bool = ...,
opener: Callable[[str, int], int] = ...,
) -> IO[Any]: ...
def open(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""Open this file and return a corresponding file object.
Keyword arguments work as in :func:`io.open`. If the file cannot be
opened, an :class:`OSError` is raised.
"""
return open(self, *args, **kwargs)
def bytes(self):
"""Open this file, read all bytes, return them as a string."""
with self.open('rb') as f:
return f.read()
@overload
def chunks(
self,
size: int,
mode: OpenTextMode = ...,
buffering: int = ...,
encoding: str | None = ...,
errors: str | None = ...,
newline: str | None = ...,
closefd: bool = ...,
opener: Callable[[str, int], int] | None = ...,
) -> Iterator[str]: ...
@overload
def chunks(
self,
size: int,
mode: OpenBinaryMode,
buffering: int = ...,
encoding: str | None = ...,
errors: str | None = ...,
newline: str | None = ...,
closefd: bool = ...,
opener: Callable[[str, int], int] | None = ...,
) -> Iterator[builtins.bytes]: ...
@overload
def chunks(
self,
size: int,
mode: str,
buffering: int = ...,
encoding: str | None = ...,
errors: str | None = ...,
newline: str | None = ...,
closefd: bool = ...,
opener: Callable[[str, int], int] | None = ...,
) -> Iterator[str | builtins.bytes]: ...
def chunks(self, size, *args, **kwargs):
"""Returns a generator yielding chunks of the file, so it can
be read piece by piece with a simple for loop.
Any argument you pass after `size` will be passed to :meth:`open`.
:example:
>>> hash = hashlib.md5()
>>> for chunk in Path("NEWS.rst").chunks(8192, mode='rb'):
... hash.update(chunk)
This will read the file by chunks of 8192 bytes.
"""
with self.open(*args, **kwargs) as f:
yield from iter(lambda: f.read(size) or None, None)
def write_bytes(self, bytes, append=False):
"""Open this file and write the given bytes to it.
Default behavior is to overwrite any existing file.
Call ``p.write_bytes(bytes, append=True)`` to append instead.
"""
with self.open('ab' if append else 'wb') as f:
f.write(bytes)
def read_text(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
r"""Open this file, read it in, return the content as a string.
Optional parameters are passed to :meth:`open`.
.. seealso:: :meth:`lines`
"""
with self.open(encoding=encoding, errors=errors) as f:
return f.read()
def read_bytes(self):
r"""Return the contents of this file as bytes."""
with self.open(mode='rb') as f:
return f.read()
def text(self, encoding=None, errors='strict'):
r"""Legacy function to read text.
Converts all newline sequences to ``\n``.
"""
warnings.warn(
".text is deprecated; use read_text",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return U_NEWLINE.sub('\n', self.read_text(encoding, errors))
@overload
def write_text(
self,
text: str,
encoding: str | None = ...,
errors: str = ...,
linesep: str | None = ...,
append: bool = ...,
) -> None: ...
@overload
def write_text(
self,
text: builtins.bytes,
encoding: None = ...,
errors: str = ...,
linesep: str | None = ...,
append: bool = ...,
) -> None: ...
def write_text(
self, text, encoding=None, errors='strict', linesep=os.linesep, append=False
):
r"""Write the given text to this file.
The default behavior is to overwrite any existing file;
to append instead, use the `append=True` keyword argument.
There are two differences between :meth:`write_text` and
:meth:`write_bytes`: newline handling and Unicode handling.
See below.
Parameters:
`text` - str/bytes - The text to be written.
`encoding` - str - The text encoding used.
`errors` - str - How to handle Unicode encoding errors.
Default is ``'strict'``. See ``help(unicode.encode)`` for the
options. Ignored if `text` isn't a Unicode string.
`linesep` - keyword argument - str/unicode - The sequence of
characters to be used to mark end-of-line. The default is
:data:`os.linesep`. Specify ``None`` to
use newlines unmodified.
`append` - keyword argument - bool - Specifies what to do if
the file already exists (``True``: append to the end of it;
``False``: overwrite it). The default is ``False``.
--- Newline handling.
``write_text()`` converts all standard end-of-line sequences
(``'\n'``, ``'\r'``, and ``'\r\n'``) to your platform's default
end-of-line sequence (see :data:`os.linesep`; on Windows, for example,
the end-of-line marker is ``'\r\n'``).
To override the platform's default, pass the `linesep=`
keyword argument. To preserve the newlines as-is, pass
``linesep=None``.
This handling applies to Unicode text and bytes, except
with Unicode, additional non-ASCII newlines are recognized:
``\x85``, ``\r\x85``, and ``\u2028``.
--- Unicode
If `text` isn't Unicode, then apart from newline handling, the
bytes are written verbatim to the file. The `encoding` and
`errors` arguments are not used and must be omitted.
If `text` is Unicode, it is first converted to :func:`bytes` using the
specified `encoding` (or the default encoding if `encoding`
isn't specified). The `errors` argument applies only to this
conversion.
"""
if isinstance(text, str):
if linesep is not None:
text = U_NEWLINE.sub(linesep, text)
bytes = text.encode(encoding or sys.getdefaultencoding(), errors)
else:
warnings.warn(
"Writing bytes in write_text is deprecated",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=1,
)
assert encoding is None
if linesep is not None:
text = B_NEWLINE.sub(linesep.encode(), text)
bytes = text
self.write_bytes(bytes, append=append)
def lines(self, encoding=None, errors=None, retain=True):
r"""Open this file, read all lines, return them in a list.
Optional arguments:
`encoding` - The Unicode encoding (or character set) of
the file. The default is ``None``, meaning use
``locale.getpreferredencoding()``.
`errors` - How to handle Unicode errors; see
`open <https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#open>`_
for the options. Default is ``None`` meaning "strict".
`retain` - If ``True`` (default), retain newline characters,
but translate all newline
characters to ``\n``. If ``False``, newline characters are
omitted.
.. seealso:: :meth:`text`
"""
text = U_NEWLINE.sub('\n', self.read_text(encoding, errors))
return text.splitlines(retain)