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Fri 02 October 2015
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<a href="https://jrsmith3.github.io/analyzing-sugar-content-of-my-favorite-fast-food-places.html" rel="bookmark"><h1>Analyzing sugar content of my favorite fast-food places</h1></a>
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<h2 id="Background">Background<a class="anchor-link" href="#Background">¶</a></h2><p>I recently read <a href="https://www.fastcompany.com/3050319/lessons-learned/how-giving-up-refined-sugar-changed-my-brain">Michael Grothaus's article</a> on his positive experiences with giving up refined sugar. Reading this article convinced me that abstaining from sugar was a good idea, and my doctor was enthusiastic about the idea.</p>
<p>In the pursuit of minimizing my refined/added sugar consumption, I have two additional considerations. First, I don't cook and I have no interest in learning. Second, I'm not concerned about minimizing calories because I'm about 6'2", around 200 lbs, and my favorite way to exercise is lifting weights (bro). I think I need around 3000 calories per day to maintain my regimen, but I've never rigorously calculated it. I usually just eat until I feel full.</p>
<p>As anyone who has tried to quit refined sugar knows, it is hard to find food that does not contain it -- especially at restaurants. Scouring the internet, I've found endless articles and blog posts about how to cook food without sugar. To belabor the point, I'm happy for these people but I don't care to learn how to cook. Changing a single lifestyle habit such as consuming no refined/added sugar is difficult enough on its own. Changing two (eliminating sugar and cooking instead of going out) is a (wait for it) *<em>recipe</em>* for failure.</p>
<p>Instead of manually looking over menus and nutrition data for the places I patronize, I decided to build some tools to help with the following analysis.</p>
<p>I should make the disclaimer that I am absolutely <strong>not</strong> a dietician nor a physician and so you should take the following analysis with a grain of salt (heh). The responsible thing to do is to talk to your doctor if you have concerns about how your diet might be affecting your health.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Frequently-Asked-Questions-About-Sugar_UCM_306725_Article.jsp">The American Heart Association recommends</a> that women consume no more than 100 calories per day of added sugars and men consume no more than 150 calories per day of added sugars. These values work out to about 20g for women and 30g for men, assuming (lets call it) a specific energy of <a href="http://www.nutritionix.com/i/usda/sugars-granulated-1-serving-1-cube/463d6237e531d7b3a164a862">5cal/g</a> for sugar.</p>
<p>Its also very important to note that the American Heart Association makes a distinction between naturally occuring sugars and added sugar:</p>
<blockquote><p><strong>Are all sugars bad?</strong></p>
<p>No, but added sugars add calories and zero nutrients to food. Adding a limited amount of sugars to foods that provide important nutrients—such as whole-grain cereal, flavored milk or yogurt—to improve their taste, especially for children, is a better use of added sugars than nutrient-poor, highly sweetened foods.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>My conclusion from this statement: you could do worse than to eat 1000 calories of fresh blueberries.</p>
<p>Unfortunately, if you are someone who wants to limit their added/refined sugar consumption, there is no US Federal regulation requiring manufacturers to include information about the amount of added vs. naturally occuring sugar in a food product. From what I've read, one can get an idea of the source of sugar in a food product by reading the list of ingredients; if the word "sugar" appears in the list, chances are that sugar is refined. For example, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Dannon-Natural-Quart-Plain-Yogurt/dp/B00RASDV2E/">a giant 32oz container of Dannon plain yogurt</a> contains 12g of sugar per serving, which seems like a lot in light of the American Heart Association recommendations above. However, reading the ingredients list shows this yogurt is made only from milk and yogurt cultures. Thus, this food product contains no added sugar (nevertheless, you probably shouldn't eat the whole 32oz in one sitting).</p>
<h2 id="Analysis">Analysis<a class="anchor-link" href="#Analysis">¶</a></h2><p>The six restaurants I frequently patronize fall into two main categories: burger places and "Mexican". There are a mix of the more legacy fast-food places like McDonald's, Wendy's, (and to perhaps a lesser extent) Taco Bell. The rest, Five Guys, Chipotle, and Qdoba, are upstart fast casual.</p>
<p>I first wanted to get a sense of the sugar in each restaurant's menu. I downloaded the nutrition information of each restaurant's entire menu using the <a href="http://www.nutritionix.com/api">Nutritionix API</a> and attempted to plot a histogram, but I soon found that each restaurant's menu didn't yield an apples-to-apples comparison. Some restaurants included beverages, condiments, etc. while others did not. Therefore, I categorized the menu items of each restaurant by adding category data to each database element. The categories I used were beverage, dessert, condiment, side, and entree. Note that I did not categorize menu items according to meal, i.e. breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Once the items were categorized, I was able to plot histograms of the entree menu items for each restaurant; those histograms are given below.</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c1"># Initialize environment</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="k">matplotlib</span> inline
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlite3</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">minimum_sugar</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
<span class="n">database_filename</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"menu_data.sqlite3"</span>
<span class="c1"># I want the names in the following order</span>
<span class="n">restaurant_names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"Wendy's"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">"McDonald's"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">"Five Guys"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">"Qdoba"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">"Taco Bell"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">"Chipotle"</span><span class="p">,]</span>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">sqlite3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">database_filename</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># Determine max sugar to properly scale plots</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT MAX(nf_sugars) FROM menu_data WHERE menu_category = 'entree'"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">sugar_max</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fetchall</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">sugar_max</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sugar_max</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="c1"># Plot results</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">restaurant_name</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">restaurant_names</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT nf_sugars FROM menu_data WHERE menu_category = 'entree' AND brand_name = ?"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">restaurant_name</span><span class="p">,))</span>
<span class="n">sugars</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fetchall</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">fig</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">minimum_sugar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">menu_histogram</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sugars</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x_max</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">sugar_max</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">param_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Sugar [g]"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">restaurant_name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<h3 id="Maximum-sugar">Maximum sugar<a class="anchor-link" href="#Maximum-sugar">¶</a></h3><p>Perhaps not surprisingly, the individual menu items featuring the maximum amount of sugar are offered by Wendy's and McDonald's. Wendy's is the winner in this category with a healthy sounding menu item: "<a href="http://www.nutritionix.com/i/wendys/apple-pecan-chicken-salad-full-size/521b95ca4a56d006d578b6f7">Apple Pecan Chicken Salad, Full Size</a>" containing 40g of sugar. I wanted to give Wendy's the benefit of the doubt and believe that the sugar comes from the fruit. Unfortunately, Wendy's website features so much unnecessary HTML bling that I wasn't able to find the ingrediants for this menu item within a single click. This poor website design choice soured my positive feelings about Wendy's and now I assume they are trying to obfuscate their nutrition information because they have something to hide.</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">minimum_sugar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">print_max_sugar_menu_item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">database_filename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"Wendy's"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>Max sugar: 40
Item Name: Apple Pecan Chicken Salad, Full Size
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<p>The most sugar-rich menu items for McDonald's are the <a href="http://www.nutritionix.com/i/mcdonalds/big-breakfast-with-hotcakes-large-size-biscuit-/513fc9e73fe3ffd40300109d">Big Breakfast With Hotcakes (Large Size Biscuit)</a>, <a href="http://www.nutritionix.com/i/mcdonalds/big-breakfast-with-hotcakes-and-egg-whites-regular-biscuit-/521b95c74a56d006d578b11c">Big Breakfast With Hotcakes And Egg Whites (Regular Biscuit)</a>, and <a href="http://www.nutritionix.com/i/mcdonalds/big-breakfast-with-hotcakes-regular-size-biscuit-/513fc9e73fe3ffd40300109e">Big Breakfast With Hotcakes (Regular Size Biscuit)</a> with 17g each. Note that Wendy's has nine entree menu items with sugar greater than McDonald's Big Breakfast, listed below.</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">mcd_txt</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"Maximum sugar situation at McDonald's:"</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">mcd_txt</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mcd_txt</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="s2">"="</span>
<span class="n">minimum_sugar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">print_max_sugar_menu_item</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">database_filename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"McDonald's"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>Maximum sugar situation at McDonald's:
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