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Ruby |
/ruby/ |
Ruby is a dynamic, interpreted, object-oriented language. Everything is an object and all of those objects can be overwritten.
"doom %s %d %f" % ["ipsum", 13, 3.7]# here-doc is used when you want a multi-line string
multiline_string = <<EOM
This is a very long string
that contains interpolation
like #{600 + 66} \n\n
EOM
puts multiline_string"doom".upcase
"DOOM".downcase
"doom".capitalize"value: " + 66.to_s%w(fall from grace).join('-') //fall-from-grace
[1, 2, 3].join('-')# ["do", "re", "", "mi"]:
"do re mi ".split(/ /)
# ["do", "re", "mi"]:
"do re mi ".split# ["", " re mi fa"]
"do re mi fa".split(/\s+/, 2)'foobar'.start_with?('foo')
'foobar'.end_with?('bar')q, r = 19.divmod(5)
# Outputs [3, 4]2**8 #Outputs 256t = Time.now # 2015-05-20 01:00:44 +0800
utc = Time.now.utc # 2015-05-19 17:01:46 UTCepoch = Time.now.to_ia = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
a.rotate! #=> ["b", "c", "d", "a"]
a #=> ["b", "c", "d", "a"]
a.rotate!(2) #=> ["d", "a", "b", "c"]
a.rotate!(-3) #=> ["a", "b", "c", "d"]d = {'t' => 1, 'f' => 0}
# keys are symbols:
symbol_to_int = {t: 1, f: 0}# if-else
length = 30
if (length >= 5) && (length <= 10)
puts "Length is too short"
elsif (length >= 11) && (length <= 20)
puts "Length is average"
else
puts "Length is just right"
end
# unless can be used as comparison operator
unless length > 10
puts "too short"
else
puts "just right"
end
# add conditions before output
puts "Length is too short" if length < 10
# case
case my_var
when 1..5
puts "Number is between 1 and 5"
when 6
puts "Number is 6"
when String
puts "myVar is a String"
else
puts "This is the default message"
endmyNumber = 666
puts (myNumber < 666) ? "Not evil enough:(" : "Hellyeah"i = 1
# Loop until break
loop do
i += 1
next unless (x % 3) == 0
puts i
break if i >= 15
end
# while loop
j = 1
while j <= 10
j += 1
next unless (j % 3) == 0
puts j
break if j >= 15
end
k = 1
begin
k += 1
next unless (k % 3) == 0
puts k
break if k >= 15
end while k <= 15
# until loop
m = 1
until m >= 10
m += 1
next unless (m % 3) == 0
puts m
end
# for loop
integers = [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
for integer in integers
puts "#{number}"
end
# cycles through every item in songs temporarily storing them in song
songs = ["Stone the Crow", "Mourn", "Conjure", "Dog Tired"]
songs.each do |song|
puts "Listening to #{song}"
end
# cycles through 0 to 666
(0..666).each do |x|
puts "# #{x}"
end# 'return' keyword is optional when returning values
# functions and all statement blocks implicitly return value of last statement
def product(x, y)
x * y
end
product 8, 9 # => 72, parentheses is optional; arguments separated by comma
# Yield
# All ruby functions have an implicit, optional block parameter
# which can be called with the 'yield' keyword
def wrap
puts 'start of method'
yield
puts 'end of method'
end
wrap { puts 'incoming code block' }
# This will output:
# => start of method
# => incoming code block
# => end of method
# You can pass a block to a function
# "&" marks a reference to a passed block
def some_function(&block)
block.call 'some_argument'
end
# You can also pass a list of arguments, which will be converted into an array
# We use the splat operator - ("*")
def users(*array)
array.each { |user| puts user }
end
users "lucy", "cthulhu", "damien"
# => ["lucy", "cthulhu", "damien"]Catch exceptions with 'begin' and 'rescue'
print "Enter an integer :"
first_number = gets.to_i
print "Enter another : "
second_number = gets.to_i
begin
answer = first_number / second_number
rescue # or use ZeroDivisionError
puts "Can't divide by zero"
exit
end
puts "#{first_number} / #{second_number} = #{answer}"
# You can throw your own excetions using 'raise'
def check_depth(depth)
raise ArgumentError, "Enter a Positive Integer: " unless depth > 100
end
# catch error with 'rescue'
begin
check_depth(99)
rescue ArgumentError
puts "Depth is too low, enter a number > 100"
end# Define a class with 'class' keyword
class Song
# A class variable, shared by all instances of this class
@@genre = "Metal"
# Basic initializer
def initialize(title, artist, album = "")
# Assign the argument to the "title" instance variable for the instance
@title = title
@artist = artist
# If no album given, we will fall back to the default value in the arguments list.
@album = album
end
# Basic setter method
def title=(title)
@title = title
end
# Basic getter method
def title
@title
end
# The above functionality can be encapsulated using the attr_accessor method as follows
attr_accessor :title
# Getter/setter methods can also be created individually like this
attr_reader :title
attr_writer :title
# A class method uses 'self' to distinguish from instance methods.
# It can only be called on the class, not in the instance.
def self.display(msg)
puts msg
end
def genre
@@genre
end
end
class InstrumentalSong < Song
def initialize(title, artist, album, lyrics)
super(title, artist, album)
@lyrics = lyrics
end
end
# Instantiate a class
song1 = Song.new('Hand of Doom', 'Black Sabbath')
song2 = Song.new('Raining Blood', 'Slayer')
# Let's call a couple of methods
puts song1.genre # => "Metal"
puts song1.title # => "Hand of Doom"
puts song1.title = "Butchered at Birth" # => "Butchered at Birth"
puts song1.title #=> "Butchered at Birth"
puts song2.genre # => "Metal"
puts song2.title # => "The Bleeding"
# Call the class method
Song.display('Test message from class') #=> "Test message from class"
# Variable's scopes are defined by the way we name them.
# Variables that start with $ have global scope
$var = "I'm a global var"
defined? $var #=> "global-variable"
# Variables that start with @ have instance scope
@var = "I'm an instance var"
defined? @var #=> "instance-variable"
# Variables that start with @@ have class scope
@@var = "I'm a class var"
defined? @@var #=> "class variable"
# Variables that start with a capital letter are constants
Var = "I'm a constant"
defined? Var #=> "constant"