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+# KEP-1698: generic ephemeral inline volumes
+
+<!-- toc -->
+- [Release Signoff Checklist](#release-signoff-checklist)
+- [Summary](#summary)
+- [Motivation](#motivation)
+  - [Goals](#goals)
+  - [Non-Goals](#non-goals)
+- [Proposal](#proposal)
+  - [User Stories](#user-stories)
+    - [Persistent Memory as DRAM replacement for memcached](#persistent-memory-as-dram-replacement-for-memcached)
+    - [Local LVM storage as scratch space](#local-lvm-storage-as-scratch-space)
+    - [Read-only access to volumes with data](#read-only-access-to-volumes-with-data)
+  - [Risks and Mitigations](#risks-and-mitigations)
+- [Example](#example)
+- [Design Details](#design-details)
+  - [PVC meta data](#pvc-meta-data)
+  - [Preventing accidental collision with existing PVCs](#preventing-accidental-collision-with-existing-pvcs)
+  - [Pod events](#pod-events)
+  - [Feature gate](#feature-gate)
+  - [Modifying volumes](#modifying-volumes)
+  - [Late binding](#late-binding)
+  - [Test Plan](#test-plan)
+  - [Graduation Criteria](#graduation-criteria)
+    - [Alpha -&gt; Beta Graduation](#alpha---beta-graduation)
+    - [Beta -&gt; GA Graduation](#beta---ga-graduation)
+  - [Upgrade / Downgrade Strategy](#upgrade--downgrade-strategy)
+  - [Version Skew Strategy](#version-skew-strategy)
+- [Production Readiness Review Questionnaire](#production-readiness-review-questionnaire)
+  - [Feature enablement and rollback](#feature-enablement-and-rollback)
+  - [Rollout, Upgrade and Rollback Planning](#rollout-upgrade-and-rollback-planning)
+  - [Monitoring requirements](#monitoring-requirements)
+  - [Dependencies](#dependencies)
+  - [Scalability](#scalability)
+  - [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting)
+- [Implementation History](#implementation-history)
+- [Alternatives](#alternatives)
+<!-- /toc -->
+
+## Release Signoff Checklist
+
+<!--
+**ACTION REQUIRED:** In order to merge code into a release, there must be an
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+[kubernetes/website]: https://git.k8s.io/website
+
+## Summary
+
+This KEP proposes an alternative mechanism for specifying volumes
+inside a pod spec. Those ephemeral volumes then get converted to normal
+volume claim objects for provisioning, so storage drivers do not need
+to be modified.
+
+The lifecycle of those volumes is ephemeral: they will get created
+when the pod is created (for immediate [volume
+binding](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/storage-classes/#volume-binding-mode))
+or when the pod starts (for `WaitForFirstConsumer` volume binding),
+and deleted once the pod terminates.
+
+Because volume creation and deletion is expected to be slower than
+with [CSI ephemeral inline
+volumes](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/596), both
+approaches will need to be supported.
+
+
+## Motivation
+
+The current CSI ephemeral inline volume feature has demonstrated that
+ephemeral inline volumes are a useful concept, for example to provide
+additional scratch space for a pod. Several CSI drivers support it
+now, most of them in addition to normal volumes (see
+https://kubernetes-csi.github.io/docs/drivers.html).
+
+However, the original design was intentionally focused on
+light-weight, local volumes. It is not a good fit for volumes provided
+by a more traditional storage system because:
+- The normal API for selecting volume parameters (like size and
+  storage class) is not supported.
+- Integration into storage capacity aware pod scheduling is
+  challenging and would depend on extending the CSI ephemeral inline
+  volume API.
+- CSI drivers need to be adapted and have to take over some of the
+  work normally done by Kubernetes, like tracking of orphaned volumes.
+
+
+### Goals
+
+- Volumes can be specified inside the pod spec ("inline").
+- Volumes are created for specific pods and deleted after the pod
+  terminates ("ephemeral").
+- A normal, unmodified storage driver can be selected via a storage class.
+- The volume will be created using the normal storage provisioning
+  mechanism, without having to modify the driver or its deployment.
+- Storage capacity tracking can be enabled also for such volumes.
+- Eventual API alignment with CSI ephemeral inline volumes, as well as
+  current ephemeral in-tree volumes (EmptyDir, etc.), to ensure
+  consistency across ephemeral volume APIs and minimize user
+  confusion.
+
+### Non-Goals
+
+- This will not replace CSI ephemeral inline volumes because the
+  goals for those (light-weight local volumes) are not a good fit
+  for the approach proposed here.
+- These inline volumes will always be ephemeral. If making them persistent
+  was allowed, some additional controller would be needed to manage them
+  after pod termination, in which case it will probably be simpler to
+  also create them separately.
+
+## Proposal
+
+A new volume source will be introduced:
+
+```
+type EphemeralVolumeSource struct {
+    // Will be created as a stand-alone PVC to provision the volume.
+    // Required, must not be nil.
+    VolumeClaimTemplate *PersistentVolumeClaimTemplate
+    ReadOnly             bool
+}
+```
+
+This mimics a
+[`PersistentVolumeClaimVolumeSource`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/api/core/v1?tab=doc#PersistentVolumeClaimVolumeSource),
+except that it contains a `PersistentVolumeClaimTemplate` instead of
+referencing a `PersistentVolumeClaim` by name. The content of this
+`PersistentVolumeClaimTemplate` is identical to
+`PersistentVolumeClaim` and just uses a different name to clarify the
+intend, which is to serve as template for creating a volume claim
+object. Embedding a full object is similar to the StatefulSet API and
+allows storing labels and annotations. The name follows the example
+set by [`PodTemplate`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/api/core/v1?tab=doc#PodTemplate).
+
+`VolumeClaimTemplate` is defined as a pointer because in the future there
+might be alternative ways to specify how the ephemeral
+volume gets provisioned, in which case `nil` will become a valid value.
+
+It gets embedded in the existing [`VolumeSource`
+struct](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/api/core/v1?tab=doc#VolumeSource)
+struct as another alternative to the other ways of providing the
+volume, like
+[`CSIVolumeSource`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/api/core/v1?tab=doc#CSIVolumeSource)
+and
+[`PersistentVolumeClaimVolumeSource`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/api/core/v1?tab=doc#PersistentVolumeClaimVolumeSource).
+
+```
+type VolumeSource struct {
+   ...
+   CSI                   *CSIVolumeSource
+   PersistentVolumeClaim *PersistentVolumeClaimVolumeSource
+   ...
+   Ephemeral             *EphemeralVolumeSource
+   ...
+}
+```
+
+A new controller in `kube-controller-manager` is responsible for
+creating new PVCs for each such ephemeral inline volume. It does that:
+- with a deterministic name that is a concatenation of pod name and
+  the `Volume.Name` of the volume,
+- in the namespace of the pod,
+- with the pod as owner.
+
+Kubernetes already prevents adding, removing or updating volumes in a
+pod and the ownership relationship ensures that volumes get deleted
+when the pod gets deleted, so the new controller only needs to take
+care of creating missing PVCs.
+
+When the [volume scheduling
+library](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/tree/v1.18.0/pkg/controller/volume/scheduling)
+inside the kube-scheduler or kubelet encounter such a volume inside a
+pod, they determine the name of the PVC and proceed as they currently
+do for a `PersistentVolumeClaimVolumeSource`.
+
+### User Stories
+
+#### Persistent Memory as DRAM replacement for memcached
+
+Recent releases of memcached added [support for using Persistent
+Memory](https://memcached.org/blog/persistent-memory/) (PMEM) instead
+of normal DRAM. When deploying memcached through one of the app
+controllers, `EphemeralVolumeSource` makes it possible to request a volume
+of a certain size from a CSI driver like
+[PMEM-CSI](https://github.com/intel/pmem-csi).
+
+#### Local LVM storage as scratch space
+
+Applications working with data sets that exceed the RAM size can
+request local storage with performance characteristics or size that is
+not met by the normal Kubernetes `EmptyDir` volumes. For example,
+[TopoLVM](https://github.com/cybozu-go/topolvm) was written for that
+purpose.
+
+#### Read-only access to volumes with data
+
+Provisioning a volume might result in a non-empty volume:
+- [restore a snapshot](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/persistent-volumes/#volume-snapshot-and-restore-volume-from-snapshot-support)
+- [cloning a volume](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volume-pvc-datasource)
+- [generic data populators](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/blob/master/keps/sig-storage/20200120-generic-data-populators.md)
+
+For those, it might make sense to mount the volume read-only inside
+the pod to prevent accidental modification of the data. For example,
+the goal might be to just retrieve the data and/or copy it elsewhere.
+
+### Risks and Mitigations
+
+Enabling this feature allows users to create PVCs indirectly if they can
+create pods, even if they do not have permission to create them
+directly. Cluster administrators must be made aware of this. If this
+does not fit their security model, they can disable the feature
+through the feature gate that will be added for the feature.
+
+In addition, with a new
+[`FSType`](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/1fb0dd4ec5134014e466509163152112626d52c3/pkg/apis/policy/types.go#L278-L309)
+it will be possible to limit the usage of this volume source via the
+[PodSecurityPolicy
+(PSP)](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/#volumes-and-file-systems).
+
+The normal namespace quota for PVCs in a namespace still applies, so
+even if users are allowed to use this new mechanism, they cannot use
+it to circumvent other policies.
+
+## Example
+
+Here is a full example for a higher-level object that uses a generic ephemeral
+inline volume:
+
+```
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: DaemonSet
+metadata:
+  name: fluentd-elasticsearch
+  namespace: kube-system
+spec:
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      name: fluentd-elasticsearch
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        name: fluentd-elasticsearch
+    spec:
+      containers:
+      - name: fluentd-elasticsearch
+        image: quay.io/fluentd_elasticsearch/fluentd:v2.5.2
+        volumeMounts:
+        - name: varlog
+          mountPath: /var/log
+        - name: scratch
+          mountPath: /scratch
+      volumes:
+      - name: varlog
+        hostPath:
+          path: /var/log
+      - name: scratch
+        ephemeral:
+          metadata:
+            labels:
+              type: fluentd-elasticsearch-volume
+          spec:
+            accessModes: [ "ReadWriteOnce" ]
+            storageClassName: "scratch-storage-class"
+            resources:
+              requests:
+                storage: 1Gi
+```
+
+The DaemonSet controller will create pods with names like
+`fluentd-elasticsearch-b96sd` and the new controller will then add a
+PVC called `fluentd-elasticsearch-b96sd-scratch` for that pod.
+
+## Design Details
+
+### PVC meta data
+
+The namespace is the same as for the pod and the name is the
+concatenation of pod name and the `Volume.Name`. This is guaranteed to
+be unique for the pod and each volume in that pod. Care must be taken
+by the user to not exceed the length limit for object names, otherwise
+volumes cannot be created.
+
+Other meta data is copied from the `VolumeClaimTemplate.ObjectMeta`.
+
+### Preventing accidental collision with existing PVCs
+
+The new controller will only create missing PVCs. It neither needs to
+delete (handled by garbage collection) nor update (`PodSpec.Volumes`
+is immutable) existing PVCs. Therefore there is no risk that the
+new controller will accidentally modify unrelated PVCs.
+
+The volume scheduling library and kubelet must verify that the PVC has
+an owner reference to the pod before using it. Otherwise they must ignored it. This
+ensures that a volume is not used accidentally for a pod in case of a
+name conflict.
+
+### Pod events
+
+Errors that occur while creating the PVC will be reported as events
+for the pod and thus be visible to the user. This includes quota
+violations and name collisions.
+
+### Feature gate
+
+The `GenericEphemeralVolumes` feature gate controls whether:
+- the new controller is active in the `kube-controller-manager`,
+- new pods can be created with a `EphemeralVolumeSource`,
+- anything that specifically acts upon an `EphemeralVolumeSource` (scheduler,
+  kubelet, etc.) instead of merely copying it (statefulset controller)
+  accepts the new volume source.
+
+Existing pods with such a volume will not be started when the feature
+gate is off.
+
+### Modifying volumes
+
+Once the PVC for an ephemeral volume has been created, it can be updated
+directly like other PVCs. The new controller will not interfere with that
+because it never updates PVCs. This can be used to control features
+like volume resizing.
+
+### Late binding
+
+Ideally, provisioning should use late binding (aka
+`WaitForFirstConsumer`). The initial implementation assumes that the
+user is taking care of that by selecting that provisioning mode in the
+storage class for the PVC.
+
+Later, `kube-scheduler` and `external-provisioner` can be changed to
+automatically enable late binding for PVCs which are owned by a pod.
+
+### Test Plan
+
+- Unit tests will be added for the API change.
+- Unit tests will cover the functionality of the controller, similar
+  to
+  https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/v1.18.2/pkg/controller/volume/persistentvolume/pv_controller_test.go.
+- Unit tests need to cover the positive case (feature enabled) as
+  well as negative case (feature disabled or feature used incorrectly).
+- A new [storage test
+  suite](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/2b2cf8df303affd916bbeda8c2184b023f6ee53c/test/e2e/storage/testsuites/base.go#L84-L94)
+  will be added which tests ephemeral volume creation, usage and deletion
+  in combination with all drivers that support dynamic volume
+  provisioning.
+
+### Graduation Criteria
+
+#### Alpha -> Beta Graduation
+
+- Gather feedback from developers and surveys
+- Errors emitted as pod events
+- Decide whether `CSIVolumeSource` (in beta at the moment) should be
+  merged with `EphemeralVolumeSource`
+- Decide whether in-tree ephemeral volume sources, like EmptyDir (GA
+  already), should also be added EphemeralVolumeSource for sake of API
+  consistency
+- Tests are in Testgrid and linked in KEP
+
+#### Beta -> GA Graduation
+
+- 3 examples of real world usage
+- Downgrade tests and scalability tests
+- Allowing time for feedback
+
+### Upgrade / Downgrade Strategy
+
+When downgrading to a cluster which does not support generic ephemeral inline
+volumes (either by disabling the feature flag or an actual version
+downgrade), pods using such volumes will no longer be started.
+
+### Version Skew Strategy
+
+As with downgrades, having some of the relevant components at an older
+version will prevent pods from starting.
+
+## Production Readiness Review Questionnaire
+
+### Feature enablement and rollback
+
+* **How can this feature be enabled / disabled in a live cluster?**
+  - [X] Feature gate
+    - Feature gate name: GenericEphemeralVolumes
+    - Components depending on the feature gate:
+      - kube-apiserver
+      - kube-controller-manager
+      - kubelet
+
+* **Does enabling the feature change any default behavior?**
+  If users are allowed to create pods but not PVCs, then generic ephemeral inline volumes
+  grants them permission to create PVCs indirectly. Cluster admins must take
+  that into account in their permission model.
+
+* **Can the feature be disabled once it has been enabled (i.e. can we rollback
+  the enablement)?**
+  Yes, by disabling the feature gates. Existing pods with generic ephemeral inline
+  volumes that haven't started yet will not be able to start up anymore, because
+  kubelet does not know what to do with the volume. It also will not know how
+  to unmount such volumes which would cause pods to get stuck, so nodes
+  should be drained before removing the feature gate in kubelet.
+
+* **What happens if we reenable the feature if it was previously rolled back?**
+  Pods that got stuck will work again.
+
+* **Are there any tests for feature enablement/disablement?**
+  Yes, unit tests for the apiserver and kubelet.
+
+### Rollout, Upgrade and Rollback Planning
+
+Will be added before the transition to beta.
+
+* **How can a rollout fail? Can it impact already running workloads?**
+
+* **What specific metrics should inform a rollback?**
+
+* **Were upgrade and rollback tested? Was upgrade->downgrade->upgrade path tested?**
+
+* **Is the rollout accompanied by any deprecations and/or removals of features,
+  APIs, fields of API types, flags, etc.?**
+
+### Monitoring requirements
+
+Will be added before the transition to beta.
+
+* **How can an operator determine if the feature is in use by workloads?**
+
+* **What are the SLIs (Service Level Indicators) an operator can use to
+  determine the health of the service?**
+
+* **What are the reasonable SLOs (Service Level Objectives) for the above SLIs?**
+
+* **Are there any missing metrics that would be useful to have to improve
+  observability if this feature?**
+
+### Dependencies
+
+Will be added before the transition to beta.
+
+* **Does this feature depend on any specific services running in the cluster?**
+
+### Scalability
+
+Will be added before the transition to beta.
+
+* **Will enabling / using this feature result in any new API calls?**
+
+* **Will enabling / using this feature result in introducing new API types?**
+
+* **Will enabling / using this feature result in any new calls to cloud
+  provider?**
+
+* **Will enabling / using this feature result in increasing size or count
+  of the existing API objects?**
+
+* **Will enabling / using this feature result in increasing time taken by any
+  operations covered by [existing SLIs/SLOs][]?**
+
+* **Will enabling / using this feature result in non-negligible increase of
+  resource usage (CPU, RAM, disk, IO, ...) in any components?**
+
+### Troubleshooting
+
+Will be added before the transition to beta.
+
+* **How does this feature react if the API server and/or etcd is unavailable?**
+
+* **What are other known failure modes?**
+
+* **What steps should be taken if SLOs are not being met to determine the problem?**
+
+[supported limits]: https://git.k8s.io/community//sig-scalability/configs-and-limits/thresholds.md
+[existing SLIs/SLOs]: https://git.k8s.io/community/sig-scalability/slos/slos.md#kubernetes-slisslos
+
+## Implementation History
+
+- Kubernetes 1.19: alpha (tentative)
+
+## Alternatives
+
+The alternative to creating the PVC is to modify components that
+currently interact with a PVC such that they can work with stand-alone
+PVC objects (like they do now) and with the embedded PVCs inside
+pods. The downside is that this then no longer works with unmodified
+CSI deployments because extensions in the CSI external-provisioner
+will be needed.
+
+Some of the current usages of PVC will become a bit unusual (status
+update inside pod spec) or tricky (references from PV to PVC).
+
+The advantage is that no automatically created PVCs are
+needed. However, other controllers also create user-visible objects
+(statefulset -> pod and PVC, deployment -> replicaset -> pod), so this
+concept is familiar to users.
diff --git a/keps/sig-storage/1698-generic-ephemeral-volumes/kep.yaml b/keps/sig-storage/1698-generic-ephemeral-volumes/kep.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bb1b683106f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/keps/sig-storage/1698-generic-ephemeral-volumes/kep.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+title: generic ephemeral inline volumes
+kep-number: 1698
+authors:
+  - "@pohly"
+owning-sig: sig-storage
+participating-sigs:
+  - sig-storage
+status: implementable
+creation-date: 2020-04-17
+reviewers:
+  - "@jsafrane"
+approvers:
+  - "@saad-ali"
+stage: alpha
+latest-milestone: "v1.19"
+milestone:
+  alpha: "v1.19"
+  beta: ""
+  stable: ""
+feature-gate:
+  name: GenericEphemeralVolumes
+  components:
+    - kube-apiserver
+    - kube-controller-manager
+    - kubelet
+disable-supported: true
+
+# The following PRR answers are required at beta release
+#metrics:
+#  - my_feature_metric