diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
index 5c29867cc89c..f54ea16d3834 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -361,27 +361,11 @@ jobs:
             (wget -O - "https://github.com/matrix-org/complement/archive/$BRANCH_NAME.tar.gz" | tar -xz --strip-components=1 -C complement) && break
           done
 
-      # Build initial Synapse image
-      - run: docker build -t matrixdotorg/synapse:latest -f docker/Dockerfile .
-        working-directory: synapse
-        env:
-          DOCKER_BUILDKIT: 1
-
-      # Build a ready-to-run Synapse image based on the initial image above.
-      # This new image includes a config file, keys for signing and TLS, and
-      # other settings to make it suitable for testing under Complement.
-      - run: docker build -t complement-synapse -f Synapse.Dockerfile .
-        working-directory: complement/dockerfiles
-
-      # Run Complement
       - run: |
           set -o pipefail
-          go test -v -json -tags synapse_blacklist,msc2716,msc3030 ./tests/... 2>&1 | gotestfmt
+          COMPLEMENT_DIR=`pwd`/complement synapse/scripts-dev/complement.sh -json 2>&1 | gotestfmt
         shell: bash
         name: Run Complement Tests
-        env:
-          COMPLEMENT_BASE_IMAGE: complement-synapse:latest
-        working-directory: complement
 
   # a job which marks all the other jobs as complete, thus allowing PRs to be merged.
   tests-done:
diff --git a/changelog.d/12404.misc b/changelog.d/12404.misc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..00100fdfeffe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/12404.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Add files used to build the Docker image used for complement testing into the Synapse repository.
diff --git a/docker/complement/Dockerfile b/docker/complement/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4823ce7364a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker/complement/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# A dockerfile which builds an image suitable for testing Synapse under
+# complement.
+
+ARG SYNAPSE_VERSION=latest
+
+FROM matrixdotorg/synapse:${SYNAPSE_VERSION}
+
+ENV SERVER_NAME=localhost
+
+COPY conf/* /conf/
+
+# generate a signing key
+RUN generate_signing_key -o /conf/server.signing.key
+
+WORKDIR /data
+
+EXPOSE 8008 8448
+
+ENTRYPOINT ["/conf/start.sh"]
+
+HEALTHCHECK --start-period=5s --interval=1s --timeout=1s \
+    CMD curl -fSs http://localhost:8008/health || exit 1
diff --git a/docker/complement/README.md b/docker/complement/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e075418e4a96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker/complement/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Stuff for building the docker image used for testing under complement.
diff --git a/docker/complement/SynapseWorkers.Dockerfile b/docker/complement/SynapseWorkers.Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..982219a91e7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker/complement/SynapseWorkers.Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+# This dockerfile builds on top of 'docker/Dockerfile-worker' in matrix-org/synapse
+# by including a built-in postgres instance, as well as setting up the homeserver so
+# that it is ready for testing via Complement.
+#
+# Instructions for building this image from those it depends on is detailed in this guide:
+# https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/develop/docker/README-testing.md#testing-with-postgresql-and-single-or-multi-process-synapse
+FROM matrixdotorg/synapse-workers
+
+# Download a caddy server to stand in front of nginx and terminate TLS using Complement's
+# custom CA.
+# We include this near the top of the file in order to cache the result.
+RUN curl -OL "https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/releases/download/v2.3.0/caddy_2.3.0_linux_amd64.tar.gz" && \
+  tar xzf caddy_2.3.0_linux_amd64.tar.gz && rm caddy_2.3.0_linux_amd64.tar.gz && mv caddy /root
+
+# Install postgresql
+RUN apt-get update
+RUN apt-get install -y postgresql
+
+# Configure a user and create a database for Synapse
+RUN pg_ctlcluster 13 main start &&  su postgres -c "echo \
+ \"ALTER USER postgres PASSWORD 'somesecret'; \
+ CREATE DATABASE synapse \
+  ENCODING 'UTF8' \
+  LC_COLLATE='C' \
+  LC_CTYPE='C' \
+  template=template0;\" | psql" && pg_ctlcluster 13 main stop
+
+# Modify the shared homeserver config with postgres support, certificate setup
+# and the disabling of rate-limiting
+COPY conf-workers/workers-shared.yaml /conf/workers/shared.yaml
+
+WORKDIR /data
+
+# Copy the caddy config
+COPY conf-workers/caddy.complement.json /root/caddy.json
+
+# Expose caddy's listener ports
+EXPOSE 8008 8448
+
+ENTRYPOINT \
+  # Replace the server name in the caddy config
+  sed -i "s/{{ server_name }}/${SERVER_NAME}/g" /root/caddy.json && \
+  # Start postgres
+  pg_ctlcluster 13 main start 2>&1 && \
+  # Start caddy
+  /root/caddy start --config /root/caddy.json 2>&1 && \
+  # Set the server name of the homeserver
+  SYNAPSE_SERVER_NAME=${SERVER_NAME} \
+  # No need to report stats here
+  SYNAPSE_REPORT_STATS=no \
+  # Set postgres authentication details which will be placed in the homeserver config file
+  POSTGRES_PASSWORD=somesecret POSTGRES_USER=postgres POSTGRES_HOST=localhost \
+  # Specify the workers to test with
+  SYNAPSE_WORKER_TYPES="\
+    event_persister, \
+    event_persister, \
+    background_worker, \
+    frontend_proxy, \
+    event_creator, \
+    user_dir, \
+    media_repository, \
+    federation_inbound, \
+    federation_reader, \
+    federation_sender, \
+    synchrotron, \
+    appservice, \
+    pusher" \
+  # Run the script that writes the necessary config files and starts supervisord, which in turn
+  # starts everything else
+  /configure_workers_and_start.py
+
+HEALTHCHECK --start-period=5s --interval=1s --timeout=1s \
+    CMD /bin/sh /healthcheck.sh
diff --git a/docker/complement/conf-workers/caddy.complement.json b/docker/complement/conf-workers/caddy.complement.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..09e2136af2e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker/complement/conf-workers/caddy.complement.json
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+{
+    "apps": {
+      "http": {
+        "servers": {
+          "srv0": {
+            "listen": [
+              ":8448"
+            ],
+            "routes": [
+              {
+                "match": [
+                  {
+                    "host": [
+                      "{{ server_name }}"
+                    ]
+                  }
+                ],
+                "handle": [
+                  {
+                    "handler": "subroute",
+                    "routes": [
+                      {
+                        "handle": [
+                          {
+                            "handler": "reverse_proxy",
+                            "upstreams": [
+                              {
+                                "dial": "localhost:8008"
+                              }
+                            ]
+                          }
+                        ]
+                      }
+                    ]
+                  }
+                ],
+                "terminal": true
+              }
+            ]
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "tls": {
+        "automation": {
+          "policies": [
+            {
+              "subjects": [
+                "{{ server_name }}"
+              ],
+              "issuers": [
+                {
+                  "module": "internal"
+                }
+              ],
+              "on_demand": true
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      "pki": {
+        "certificate_authorities": {
+          "local": {
+            "name": "Complement CA",
+            "root": {
+              "certificate": "/complement/ca/ca.crt",
+              "private_key": "/complement/ca/ca.key"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
diff --git a/docker/complement/conf-workers/workers-shared.yaml b/docker/complement/conf-workers/workers-shared.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cdadb736f6ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker/complement/conf-workers/workers-shared.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+## Server ##
+report_stats: False
+trusted_key_servers: []
+enable_registration: true
+enable_registration_without_verification: true
+bcrypt_rounds: 4
+
+## Federation ##
+
+# disable verification of federation certificates
+#
+# TODO: Figure out why this is still needed even though we are making use of the custom CA
+federation_verify_certificates: false
+
+# trust certs signed by Complement's CA
+federation_custom_ca_list:
+- /complement/ca/ca.crt
+
+# unblacklist RFC1918 addresses
+federation_ip_range_blacklist: []
+
+# Disable server rate-limiting
+rc_federation:
+  window_size: 1000
+  sleep_limit: 10
+  sleep_delay: 500
+  reject_limit: 99999
+  concurrent: 3
+
+rc_message:
+  per_second: 9999
+  burst_count: 9999
+
+rc_registration:
+  per_second: 9999
+  burst_count: 9999
+
+rc_login:
+  address:
+    per_second: 9999
+    burst_count: 9999
+  account:
+    per_second: 9999
+    burst_count: 9999
+  failed_attempts:
+    per_second: 9999
+    burst_count: 9999
+
+rc_admin_redaction:
+  per_second: 9999
+  burst_count: 9999
+
+rc_joins:
+  local:
+    per_second: 9999
+    burst_count: 9999
+  remote:
+    per_second: 9999
+    burst_count: 9999
+
+federation_rr_transactions_per_room_per_second: 9999
+
+## Experimental Features ##
+
+experimental_features:
+  # Enable history backfilling support
+  msc2716_enabled: true
+  # Enable spaces support
+  spaces_enabled: true
+  # Enable jump to date endpoint
+  msc3030_enabled: true
+
+server_notices:
+  system_mxid_localpart: _server
+  system_mxid_display_name: "Server Alert"
+  system_mxid_avatar_url: ""
+  room_name: "Server Alert"
diff --git a/docker/complement/conf/homeserver.yaml b/docker/complement/conf/homeserver.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..be53c4aa2e33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker/complement/conf/homeserver.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+## Server ##
+
+server_name: SERVER_NAME
+log_config: /conf/log_config.yaml
+report_stats: False
+signing_key_path: /conf/server.signing.key
+trusted_key_servers: []
+enable_registration: true
+enable_registration_without_verification: true
+
+## Listeners ##
+
+tls_certificate_path: /conf/server.tls.crt
+tls_private_key_path: /conf/server.tls.key
+bcrypt_rounds: 4
+registration_shared_secret: complement
+
+listeners:
+  - port: 8448
+    bind_addresses: ['::']
+    type: http
+    tls: true
+    resources:
+      - names: [federation]
+
+  - port: 8008
+    bind_addresses: ['::']
+    type: http
+
+    resources:
+      - names: [client]
+
+## Database ##
+
+database:
+  name: "sqlite3"
+  args:
+    # We avoid /data, as it is a volume and is not transferred when the container is committed,
+    # which is a fundamental necessity in complement.
+    database: "/conf/homeserver.db"
+
+## Federation ##
+
+
+# disable verification of federation certificates
+#
+# TODO: this is temporary; see
+# https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/11803
+federation_verify_certificates: false
+
+# trust certs signed by the complement CA
+federation_custom_ca_list:
+- /complement/ca/ca.crt
+
+# unblacklist RFC1918 addresses
+ip_range_blacklist: []
+
+# Disable server rate-limiting
+rc_federation:
+  window_size: 1000
+  sleep_limit: 10
+  sleep_delay: 500
+  reject_limit: 99999
+  concurrent: 3
+
+rc_message:
+  per_second: 9999
+  burst_count: 9999
+
+rc_registration:
+  per_second: 9999
+  burst_count: 9999
+
+rc_login:
+  address:
+    per_second: 9999
+    burst_count: 9999
+  account:
+    per_second: 9999
+    burst_count: 9999
+  failed_attempts:
+    per_second: 9999
+    burst_count: 9999
+
+rc_admin_redaction:
+  per_second: 9999
+  burst_count: 9999
+
+rc_joins:
+  local:
+    per_second: 9999
+    burst_count: 9999
+  remote:
+    per_second: 9999
+    burst_count: 9999
+
+federation_rr_transactions_per_room_per_second: 9999
+
+## API Configuration ##
+
+# A list of application service config files to use
+#
+app_service_config_files:
+AS_REGISTRATION_FILES  
+
+## Experimental Features ##
+
+experimental_features:
+  # Enable spaces support
+  spaces_enabled: true
+  # Enable history backfilling support
+  msc2716_enabled: true
+  # server-side support for partial state in /send_join
+  msc3706_enabled: true
+  # Enable jump to date endpoint
+  msc3030_enabled: true
+
+server_notices:
+  system_mxid_localpart: _server
+  system_mxid_display_name: "Server Alert"
+  system_mxid_avatar_url: ""
+  room_name: "Server Alert"
diff --git a/docker/complement/conf/log_config.yaml b/docker/complement/conf/log_config.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c33fd6cd00a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker/complement/conf/log_config.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+version: 1
+
+formatters:
+  precise:
+   format: '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(lineno)d - %(levelname)s - %(request)s - %(message)s'
+
+filters:
+  context:
+    (): synapse.logging.context.LoggingContextFilter
+    request: ""
+
+handlers:
+  console:
+    class: logging.StreamHandler
+    formatter: precise
+    filters: [context]
+    # log to stdout, for easier use with 'docker logs'
+    stream: 'ext://sys.stdout'
+
+root:
+    level: INFO
+    handlers: [console]
+
+disable_existing_loggers: false
diff --git a/docker/complement/conf/start.sh b/docker/complement/conf/start.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000000..5d8d0fe016cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docker/complement/conf/start.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+set -e
+
+sed -i "s/SERVER_NAME/${SERVER_NAME}/g" /conf/homeserver.yaml
+
+# Add the application service registration files to the homeserver.yaml config
+for filename in /complement/appservice/*.yaml; do
+  [ -f "$filename" ] || break
+
+  as_id=$(basename "$filename" .yaml)
+
+  # Insert the path to the registration file and the AS_REGISTRATION_FILES marker after 
+  # so we can add the next application service in the next iteration of this for loop
+  sed -i "s/AS_REGISTRATION_FILES/  - \/complement\/appservice\/${as_id}.yaml\nAS_REGISTRATION_FILES/g" /conf/homeserver.yaml
+done
+# Remove the AS_REGISTRATION_FILES entry
+sed -i "s/AS_REGISTRATION_FILES//g" /conf/homeserver.yaml
+
+# generate an ssl key and cert for the server, signed by the complement CA
+openssl genrsa -out /conf/server.tls.key 2048
+
+openssl req -new -key /conf/server.tls.key -out /conf/server.tls.csr \
+  -subj "/CN=${SERVER_NAME}"
+openssl x509 -req -in /conf/server.tls.csr \
+  -CA /complement/ca/ca.crt -CAkey /complement/ca/ca.key -set_serial 1 \
+  -out /conf/server.tls.crt
+
+exec python -m synapse.app.homeserver -c /conf/homeserver.yaml "$@"
+
diff --git a/scripts-dev/complement.sh b/scripts-dev/complement.sh
index d1b59ff0401b..05e9e470ed03 100755
--- a/scripts-dev/complement.sh
+++ b/scripts-dev/complement.sh
@@ -50,25 +50,18 @@ if [[ -n "$WORKERS" ]]; then
 
   export COMPLEMENT_BASE_IMAGE=complement-synapse-workers
   COMPLEMENT_DOCKERFILE=SynapseWorkers.Dockerfile
+
   # And provide some more configuration to complement.
-  export COMPLEMENT_CA=true
   export COMPLEMENT_SPAWN_HS_TIMEOUT_SECS=25
 else
   export COMPLEMENT_BASE_IMAGE=complement-synapse
-  COMPLEMENT_DOCKERFILE=Synapse.Dockerfile
+  COMPLEMENT_DOCKERFILE=Dockerfile
 fi
 
 # Build the Complement image from the Synapse image we just built.
-docker build -t $COMPLEMENT_BASE_IMAGE -f "$COMPLEMENT_DIR/dockerfiles/$COMPLEMENT_DOCKERFILE" "$COMPLEMENT_DIR/dockerfiles"
-
-cd "$COMPLEMENT_DIR"
-
-EXTRA_COMPLEMENT_ARGS=""
-if [[ -n "$1" ]]; then
-  # A test name regex has been set, supply it to Complement
-  EXTRA_COMPLEMENT_ARGS+="-run $1 "
-fi
+docker build -t $COMPLEMENT_BASE_IMAGE -f "docker/complement/$COMPLEMENT_DOCKERFILE" "docker/complement"
 
 # Run the tests!
 echo "Images built; running complement"
-go test -v -tags synapse_blacklist,msc2716,msc3030 -count=1 $EXTRA_COMPLEMENT_ARGS ./tests/...
+cd "$COMPLEMENT_DIR"
+go test -v -tags synapse_blacklist,msc2716,msc3030 -count=1 "$@" ./tests/...