diff --git a/changelog.d/9184.misc b/changelog.d/9184.misc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..70da3d6cf59c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/9184.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Emit an error at startup if different Identity Providers are configured with the same `idp_id`.
diff --git a/synapse/config/oidc_config.py b/synapse/config/oidc_config.py
index 8cb0c42f36f1..6c9fde9ce22f 100644
--- a/synapse/config/oidc_config.py
+++ b/synapse/config/oidc_config.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import string
+from collections import Counter
 from typing import Iterable, Optional, Tuple, Type
 
 import attr
@@ -43,6 +44,16 @@ def read_config(self, config, **kwargs):
         except DependencyException as e:
             raise ConfigError(e.message) from e
 
+        # check we don't have any duplicate idp_ids now. (The SSO handler will also
+        # check for duplicates when the REST listeners get registered, but that happens
+        # after synapse has forked so doesn't give nice errors.)
+        c = Counter([i.idp_id for i in self.oidc_providers])
+        for idp_id, count in c.items():
+            if count > 1:
+                raise ConfigError(
+                    "Multiple OIDC providers have the idp_id %r." % idp_id
+                )
+
         public_baseurl = self.public_baseurl
         self.oidc_callback_url = public_baseurl + "_synapse/oidc/callback"