diff --git a/src/qcodes/dataset/data_set_protocol.py b/src/qcodes/dataset/data_set_protocol.py
index a9c2641ece3..8b7fb9675a6 100644
--- a/src/qcodes/dataset/data_set_protocol.py
+++ b/src/qcodes/dataset/data_set_protocol.py
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
     Any,
     Literal,
     Protocol,
-    Union,
     runtime_checkable,
 )
 
@@ -56,8 +55,8 @@
     str | complex | np.integer | np.floating | np.complexfloating
 )
 values_type: TypeAlias = scalar_res_types | np.ndarray | Sequence[scalar_res_types]
-res_type: TypeAlias = tuple[Union["ParameterBase", str], values_type]
-setpoints_type: TypeAlias = Sequence[Union[str, "ParameterBase"]]
+res_type: TypeAlias = "tuple[ParameterBase | str, values_type]"
+setpoints_type: TypeAlias = "Sequence[str | ParameterBase]"
 SPECS: TypeAlias = list[ParamSpec]
 # Transition period type: SpecsOrInterDeps. We will allow both as input to
 # the DataSet constructor for a while, then deprecate SPECS and finally remove
diff --git a/src/qcodes/dataset/threading.py b/src/qcodes/dataset/threading.py
index 7bb3599c690..78d4a829850 100644
--- a/src/qcodes/dataset/threading.py
+++ b/src/qcodes/dataset/threading.py
@@ -9,21 +9,20 @@
 import itertools
 import logging
 from collections import defaultdict
-from collections.abc import Callable
 from functools import partial
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Protocol, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Protocol, TypeAlias, TypeVar
 
 from qcodes.utils import RespondingThread
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from collections.abc import Sequence
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
     from types import TracebackType
 
     from qcodes.dataset.data_set_protocol import values_type
     from qcodes.parameters import ParamDataType, ParameterBase
 
-ParamMeasT = Union["ParameterBase", Callable[[], None]]
-OutType = list[tuple["ParameterBase", "values_type"]]
+ParamMeasT: TypeAlias = "ParameterBase | Callable[[], None]"
+OutType: TypeAlias = "list[tuple[ParameterBase, values_type]]"
 
 T = TypeVar("T")
 
diff --git a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/AlazarTech/ats_api.py b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/AlazarTech/ats_api.py
index 66daf2752fe..f5bd2b6afa7 100644
--- a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/AlazarTech/ats_api.py
+++ b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/AlazarTech/ats_api.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 import ctypes
 from ctypes import POINTER
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, ClassVar, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, ClassVar, TypeAlias
 
 # `ParameterBase` is needed because users may pass instrument parameters
 # that originate from `Instrument.parameters` dictionary which is typed
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@
 POINTER_c_long = Any
 
 
+int_or_param: TypeAlias = "int | Parameter"
+
+
 class AlazarATSAPI(WrappedDll):
     """
     A thread-safe wrapper for the ATS API library.
@@ -54,7 +57,7 @@ class AlazarATSAPI(WrappedDll):
     signatures: ClassVar[dict[str, Signature]] = {}
 
     def set_trigger_time_out(
-        self, handle: int, timeout_ticks: Union[int, "Parameter"]
+        self, handle: int, timeout_ticks: int_or_param
     ) -> ReturnCode:
         return self._sync_dll_call("AlazarSetTriggerTimeOut", handle, timeout_ticks)
 
@@ -227,10 +230,10 @@ def set_parameter(
     def set_capture_clock(
         self,
         handle: int,
-        source_id: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        sample_rate_id_or_value: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        edge_id: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        decimation: Union[int, "Parameter"],
+        source_id: int_or_param,
+        sample_rate_id_or_value: int_or_param,
+        edge_id: int_or_param,
+        decimation: int_or_param,
     ) -> ReturnCode:
         return self._sync_dll_call(
             "AlazarSetCaptureClock",
@@ -252,10 +255,10 @@ def set_capture_clock(
     def input_control(
         self,
         handle: int,
-        channel_id: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        coupling_id: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        range_id: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        impedance_id: Union[int, "Parameter"],
+        channel_id: int_or_param,
+        coupling_id: int_or_param,
+        range_id: int_or_param,
+        impedance_id: int_or_param,
     ) -> ReturnCode:
         return self._sync_dll_call(
             "AlazarInputControl",
@@ -273,8 +276,8 @@ def input_control(
     def set_bw_limit(
         self,
         handle: int,
-        channel_id: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        flag: Union[int, "Parameter"],
+        channel_id: int_or_param,
+        flag: int_or_param,
     ) -> ReturnCode:
         return self._sync_dll_call("AlazarSetBWLimit", handle, channel_id, flag)
 
@@ -285,15 +288,15 @@ def set_bw_limit(
     def set_trigger_operation(
         self,
         handle: int,
-        trigger_operation: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        trigger_engine_id_1: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        source_id_1: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        slope_id_1: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        level_1: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        trigger_engine_id_2: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        source_id_2: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        slope_id_2: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        level_2: Union[int, "Parameter"],
+        trigger_operation: int_or_param,
+        trigger_engine_id_1: int_or_param,
+        source_id_1: int_or_param,
+        slope_id_1: int_or_param,
+        level_1: int_or_param,
+        trigger_engine_id_2: int_or_param,
+        source_id_2: int_or_param,
+        slope_id_2: int_or_param,
+        level_2: int_or_param,
     ) -> ReturnCode:
         return self._sync_dll_call(
             "AlazarSetTriggerOperation",
@@ -320,8 +323,8 @@ def set_trigger_operation(
     def set_external_trigger(
         self,
         handle: int,
-        coupling_id: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        range_id: Union[int, "Parameter"],
+        coupling_id: int_or_param,
+        range_id: int_or_param,
     ) -> ReturnCode:
         return self._sync_dll_call(
             "AlazarSetExternalTrigger", handle, coupling_id, range_id
@@ -331,9 +334,7 @@ def set_external_trigger(
         {"AlazarSetExternalTrigger": Signature(argument_types=[HANDLE, U32, U32])}
     )
 
-    def set_trigger_delay(
-        self, handle: int, value: Union[int, "Parameter"]
-    ) -> ReturnCode:
+    def set_trigger_delay(self, handle: int, value: int_or_param) -> ReturnCode:
         return self._sync_dll_call("AlazarSetTriggerDelay", handle, value)
 
     signatures.update(
@@ -343,8 +344,8 @@ def set_trigger_delay(
     def configure_aux_io(
         self,
         handle: int,
-        mode_id: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        mode_parameter_value: Union[int, "Parameter"],
+        mode_id: int_or_param,
+        mode_parameter_value: int_or_param,
     ) -> ReturnCode:
         return self._sync_dll_call(
             "AlazarConfigureAuxIO", handle, mode_id, mode_parameter_value
@@ -357,8 +358,8 @@ def configure_aux_io(
     def set_record_size(
         self,
         handle: int,
-        pre_trigger_samples: Union[int, "Parameter"],
-        post_trigger_samples: Union[int, "Parameter"],
+        pre_trigger_samples: int_or_param,
+        post_trigger_samples: int_or_param,
     ) -> ReturnCode:
         return self._sync_dll_call(
             "AlazarSetRecordSize", handle, pre_trigger_samples, post_trigger_samples
diff --git a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keithley/Keithley_2450.py b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keithley/Keithley_2450.py
index 0ee2cd48e7e..7c6fcf5a971 100644
--- a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keithley/Keithley_2450.py
+++ b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keithley/Keithley_2450.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, ClassVar, Optional, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, ClassVar, cast
 
 import numpy as np
 from typing_extensions import TypedDict, Unpack
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ def __exit__(
         self,
         exception_type: type[BaseException] | None,
         value: BaseException | None,
-        traceback: Optional["TracebackType"],
+        traceback: "TracebackType | None",
     ) -> None:
         self.delete()
 
diff --git a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keithley/Keithley_7510.py b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keithley/Keithley_7510.py
index 8a121cdf416..97791ce5ce8 100644
--- a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keithley/Keithley_7510.py
+++ b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keithley/Keithley_7510.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, ClassVar, Optional, TypedDict, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, ClassVar, TypedDict, cast
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         names: "Sequence[str]",
         shapes: "Sequence[Sequence[int]]",
-        setpoints: Optional["Sequence[Sequence[Any]]"],
+        setpoints: "Sequence[Sequence[Any]] | None",
         **kwargs: Any,
     ):
         super().__init__(
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ def __exit__(
         self,
         exception_type: type[BaseException] | None,
         value: BaseException | None,
-        traceback: Optional["TracebackType"],
+        traceback: "TracebackType | None",
     ) -> None:
         self.delete()
 
diff --git a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keysight/Infiniium.py b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keysight/Infiniium.py
index 177e4b7b7a4..0f12e9c9048 100644
--- a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keysight/Infiniium.py
+++ b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keysight/Infiniium.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import re
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, ClassVar, Literal, Optional, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, ClassVar, Literal
 
 import numpy as np
 from pyvisa import VisaIOError
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class DSOTraceParam(ParameterWithSetpoints):
     def __init__(
         self,
         name: str,
-        instrument: Union["KeysightInfiniiumChannel", "KeysightInfiniiumFunction"],
+        instrument: "KeysightInfiniiumChannel | KeysightInfiniiumFunction",
         channel: str,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ):
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ def unit(self, unit: Any) -> None:
         """
         return
 
-    def update_setpoints(self, preamble: Optional["Sequence[str]"] = None) -> None:
+    def update_setpoints(self, preamble: "Sequence[str] | None" = None) -> None:
         """
         Update waveform parameters. Must be called before data
         acquisition if instr.cache_setpoints is False
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ def _create_query(self, cmd: str, pre_cmd: str = "", post_cmd: str = "") -> str:
 class KeysightInfiniiumBoundMeasurement(AbstractMeasurementSubsystem):
     def __init__(
         self,
-        parent: Union["KeysightInfiniiumChannel", "KeysightInfiniiumFunction"],
+        parent: "KeysightInfiniiumChannel | KeysightInfiniiumFunction",
         name: str,
         **kwargs: "Unpack[InstrumentBaseKWArgs]",
     ):
diff --git a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keysight/keysight_34934a.py b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keysight/keysight_34934a.py
index 9aba3563a5a..44a03ed5630 100644
--- a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keysight/keysight_34934a.py
+++ b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keysight/keysight_34934a.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import logging
 import re
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from qcodes import validators
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class Keysight34934A(Keysight34980ASwitchMatrixSubModule):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        parent: Union["VisaInstrument", "InstrumentChannel"],
+        parent: "VisaInstrument | InstrumentChannel",
         name: str,
         slot: int,
         **kwargs: "Unpack[InstrumentBaseKWArgs]",
diff --git a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keysight/keysightb1500/KeysightB1500_base.py b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keysight/keysightb1500/KeysightB1500_base.py
index 8054bfbd5f4..ce6eaac643b 100644
--- a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keysight/keysightb1500/KeysightB1500_base.py
+++ b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keysight/keysightb1500/KeysightB1500_base.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
 import textwrap
 from collections import defaultdict
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 from qcodes.instrument import VisaInstrument, VisaInstrumentKWArgs
 from qcodes.parameters import MultiParameter, Parameter, create_on_off_val_mapping
@@ -516,9 +516,9 @@ def __init__(self, name: str, instrument: KeysightB1517A, **kwargs: Any):
 
     def set_names_labels_and_units(
         self,
-        names: Optional["Sequence[str]"] = None,
-        labels: Optional["Sequence[str]"] = None,
-        units: Optional["Sequence[str]"] = None,
+        names: "Sequence[str] | None" = None,
+        labels: "Sequence[str] | None" = None,
+        units: "Sequence[str] | None" = None,
     ) -> None:
         """
         Set names, labels, and units of the measured parts of the MultiParameter.
diff --git a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keysight/keysightb1500/KeysightB1517A.py b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keysight/keysightb1500/KeysightB1517A.py
index cb306c86deb..acb2333e127 100644
--- a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keysight/keysightb1500/KeysightB1517A.py
+++ b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/Keysight/keysightb1500/KeysightB1517A.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import re
 import textwrap
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, Optional, cast, overload
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, cast, overload
 
 import numpy as np
 from typing_extensions import NotRequired, TypedDict, Unpack
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ def measurement_status(self) -> MeasurementStatus | None:
     def snapshot_base(
         self,
         update: bool | None = True,
-        params_to_skip_update: Optional["Sequence[str]"] = None,
+        params_to_skip_update: "Sequence[str] | None" = None,
     ) -> dict[Any, Any]:
         snapshot = super().snapshot_base(
             update=update, params_to_skip_update=params_to_skip_update
diff --git a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/QDev/QDac_channels.py b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/QDev/QDac_channels.py
index ba42b975e7c..3b8314a3b09 100644
--- a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/QDev/QDac_channels.py
+++ b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/QDev/QDac_channels.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 import logging
 import time
 from functools import partial
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import pyvisa
 import pyvisa.constants
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ def __init__(
     def snapshot_base(
         self,
         update: bool | None = False,
-        params_to_skip_update: Optional["Sequence[str]"] = None,
+        params_to_skip_update: "Sequence[str] | None" = None,
     ) -> dict[Any, Any]:
         update_currents = self._parent._update_currents and update
         if update and not self._parent._get_status_performed:
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ def __init__(
     def snapshot_base(
         self,
         update: bool | None = False,
-        params_to_skip_update: Optional["Sequence[str]"] = None,
+        params_to_skip_update: "Sequence[str] | None" = None,
     ) -> dict[Any, Any]:
         update_currents = self._update_currents and update is True
         if update:
diff --git a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/rigol/Rigol_DG4000.py b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/rigol/Rigol_DG4000.py
index 3bdf95cb551..2fd4623ffdf 100644
--- a/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/rigol/Rigol_DG4000.py
+++ b/src/qcodes/instrument_drivers/rigol/Rigol_DG4000.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from functools import partial
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from qcodes.instrument import VisaInstrument, VisaInstrumentKWArgs
 from qcodes.validators import Anything, Enum, Ints, MultiType, Numbers
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ def __init__(
 
         self.connect_message()
 
-    def _upload_data(self, data: Union["Sequence[float]", "np.ndarray"]) -> None:
+    def _upload_data(self, data: "Sequence[float] | np.ndarray") -> None:
         """
         Upload data to the AWG memory.
 
diff --git a/src/qcodes/logger/logger.py b/src/qcodes/logger/logger.py
index e3ebc969725..bfb2f7c1d47 100644
--- a/src/qcodes/logger/logger.py
+++ b/src/qcodes/logger/logger.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from copy import copy
 from datetime import datetime
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 from typing_extensions import deprecated
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
 # console hander.
 console_handler: logging.Handler | None = None
 file_handler: logging.Handler | None = None
-telemetry_handler: Optional["AzureLogHandler"] = None
+telemetry_handler: AzureLogHandler | None = None
 
 
 _opencensus_filter = logging.Filter(name="opencensus")
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ def running_in_test_or_tool() -> bool:
 
 @contextmanager
 def handler_level(
-    level: LevelType, handler: Union[logging.Handler, "Sequence[logging.Handler]"]
+    level: LevelType, handler: "logging.Handler | Sequence[logging.Handler]"
 ) -> "Iterator[None]":
     """
     Context manager to temporarily change the level of handlers.
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ def __exit__(
         self,
         exception_type: type[BaseException] | None,
         exception_value: BaseException | None,
-        traceback: Optional["TracebackType"],
+        traceback: "TracebackType | None",
     ) -> None:
         self.logger.removeHandler(self.string_handler)
         self.value = self.log_capture.getvalue()
diff --git a/src/qcodes/metadatable/metadatable_base.py b/src/qcodes/metadatable/metadatable_base.py
index 8ed766e2a26..a37897b4ee2 100644
--- a/src/qcodes/metadatable/metadatable_base.py
+++ b/src/qcodes/metadatable/metadatable_base.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from abc import abstractmethod
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, final
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, final
 
 from qcodes.utils import deep_update
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 
 class Metadatable:
-    def __init__(self, metadata: Optional["Mapping[str, Any]"] = None):
+    def __init__(self, metadata: "Mapping[str, Any] | None" = None):
         self.metadata: dict[str, Any] = {}
         self.load_metadata(metadata or {})
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def snapshot(self, update: bool | None = False) -> Snapshot:
     def snapshot_base(
         self,
         update: bool | None = False,
-        params_to_skip_update: Optional["Sequence[str]"] = None,
+        params_to_skip_update: "Sequence[str] | None" = None,
     ) -> Snapshot:
         """
         Override this with the primary information for a subclass.
diff --git a/src/qcodes/validators/validators.py b/src/qcodes/validators/validators.py
index c19837021ff..82739744772 100644
--- a/src/qcodes/validators/validators.py
+++ b/src/qcodes/validators/validators.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 import typing
 from collections import abc
 from collections.abc import Hashable
-from typing import Any, Generic, Literal, TypeVar, Union, cast
+from typing import Any, Generic, Literal, TypeVar, cast
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ def max_value(self) -> float:
         return float(self._max_value)
 
 
-class Ints(Validator[Union[int, "np.integer[Any]", bool]]):
+class Ints(Validator[int | np.integer[Any] | bool]):
     """
     Requires an integer.
     Optional parameters min_value and max_value, enforce
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ def validate(self, value: numbertypes, context: str = "") -> None:
         super().validate(castvalue, context=context)
 
 
-class ComplexNumbers(Validator[Union[complex, "np.complexfloating[Any,Any]"]]):
+class ComplexNumbers(Validator[complex | np.complexfloating[Any, Any]]):
     """
     A validator for complex numbers.
     """