diff --git a/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst b/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst index bbefa43f39bc5f..ad441bb3b106d9 100644 --- a/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst +++ b/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst @@ -5458,8 +5458,9 @@ It is written as ``NotImplemented``. Internal Objects ---------------- -See :ref:`types` for this information. It describes stack frame objects, -traceback objects, and slice objects. +See :ref:`types` for this information. It describes +:ref:`stack frame objects `, +:ref:`traceback objects `, and slice objects. .. _specialattrs: diff --git a/Doc/library/traceback.rst b/Doc/library/traceback.rst index 55ac361b1903a2..d7baf04cee1d4a 100644 --- a/Doc/library/traceback.rst +++ b/Doc/library/traceback.rst @@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ interpreter. .. index:: pair: object; traceback -The module uses traceback objects --- these are objects of type :class:`types.TracebackType`, +The module uses :ref:`traceback objects ` --- these are +objects of type :class:`types.TracebackType`, which are assigned to the ``__traceback__`` field of :class:`BaseException` instances. .. seealso:: @@ -205,7 +206,8 @@ The module defines the following functions: .. function:: walk_tb(tb) - Walk a traceback following ``tb_next`` yielding the frame and line number + Walk a traceback following :attr:`~traceback.tb_next` yielding the frame and + line number for each frame. This helper is used with :meth:`StackSummary.extract`. .. versionadded:: 3.5 diff --git a/Doc/library/types.rst b/Doc/library/types.rst index 9b100383572aff..3ce7ede4dec3a5 100644 --- a/Doc/library/types.rst +++ b/Doc/library/types.rst @@ -376,11 +376,8 @@ Standard names are defined for the following types: .. data:: FrameType - The type of frame objects such as found in ``tb.tb_frame`` if ``tb`` is a - traceback object. - - See :ref:`the language reference ` for details of the - available attributes and operations. + The type of :ref:`frame objects ` such as found in + :attr:`tb.tb_frame ` if ``tb`` is a traceback object. .. data:: GetSetDescriptorType diff --git a/Doc/reference/datamodel.rst b/Doc/reference/datamodel.rst index f4bb381b7a2a65..5aaeab8ad63ec2 100644 --- a/Doc/reference/datamodel.rst +++ b/Doc/reference/datamodel.rst @@ -1244,8 +1244,9 @@ Frame objects .. index:: pair: object; frame -Frame objects represent execution frames. They may occur in traceback objects -(see below), and are also passed to registered trace functions. +Frame objects represent execution frames. They may occur in +:ref:`traceback objects `, +and are also passed to registered trace functions. .. index:: single: f_back (frame attribute) @@ -1352,26 +1353,30 @@ Traceback objects single: sys.exception single: sys.last_traceback -Traceback objects represent a stack trace of an exception. A traceback object +Traceback objects represent the stack trace of an :ref:`exception `. +A traceback object is implicitly created when an exception occurs, and may also be explicitly created by calling :class:`types.TracebackType`. +.. versionchanged:: 3.7 + Traceback objects can now be explicitly instantiated from Python code. + For implicitly created tracebacks, when the search for an exception handler unwinds the execution stack, at each unwound level a traceback object is inserted in front of the current traceback. When an exception handler is entered, the stack trace is made available to the program. (See section :ref:`try`.) It is accessible as the third item of the -tuple returned by ``sys.exc_info()``, and as the ``__traceback__`` attribute +tuple returned by :func:`sys.exc_info`, and as the ``__traceback__`` attribute of the caught exception. When the program contains no suitable handler, the stack trace is written (nicely formatted) to the standard error stream; if the interpreter is interactive, it is also made available to the user -as ``sys.last_traceback``. +as :data:`sys.last_traceback`. For explicitly created tracebacks, it is up to the creator of the traceback -to determine how the ``tb_next`` attributes should be linked to form a -full stack trace. +to determine how the :attr:`~traceback.tb_next` attributes should be linked to +form a full stack trace. .. index:: single: tb_frame (traceback attribute) @@ -1380,27 +1385,40 @@ full stack trace. pair: statement; try Special read-only attributes: -:attr:`tb_frame` points to the execution frame of the current level; -:attr:`tb_lineno` gives the line number where the exception occurred; -:attr:`tb_lasti` indicates the precise instruction. + +.. list-table:: + + * - .. attribute:: traceback.tb_frame + - Points to the execution :ref:`frame ` of the current + level. + + Accessing this attribute raises an + :ref:`auditing event ` ``object.__getattr__`` with arguments + ``obj`` and ``"tb_frame"``. + + * - .. attribute:: traceback.tb_lineno + - Gives the line number where the exception occurred + + * - .. attribute:: traceback.tb_lasti + - Indicates the "precise instruction". + The line number and last instruction in the traceback may differ from the -line number of its frame object if the exception occurred in a +line number of its :ref:`frame object ` if the exception +occurred in a :keyword:`try` statement with no matching except clause or with a -finally clause. - -Accessing ``tb_frame`` raises an :ref:`auditing event ` -``object.__getattr__`` with arguments ``obj`` and ``"tb_frame"``. +:keyword:`finally` clause. .. index:: single: tb_next (traceback attribute) -Special writable attribute: :attr:`tb_next` is the next level in the stack -trace (towards the frame where the exception occurred), or ``None`` if -there is no next level. +.. attribute:: traceback.tb_next -.. versionchanged:: 3.7 - Traceback objects can now be explicitly instantiated from Python code, - and the ``tb_next`` attribute of existing instances can be updated. + The special writable attribute :attr:`!tb_next` is the next level in the + stack trace (towards the frame where the exception occurred), or ``None`` if + there is no next level. + + .. versionchanged:: 3.7 + This attribute is now writable Slice objects diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/3.5.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/3.5.rst index 108e5293bc4b1c..1a977d2cce7b55 100644 --- a/Doc/whatsnew/3.5.rst +++ b/Doc/whatsnew/3.5.rst @@ -1947,7 +1947,8 @@ traceback --------- New :func:`~traceback.walk_stack` and :func:`~traceback.walk_tb` -functions to conveniently traverse frame and traceback objects. +functions to conveniently traverse frame and +:ref:`traceback objects `. (Contributed by Robert Collins in :issue:`17911`.) New lightweight classes: :class:`~traceback.TracebackException`, diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/3.7.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/3.7.rst index fbd495e3d8651a..4f7b018bd4c4f7 100644 --- a/Doc/whatsnew/3.7.rst +++ b/Doc/whatsnew/3.7.rst @@ -525,8 +525,8 @@ Other Language Changes * In order to better support dynamic creation of stack traces, :class:`types.TracebackType` can now be instantiated from Python code, and - the ``tb_next`` attribute on :ref:`tracebacks ` is now - writable. + the :attr:`~traceback.tb_next` attribute on + :ref:`tracebacks ` is now writable. (Contributed by Nathaniel J. Smith in :issue:`30579`.) * When using the :option:`-m` switch, ``sys.path[0]`` is now eagerly expanded