diff --git a/.eslintrc.yaml b/.eslintrc.yaml
index 99489d2e7d8589..201af11f017733 100644
--- a/.eslintrc.yaml
+++ b/.eslintrc.yaml
@@ -214,4 +214,3 @@ globals:
   LTTNG_HTTP_SERVER_RESPONSE: false
   LTTNG_NET_SERVER_CONNECTION: false
   LTTNG_NET_STREAM_END: false
-  internalBinding: false
diff --git a/lib/domain.js b/lib/domain.js
index 08fbd207f171d3..b4d0bea6647a82 100644
--- a/lib/domain.js
+++ b/lib/domain.js
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ const util = require('util');
 const EventEmitter = require('events');
 const errors = require('internal/errors');
 const { createHook } = require('async_hooks');
+const { internalBinding } = require('internal/bootstrap/loaders');
 
 // overwrite process.domain with a getter/setter that will allow for more
 // effective optimizations
diff --git a/lib/internal/bootstrap/loaders.js b/lib/internal/bootstrap/loaders.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..e6d30e2aa919f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/internal/bootstrap/loaders.js
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+// This file creates the internal module & binding loaders used by built-in
+// modules. In contrast, user land modules are loaded using
+// lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js (CommonJS Modules) or
+// lib/internal/modules/esm/* (ES Modules).
+//
+// This file is compiled and run by node.cc before bootstrap/node.js
+// was called, therefore the loaders are bootstraped before we start to
+// actually bootstrap Node.js. It creates the following objects:
+//
+// C++ binding loaders:
+// - process.binding(): the legacy C++ binding loader, accessible from user land
+//   because it is an object attached to the global process object.
+//   These C++ bindings are created using NODE_BUILTIN_MODULE_CONTEXT_AWARE()
+//   and have their nm_flags set to NM_F_BUILTIN. We do not make any guarantees
+//   about the stability of these bindings, but still have to take care of
+//   compatibility issues caused by them from time to time.
+// - process._linkedBinding(): intended to be used by embedders to add
+//   additional C++ bindings in their applications. These C++ bindings
+//   can be created using NODE_MODULE_CONTEXT_AWARE_CPP() with the flag
+//   NM_F_LINKED.
+// - internalBinding(): the private internal C++ binding loader, inaccessible
+//   from user land because they are only available from NativeModule.require()
+//   These C++ bindings are created using NODE_MODULE_CONTEXT_AWARE_INTERNAL()
+//   and have their nm_flags set to NM_F_INTERNAL.
+//
+// Internal JavaScript module loader:
+// - NativeModule: a minimal module system used to load the JavaScript core
+//   modules found in lib/**/*.js and deps/**/*.js. All core modules are
+//   compiled into the node binary via node_javascript.cc generated by js2c.py,
+//   so they can be loaded faster without the cost of I/O. This class makes the
+//   lib/internal/*, deps/internal/* modules and internalBinding() available by
+//   default to core modules, and lets the core modules require itself via
+//   require('internal/bootstrap/loaders') even when this file is not written in
+//   CommonJS style.
+//
+// Other objects:
+// - process.moduleLoadList: an array recording the bindings and the modules
+//   loaded in the process and the order in which they are loaded.
+
+'use strict';
+
+(function bootstrapInternalLoaders(process, getBinding, getLinkedBinding,
+                                   getInternalBinding) {
+
+  // Set up process.moduleLoadList
+  const moduleLoadList = [];
+  Object.defineProperty(process, 'moduleLoadList', {
+    value: moduleLoadList,
+    configurable: true,
+    enumerable: true,
+    writable: false
+  });
+
+  // Set up process.binding() and process._linkedBinding()
+  {
+    const bindingObj = Object.create(null);
+
+    process.binding = function binding(module) {
+      module = String(module);
+      let mod = bindingObj[module];
+      if (typeof mod !== 'object') {
+        mod = bindingObj[module] = getBinding(module);
+        moduleLoadList.push(`Binding ${module}`);
+      }
+      return mod;
+    };
+
+    process._linkedBinding = function _linkedBinding(module) {
+      module = String(module);
+      let mod = bindingObj[module];
+      if (typeof mod !== 'object')
+        mod = bindingObj[module] = getLinkedBinding(module);
+      return mod;
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Set up internalBinding() in the closure
+  let internalBinding;
+  {
+    const bindingObj = Object.create(null);
+    internalBinding = function internalBinding(module) {
+      let mod = bindingObj[module];
+      if (typeof mod !== 'object') {
+        mod = bindingObj[module] = getInternalBinding(module);
+        moduleLoadList.push(`Internal Binding ${module}`);
+      }
+      return mod;
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Minimal sandbox helper
+  const ContextifyScript = process.binding('contextify').ContextifyScript;
+  function runInThisContext(code, options) {
+    const script = new ContextifyScript(code, options);
+    return script.runInThisContext();
+  }
+
+  // Set up NativeModule
+  function NativeModule(id) {
+    this.filename = `${id}.js`;
+    this.id = id;
+    this.exports = {};
+    this.loaded = false;
+    this.loading = false;
+  }
+
+  NativeModule._source = getBinding('natives');
+  NativeModule._cache = {};
+
+  const config = getBinding('config');
+
+  // Think of this as module.exports in this file even though it is not
+  // written in CommonJS style.
+  const loaderExports = { internalBinding, NativeModule };
+  const loaderId = 'internal/bootstrap/loaders';
+  NativeModule.require = function(id) {
+    if (id === loaderId) {
+      return loaderExports;
+    }
+
+    const cached = NativeModule.getCached(id);
+    if (cached && (cached.loaded || cached.loading)) {
+      return cached.exports;
+    }
+
+    if (!NativeModule.exists(id)) {
+      // Model the error off the internal/errors.js model, but
+      // do not use that module given that it could actually be
+      // the one causing the error if there's a bug in Node.js
+      const err = new Error(`No such built-in module: ${id}`);
+      err.code = 'ERR_UNKNOWN_BUILTIN_MODULE';
+      err.name = 'Error [ERR_UNKNOWN_BUILTIN_MODULE]';
+      throw err;
+    }
+
+    moduleLoadList.push(`NativeModule ${id}`);
+
+    const nativeModule = new NativeModule(id);
+
+    nativeModule.cache();
+    nativeModule.compile();
+
+    return nativeModule.exports;
+  };
+
+  NativeModule.getCached = function(id) {
+    return NativeModule._cache[id];
+  };
+
+  NativeModule.exists = function(id) {
+    return NativeModule._source.hasOwnProperty(id);
+  };
+
+  if (config.exposeInternals) {
+    NativeModule.nonInternalExists = function(id) {
+      // Do not expose this to user land even with --expose-internals
+      if (id === loaderId) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      return NativeModule.exists(id);
+    };
+
+    NativeModule.isInternal = function(id) {
+      // Do not expose this to user land even with --expose-internals
+      return id === loaderId;
+    };
+  } else {
+    NativeModule.nonInternalExists = function(id) {
+      return NativeModule.exists(id) && !NativeModule.isInternal(id);
+    };
+
+    NativeModule.isInternal = function(id) {
+      return id.startsWith('internal/');
+    };
+  }
+
+  NativeModule.getSource = function(id) {
+    return NativeModule._source[id];
+  };
+
+  NativeModule.wrap = function(script) {
+    return NativeModule.wrapper[0] + script + NativeModule.wrapper[1];
+  };
+
+  NativeModule.wrapper = [
+    '(function (exports, require, module, process) {',
+    '\n});'
+  ];
+
+  NativeModule.prototype.compile = function() {
+    let source = NativeModule.getSource(this.id);
+    source = NativeModule.wrap(source);
+
+    this.loading = true;
+
+    try {
+      const fn = runInThisContext(source, {
+        filename: this.filename,
+        lineOffset: 0,
+        displayErrors: true
+      });
+      fn(this.exports, NativeModule.require, this, process);
+
+      this.loaded = true;
+    } finally {
+      this.loading = false;
+    }
+  };
+
+  NativeModule.prototype.cache = function() {
+    NativeModule._cache[this.id] = this;
+  };
+
+  // This will be passed to the bootstrapNodeJSCore function in
+  // bootstrap/node.js.
+  return loaderExports;
+});
diff --git a/lib/internal/bootstrap_node.js b/lib/internal/bootstrap/node.js
similarity index 75%
rename from lib/internal/bootstrap_node.js
rename to lib/internal/bootstrap/node.js
index d8096f90e172ea..8a87712613de7c 100644
--- a/lib/internal/bootstrap_node.js
+++ b/lib/internal/bootstrap/node.js
@@ -4,11 +4,16 @@
 // responsible for bootstrapping the node.js core. As special caution is given
 // to the performance of the startup process, many dependencies are invoked
 // lazily.
+//
+// Before this file is run, lib/internal/bootstrap/loaders.js gets run first
+// to bootstrap the internal binding and module loaders, including
+// process.binding(), process._linkedBinding(), internalBinding() and
+// NativeModule. And then { internalBinding, NativeModule } will be passed
+// into this bootstrapper to bootstrap Node.js core.
 
 'use strict';
 
-(function(process) {
-  let internalBinding;
+(function bootstrapNodeJSCore(process, { internalBinding, NativeModule }) {
   const exceptionHandlerState = { captureFn: null };
 
   function startup() {
@@ -105,7 +110,7 @@
       process.emitWarning(
         'The ESM module loader is experimental.',
         'ExperimentalWarning', undefined);
-      NativeModule.require('internal/process/modules').setup();
+      NativeModule.require('internal/process/esm_loader').setup();
     }
 
 
@@ -165,8 +170,10 @@
         preloadModules();
         perf.markMilestone(NODE_PERFORMANCE_MILESTONE_PRELOAD_MODULE_LOAD_END);
 
-        const internalModule = NativeModule.require('internal/module');
-        internalModule.addBuiltinLibsToObject(global);
+        const {
+          addBuiltinLibsToObject
+        } = NativeModule.require('internal/modules/cjs/helpers');
+        addBuiltinLibsToObject(global);
         evalScript('[eval]');
       } else if (process.argv[1] && process.argv[1] !== '-') {
         perf.markMilestone(NODE_PERFORMANCE_MILESTONE_MODULE_LOAD_START);
@@ -174,13 +181,13 @@
         const path = NativeModule.require('path');
         process.argv[1] = path.resolve(process.argv[1]);
 
-        const Module = NativeModule.require('module');
+        const CJSModule = NativeModule.require('internal/modules/cjs/loader');
 
         // check if user passed `-c` or `--check` arguments to Node.
         if (process._syntax_check_only != null) {
           const fs = NativeModule.require('fs');
           // read the source
-          const filename = Module._resolveFilename(process.argv[1]);
+          const filename = CJSModule._resolveFilename(process.argv[1]);
           const source = fs.readFileSync(filename, 'utf-8');
           checkScriptSyntax(source, filename);
           process.exit(0);
@@ -191,7 +198,7 @@
         preloadModules();
         perf.markMilestone(
           NODE_PERFORMANCE_MILESTONE_PRELOAD_MODULE_LOAD_END);
-        Module.runMain();
+        CJSModule.runMain();
       } else {
         perf.markMilestone(NODE_PERFORMANCE_MILESTONE_MODULE_LOAD_START);
         perf.markMilestone(NODE_PERFORMANCE_MILESTONE_MODULE_LOAD_END);
@@ -246,54 +253,6 @@
     perf.markMilestone(NODE_PERFORMANCE_MILESTONE_BOOTSTRAP_COMPLETE);
   }
 
-  const moduleLoadList = [];
-  Object.defineProperty(process, 'moduleLoadList', {
-    value: moduleLoadList,
-    configurable: true,
-    enumerable: true,
-    writable: false
-  });
-
-  {
-    const bindingObj = Object.create(null);
-
-    const getBinding = process.binding;
-    process.binding = function binding(module) {
-      module = String(module);
-      let mod = bindingObj[module];
-      if (typeof mod !== 'object') {
-        mod = bindingObj[module] = getBinding(module);
-        moduleLoadList.push(`Binding ${module}`);
-      }
-      return mod;
-    };
-
-    const getLinkedBinding = process._linkedBinding;
-    process._linkedBinding = function _linkedBinding(module) {
-      module = String(module);
-      let mod = bindingObj[module];
-      if (typeof mod !== 'object')
-        mod = bindingObj[module] = getLinkedBinding(module);
-      return mod;
-    };
-  }
-
-  {
-    const bindingObj = Object.create(null);
-
-    const getInternalBinding = process._internalBinding;
-    delete process._internalBinding;
-
-    internalBinding = function internalBinding(module) {
-      let mod = bindingObj[module];
-      if (typeof mod !== 'object') {
-        mod = bindingObj[module] = getInternalBinding(module);
-        moduleLoadList.push(`Internal Binding ${module}`);
-      }
-      return mod;
-    };
-  }
-
   function setupProcessObject() {
     process._setupProcessObject(pushValueToArray);
 
@@ -364,7 +323,7 @@
 
   function setupGlobalConsole() {
     const originalConsole = global.console;
-    const Module = NativeModule.require('module');
+    const CJSModule = NativeModule.require('internal/modules/cjs/loader');
     // Setup Node.js global.console
     const wrappedConsole = NativeModule.require('console');
     Object.defineProperty(global, 'console', {
@@ -374,22 +333,23 @@
         return wrappedConsole;
       }
     });
-    setupInspector(originalConsole, wrappedConsole, Module);
+    setupInspector(originalConsole, wrappedConsole, CJSModule);
   }
 
-  function setupInspector(originalConsole, wrappedConsole, Module) {
+  function setupInspector(originalConsole, wrappedConsole, CJSModule) {
     if (!process.config.variables.v8_enable_inspector) {
       return;
     }
     const { addCommandLineAPI, consoleCall } = process.binding('inspector');
     // Setup inspector command line API
-    const { makeRequireFunction } = NativeModule.require('internal/module');
+    const { makeRequireFunction } =
+      NativeModule.require('internal/modules/cjs/helpers');
     const path = NativeModule.require('path');
     const cwd = tryGetCwd(path);
 
-    const consoleAPIModule = new Module('<inspector console>');
+    const consoleAPIModule = new CJSModule('<inspector console>');
     consoleAPIModule.paths =
-        Module._nodeModulePaths(cwd).concat(Module.globalPaths);
+        CJSModule._nodeModulePaths(cwd).concat(CJSModule.globalPaths);
     addCommandLineAPI('require', makeRequireFunction(consoleAPIModule));
     const config = {};
     for (const key of Object.keys(wrappedConsole)) {
@@ -504,13 +464,13 @@
   }
 
   function evalScript(name) {
-    const Module = NativeModule.require('module');
+    const CJSModule = NativeModule.require('internal/modules/cjs/loader');
     const path = NativeModule.require('path');
     const cwd = tryGetCwd(path);
 
-    const module = new Module(name);
+    const module = new CJSModule(name);
     module.filename = path.join(cwd, name);
-    module.paths = Module._nodeModulePaths(cwd);
+    module.paths = CJSModule._nodeModulePaths(cwd);
     const body = wrapForBreakOnFirstLine(process._eval);
     const script = `global.__filename = ${JSON.stringify(name)};\n` +
                    'global.exports = exports;\n' +
@@ -529,139 +489,29 @@
   // Load preload modules
   function preloadModules() {
     if (process._preload_modules) {
-      NativeModule.require('module')._preloadModules(process._preload_modules);
+      const {
+        _preloadModules
+      } = NativeModule.require('internal/modules/cjs/loader');
+      _preloadModules(process._preload_modules);
     }
   }
 
   function checkScriptSyntax(source, filename) {
-    const Module = NativeModule.require('module');
+    const CJSModule = NativeModule.require('internal/modules/cjs/loader');
     const vm = NativeModule.require('vm');
-    const internalModule = NativeModule.require('internal/module');
+    const {
+      stripShebang, stripBOM
+    } = NativeModule.require('internal/modules/cjs/helpers');
 
     // remove Shebang
-    source = internalModule.stripShebang(source);
+    source = stripShebang(source);
     // remove BOM
-    source = internalModule.stripBOM(source);
+    source = stripBOM(source);
     // wrap it
-    source = Module.wrap(source);
+    source = CJSModule.wrap(source);
     // compile the script, this will throw if it fails
     new vm.Script(source, { displayErrors: true, filename });
   }
 
-  // Below you find a minimal module system, which is used to load the node
-  // core modules found in lib/*.js. All core modules are compiled into the
-  // node binary, so they can be loaded faster.
-
-  const ContextifyScript = process.binding('contextify').ContextifyScript;
-  function runInThisContext(code, options) {
-    const script = new ContextifyScript(code, options);
-    return script.runInThisContext();
-  }
-
-  function NativeModule(id) {
-    this.filename = `${id}.js`;
-    this.id = id;
-    this.exports = {};
-    this.loaded = false;
-    this.loading = false;
-  }
-
-  NativeModule._source = process.binding('natives');
-  NativeModule._cache = {};
-
-  const config = process.binding('config');
-
-  NativeModule.require = function(id) {
-    if (id === 'native_module') {
-      return NativeModule;
-    }
-
-    const cached = NativeModule.getCached(id);
-    if (cached && (cached.loaded || cached.loading)) {
-      return cached.exports;
-    }
-
-    if (!NativeModule.exists(id)) {
-      // Model the error off the internal/errors.js model, but
-      // do not use that module given that it could actually be
-      // the one causing the error if there's a bug in Node.js
-      const err = new Error(`No such built-in module: ${id}`);
-      err.code = 'ERR_UNKNOWN_BUILTIN_MODULE';
-      err.name = 'Error [ERR_UNKNOWN_BUILTIN_MODULE]';
-      throw err;
-    }
-
-    moduleLoadList.push(`NativeModule ${id}`);
-
-    const nativeModule = new NativeModule(id);
-
-    nativeModule.cache();
-    nativeModule.compile();
-
-    return nativeModule.exports;
-  };
-
-  NativeModule.getCached = function(id) {
-    return NativeModule._cache[id];
-  };
-
-  NativeModule.exists = function(id) {
-    return NativeModule._source.hasOwnProperty(id);
-  };
-
-  if (config.exposeInternals) {
-    NativeModule.nonInternalExists = NativeModule.exists;
-
-    NativeModule.isInternal = function(id) {
-      return false;
-    };
-  } else {
-    NativeModule.nonInternalExists = function(id) {
-      return NativeModule.exists(id) && !NativeModule.isInternal(id);
-    };
-
-    NativeModule.isInternal = function(id) {
-      return id.startsWith('internal/');
-    };
-  }
-
-
-  NativeModule.getSource = function(id) {
-    return NativeModule._source[id];
-  };
-
-  NativeModule.wrap = function(script) {
-    return NativeModule.wrapper[0] + script + NativeModule.wrapper[1];
-  };
-
-  NativeModule.wrapper = [
-    '(function (exports, require, module, internalBinding, process) {',
-    '\n});'
-  ];
-
-  NativeModule.prototype.compile = function() {
-    let source = NativeModule.getSource(this.id);
-    source = NativeModule.wrap(source);
-
-    this.loading = true;
-
-    try {
-      const fn = runInThisContext(source, {
-        filename: this.filename,
-        lineOffset: 0,
-        displayErrors: true
-      });
-      fn(this.exports, NativeModule.require, this, internalBinding, process);
-
-      this.loaded = true;
-    } finally {
-      this.loading = false;
-    }
-  };
-
-  NativeModule.prototype.cache = function() {
-    NativeModule._cache[this.id] = this;
-  };
-
   startup();
 });
diff --git a/lib/internal/module.js b/lib/internal/modules/cjs/helpers.js
similarity index 100%
rename from lib/internal/module.js
rename to lib/internal/modules/cjs/helpers.js
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js b/lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..39333f049f6c1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js
@@ -0,0 +1,761 @@
+// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
+// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+// following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
+// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
+// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
+// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+'use strict';
+
+const { NativeModule } = require('internal/bootstrap/loaders');
+const util = require('util');
+const { decorateErrorStack } = require('internal/util');
+const { getURLFromFilePath } = require('internal/url');
+const vm = require('vm');
+const assert = require('assert').ok;
+const fs = require('fs');
+const internalFS = require('internal/fs');
+const path = require('path');
+const {
+  internalModuleReadFile,
+  internalModuleStat
+} = process.binding('fs');
+const {
+  makeRequireFunction,
+  requireDepth,
+  stripBOM,
+  stripShebang
+} = require('internal/modules/cjs/helpers');
+const preserveSymlinks = !!process.binding('config').preserveSymlinks;
+const experimentalModules = !!process.binding('config').experimentalModules;
+
+const errors = require('internal/errors');
+
+module.exports = Module;
+
+// these are below module.exports for the circular reference
+const asyncESM = require('internal/process/esm_loader');
+const ModuleJob = require('internal/modules/esm/ModuleJob');
+const createDynamicModule = require('internal/modules/esm/CreateDynamicModule');
+
+function stat(filename) {
+  filename = path.toNamespacedPath(filename);
+  const cache = stat.cache;
+  if (cache !== null) {
+    const result = cache.get(filename);
+    if (result !== undefined) return result;
+  }
+  const result = internalModuleStat(filename);
+  if (cache !== null) cache.set(filename, result);
+  return result;
+}
+stat.cache = null;
+
+function updateChildren(parent, child, scan) {
+  var children = parent && parent.children;
+  if (children && !(scan && children.includes(child)))
+    children.push(child);
+}
+
+function Module(id, parent) {
+  this.id = id;
+  this.exports = {};
+  this.parent = parent;
+  updateChildren(parent, this, false);
+  this.filename = null;
+  this.loaded = false;
+  this.children = [];
+}
+
+const builtinModules = Object.keys(NativeModule._source)
+  .filter(NativeModule.nonInternalExists);
+
+Object.freeze(builtinModules);
+Module.builtinModules = builtinModules;
+
+Module._cache = Object.create(null);
+Module._pathCache = Object.create(null);
+Module._extensions = Object.create(null);
+var modulePaths = [];
+Module.globalPaths = [];
+
+Module.wrap = function(script) {
+  return Module.wrapper[0] + script + Module.wrapper[1];
+};
+
+Module.wrapper = [
+  '(function (exports, require, module, __filename, __dirname) { ',
+  '\n});'
+];
+
+const debug = util.debuglog('module');
+
+Module._debug = util.deprecate(debug, 'Module._debug is deprecated.',
+                               'DEP0077');
+
+// given a module name, and a list of paths to test, returns the first
+// matching file in the following precedence.
+//
+// require("a.<ext>")
+//   -> a.<ext>
+//
+// require("a")
+//   -> a
+//   -> a.<ext>
+//   -> a/index.<ext>
+
+// check if the directory is a package.json dir
+const packageMainCache = Object.create(null);
+
+function readPackage(requestPath) {
+  const entry = packageMainCache[requestPath];
+  if (entry)
+    return entry;
+
+  const jsonPath = path.resolve(requestPath, 'package.json');
+  const json = internalModuleReadFile(path.toNamespacedPath(jsonPath));
+
+  if (json === undefined) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  try {
+    var pkg = packageMainCache[requestPath] = JSON.parse(json).main;
+  } catch (e) {
+    e.path = jsonPath;
+    e.message = 'Error parsing ' + jsonPath + ': ' + e.message;
+    throw e;
+  }
+  return pkg;
+}
+
+function tryPackage(requestPath, exts, isMain) {
+  var pkg = readPackage(requestPath);
+
+  if (!pkg) return false;
+
+  var filename = path.resolve(requestPath, pkg);
+  return tryFile(filename, isMain) ||
+         tryExtensions(filename, exts, isMain) ||
+         tryExtensions(path.resolve(filename, 'index'), exts, isMain);
+}
+
+// In order to minimize unnecessary lstat() calls,
+// this cache is a list of known-real paths.
+// Set to an empty Map to reset.
+const realpathCache = new Map();
+
+// check if the file exists and is not a directory
+// if using --preserve-symlinks and isMain is false,
+// keep symlinks intact, otherwise resolve to the
+// absolute realpath.
+function tryFile(requestPath, isMain) {
+  const rc = stat(requestPath);
+  if (preserveSymlinks && !isMain) {
+    return rc === 0 && path.resolve(requestPath);
+  }
+  return rc === 0 && toRealPath(requestPath);
+}
+
+function toRealPath(requestPath) {
+  return fs.realpathSync(requestPath, {
+    [internalFS.realpathCacheKey]: realpathCache
+  });
+}
+
+// given a path, check if the file exists with any of the set extensions
+function tryExtensions(p, exts, isMain) {
+  for (var i = 0; i < exts.length; i++) {
+    const filename = tryFile(p + exts[i], isMain);
+
+    if (filename) {
+      return filename;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+var warned = false;
+Module._findPath = function(request, paths, isMain) {
+  if (path.isAbsolute(request)) {
+    paths = [''];
+  } else if (!paths || paths.length === 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  var cacheKey = request + '\x00' +
+                (paths.length === 1 ? paths[0] : paths.join('\x00'));
+  var entry = Module._pathCache[cacheKey];
+  if (entry)
+    return entry;
+
+  var exts;
+  var trailingSlash = request.length > 0 &&
+                      request.charCodeAt(request.length - 1) === 47/*/*/;
+
+  // For each path
+  for (var i = 0; i < paths.length; i++) {
+    // Don't search further if path doesn't exist
+    const curPath = paths[i];
+    if (curPath && stat(curPath) < 1) continue;
+    var basePath = path.resolve(curPath, request);
+    var filename;
+
+    var rc = stat(basePath);
+    if (!trailingSlash) {
+      if (rc === 0) {  // File.
+        if (preserveSymlinks && !isMain) {
+          filename = path.resolve(basePath);
+        } else {
+          filename = toRealPath(basePath);
+        }
+      } else if (rc === 1) {  // Directory.
+        if (exts === undefined)
+          exts = Object.keys(Module._extensions);
+        filename = tryPackage(basePath, exts, isMain);
+      }
+
+      if (!filename) {
+        // try it with each of the extensions
+        if (exts === undefined)
+          exts = Object.keys(Module._extensions);
+        filename = tryExtensions(basePath, exts, isMain);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!filename && rc === 1) {  // Directory.
+      if (exts === undefined)
+        exts = Object.keys(Module._extensions);
+      filename = tryPackage(basePath, exts, isMain) ||
+        // try it with each of the extensions at "index"
+        tryExtensions(path.resolve(basePath, 'index'), exts, isMain);
+    }
+
+    if (filename) {
+      // Warn once if '.' resolved outside the module dir
+      if (request === '.' && i > 0) {
+        if (!warned) {
+          warned = true;
+          process.emitWarning(
+            'warning: require(\'.\') resolved outside the package ' +
+            'directory. This functionality is deprecated and will be removed ' +
+            'soon.',
+            'DeprecationWarning', 'DEP0019');
+        }
+      }
+
+      Module._pathCache[cacheKey] = filename;
+      return filename;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+};
+
+// 'node_modules' character codes reversed
+var nmChars = [ 115, 101, 108, 117, 100, 111, 109, 95, 101, 100, 111, 110 ];
+var nmLen = nmChars.length;
+if (process.platform === 'win32') {
+  // 'from' is the __dirname of the module.
+  Module._nodeModulePaths = function(from) {
+    // guarantee that 'from' is absolute.
+    from = path.resolve(from);
+
+    // note: this approach *only* works when the path is guaranteed
+    // to be absolute.  Doing a fully-edge-case-correct path.split
+    // that works on both Windows and Posix is non-trivial.
+
+    // return root node_modules when path is 'D:\\'.
+    // path.resolve will make sure from.length >=3 in Windows.
+    if (from.charCodeAt(from.length - 1) === 92/*\*/ &&
+        from.charCodeAt(from.length - 2) === 58/*:*/)
+      return [from + 'node_modules'];
+
+    const paths = [];
+    var p = 0;
+    var last = from.length;
+    for (var i = from.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+      const code = from.charCodeAt(i);
+      // The path segment separator check ('\' and '/') was used to get
+      // node_modules path for every path segment.
+      // Use colon as an extra condition since we can get node_modules
+      // path for drive root like 'C:\node_modules' and don't need to
+      // parse drive name.
+      if (code === 92/*\*/ || code === 47/*/*/ || code === 58/*:*/) {
+        if (p !== nmLen)
+          paths.push(from.slice(0, last) + '\\node_modules');
+        last = i;
+        p = 0;
+      } else if (p !== -1) {
+        if (nmChars[p] === code) {
+          ++p;
+        } else {
+          p = -1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return paths;
+  };
+} else { // posix
+  // 'from' is the __dirname of the module.
+  Module._nodeModulePaths = function(from) {
+    // guarantee that 'from' is absolute.
+    from = path.resolve(from);
+    // Return early not only to avoid unnecessary work, but to *avoid* returning
+    // an array of two items for a root: [ '//node_modules', '/node_modules' ]
+    if (from === '/')
+      return ['/node_modules'];
+
+    // note: this approach *only* works when the path is guaranteed
+    // to be absolute.  Doing a fully-edge-case-correct path.split
+    // that works on both Windows and Posix is non-trivial.
+    const paths = [];
+    var p = 0;
+    var last = from.length;
+    for (var i = from.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+      const code = from.charCodeAt(i);
+      if (code === 47/*/*/) {
+        if (p !== nmLen)
+          paths.push(from.slice(0, last) + '/node_modules');
+        last = i;
+        p = 0;
+      } else if (p !== -1) {
+        if (nmChars[p] === code) {
+          ++p;
+        } else {
+          p = -1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Append /node_modules to handle root paths.
+    paths.push('/node_modules');
+
+    return paths;
+  };
+}
+
+
+// 'index.' character codes
+var indexChars = [ 105, 110, 100, 101, 120, 46 ];
+var indexLen = indexChars.length;
+Module._resolveLookupPaths = function(request, parent, newReturn) {
+  if (NativeModule.nonInternalExists(request)) {
+    debug('looking for %j in []', request);
+    return (newReturn ? null : [request, []]);
+  }
+
+  // Check for relative path
+  if (request.length < 2 ||
+      request.charCodeAt(0) !== 46/*.*/ ||
+      (request.charCodeAt(1) !== 46/*.*/ &&
+       request.charCodeAt(1) !== 47/*/*/)) {
+    var paths = modulePaths;
+    if (parent) {
+      if (!parent.paths)
+        paths = parent.paths = [];
+      else
+        paths = parent.paths.concat(paths);
+    }
+
+    // Maintain backwards compat with certain broken uses of require('.')
+    // by putting the module's directory in front of the lookup paths.
+    if (request === '.') {
+      if (parent && parent.filename) {
+        paths.unshift(path.dirname(parent.filename));
+      } else {
+        paths.unshift(path.resolve(request));
+      }
+    }
+
+    debug('looking for %j in %j', request, paths);
+    return (newReturn ? (paths.length > 0 ? paths : null) : [request, paths]);
+  }
+
+  // with --eval, parent.id is not set and parent.filename is null
+  if (!parent || !parent.id || !parent.filename) {
+    // make require('./path/to/foo') work - normally the path is taken
+    // from realpath(__filename) but with eval there is no filename
+    var mainPaths = ['.'].concat(Module._nodeModulePaths('.'), modulePaths);
+
+    debug('looking for %j in %j', request, mainPaths);
+    return (newReturn ? mainPaths : [request, mainPaths]);
+  }
+
+  // Is the parent an index module?
+  // We can assume the parent has a valid extension,
+  // as it already has been accepted as a module.
+  const base = path.basename(parent.filename);
+  var parentIdPath;
+  if (base.length > indexLen) {
+    var i = 0;
+    for (; i < indexLen; ++i) {
+      if (indexChars[i] !== base.charCodeAt(i))
+        break;
+    }
+    if (i === indexLen) {
+      // We matched 'index.', let's validate the rest
+      for (; i < base.length; ++i) {
+        const code = base.charCodeAt(i);
+        if (code !== 95/*_*/ &&
+            (code < 48/*0*/ || code > 57/*9*/) &&
+            (code < 65/*A*/ || code > 90/*Z*/) &&
+            (code < 97/*a*/ || code > 122/*z*/))
+          break;
+      }
+      if (i === base.length) {
+        // Is an index module
+        parentIdPath = parent.id;
+      } else {
+        // Not an index module
+        parentIdPath = path.dirname(parent.id);
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Not an index module
+      parentIdPath = path.dirname(parent.id);
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Not an index module
+    parentIdPath = path.dirname(parent.id);
+  }
+  var id = path.resolve(parentIdPath, request);
+
+  // make sure require('./path') and require('path') get distinct ids, even
+  // when called from the toplevel js file
+  if (parentIdPath === '.' && id.indexOf('/') === -1) {
+    id = './' + id;
+  }
+
+  debug('RELATIVE: requested: %s set ID to: %s from %s', request, id,
+        parent.id);
+
+  var parentDir = [path.dirname(parent.filename)];
+  debug('looking for %j in %j', id, parentDir);
+  return (newReturn ? parentDir : [id, parentDir]);
+};
+
+// Check the cache for the requested file.
+// 1. If a module already exists in the cache: return its exports object.
+// 2. If the module is native: call `NativeModule.require()` with the
+//    filename and return the result.
+// 3. Otherwise, create a new module for the file and save it to the cache.
+//    Then have it load  the file contents before returning its exports
+//    object.
+Module._load = function(request, parent, isMain) {
+  if (parent) {
+    debug('Module._load REQUEST %s parent: %s', request, parent.id);
+  }
+
+  if (experimentalModules && isMain) {
+    asyncESM.loaderPromise.then((loader) => {
+      return loader.import(getURLFromFilePath(request).pathname);
+    })
+    .catch((e) => {
+      decorateErrorStack(e);
+      console.error(e);
+      process.exit(1);
+    });
+    return;
+  }
+
+  var filename = Module._resolveFilename(request, parent, isMain);
+
+  var cachedModule = Module._cache[filename];
+  if (cachedModule) {
+    updateChildren(parent, cachedModule, true);
+    return cachedModule.exports;
+  }
+
+  if (NativeModule.nonInternalExists(filename)) {
+    debug('load native module %s', request);
+    return NativeModule.require(filename);
+  }
+
+  // Don't call updateChildren(), Module constructor already does.
+  var module = new Module(filename, parent);
+
+  if (isMain) {
+    process.mainModule = module;
+    module.id = '.';
+  }
+
+  Module._cache[filename] = module;
+
+  tryModuleLoad(module, filename);
+
+  return module.exports;
+};
+
+function tryModuleLoad(module, filename) {
+  var threw = true;
+  try {
+    module.load(filename);
+    threw = false;
+  } finally {
+    if (threw) {
+      delete Module._cache[filename];
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+Module._resolveFilename = function(request, parent, isMain, options) {
+  if (NativeModule.nonInternalExists(request)) {
+    return request;
+  }
+
+  var paths;
+
+  if (typeof options === 'object' && options !== null &&
+      Array.isArray(options.paths)) {
+    const fakeParent = new Module('', null);
+
+    paths = [];
+
+    for (var i = 0; i < options.paths.length; i++) {
+      const path = options.paths[i];
+      fakeParent.paths = Module._nodeModulePaths(path);
+      const lookupPaths = Module._resolveLookupPaths(request, fakeParent, true);
+
+      if (!paths.includes(path))
+        paths.push(path);
+
+      for (var j = 0; j < lookupPaths.length; j++) {
+        if (!paths.includes(lookupPaths[j]))
+          paths.push(lookupPaths[j]);
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    paths = Module._resolveLookupPaths(request, parent, true);
+  }
+
+  // look up the filename first, since that's the cache key.
+  var filename = Module._findPath(request, paths, isMain);
+  if (!filename) {
+    var err = new Error(`Cannot find module '${request}'`);
+    err.code = 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND';
+    throw err;
+  }
+  return filename;
+};
+
+
+// Given a file name, pass it to the proper extension handler.
+Module.prototype.load = function(filename) {
+  debug('load %j for module %j', filename, this.id);
+
+  assert(!this.loaded);
+  this.filename = filename;
+  this.paths = Module._nodeModulePaths(path.dirname(filename));
+
+  var extension = path.extname(filename) || '.js';
+  if (!Module._extensions[extension]) extension = '.js';
+  Module._extensions[extension](this, filename);
+  this.loaded = true;
+
+  if (experimentalModules) {
+    const ESMLoader = asyncESM.ESMLoader;
+    const url = getURLFromFilePath(filename);
+    const urlString = `${url}`;
+    const exports = this.exports;
+    if (ESMLoader.moduleMap.has(urlString) !== true) {
+      ESMLoader.moduleMap.set(
+        urlString,
+        new ModuleJob(ESMLoader, url, async () => {
+          const ctx = createDynamicModule(
+            ['default'], url);
+          ctx.reflect.exports.default.set(exports);
+          return ctx;
+        })
+      );
+    } else {
+      const job = ESMLoader.moduleMap.get(urlString);
+      if (job.reflect)
+        job.reflect.exports.default.set(exports);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+
+// Loads a module at the given file path. Returns that module's
+// `exports` property.
+Module.prototype.require = function(path) {
+  assert(path, 'missing path');
+  assert(typeof path === 'string', 'path must be a string');
+  return Module._load(path, this, /* isMain */ false);
+};
+
+
+// Resolved path to process.argv[1] will be lazily placed here
+// (needed for setting breakpoint when called with --inspect-brk)
+var resolvedArgv;
+
+
+// Run the file contents in the correct scope or sandbox. Expose
+// the correct helper variables (require, module, exports) to
+// the file.
+// Returns exception, if any.
+Module.prototype._compile = function(content, filename) {
+
+  content = stripShebang(content);
+
+  // create wrapper function
+  var wrapper = Module.wrap(content);
+
+  var compiledWrapper = vm.runInThisContext(wrapper, {
+    filename: filename,
+    lineOffset: 0,
+    displayErrors: true
+  });
+
+  var inspectorWrapper = null;
+  if (process._breakFirstLine && process._eval == null) {
+    if (!resolvedArgv) {
+      // we enter the repl if we're not given a filename argument.
+      if (process.argv[1]) {
+        resolvedArgv = Module._resolveFilename(process.argv[1], null, false);
+      } else {
+        resolvedArgv = 'repl';
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Set breakpoint on module start
+    if (filename === resolvedArgv) {
+      delete process._breakFirstLine;
+      inspectorWrapper = process.binding('inspector').callAndPauseOnStart;
+      if (!inspectorWrapper) {
+        const Debug = vm.runInDebugContext('Debug');
+        Debug.setBreakPoint(compiledWrapper, 0, 0);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  var dirname = path.dirname(filename);
+  var require = makeRequireFunction(this);
+  var depth = requireDepth;
+  if (depth === 0) stat.cache = new Map();
+  var result;
+  if (inspectorWrapper) {
+    result = inspectorWrapper(compiledWrapper, this.exports, this.exports,
+                              require, this, filename, dirname);
+  } else {
+    result = compiledWrapper.call(this.exports, this.exports, require, this,
+                                  filename, dirname);
+  }
+  if (depth === 0) stat.cache = null;
+  return result;
+};
+
+
+// Native extension for .js
+Module._extensions['.js'] = function(module, filename) {
+  var content = fs.readFileSync(filename, 'utf8');
+  module._compile(stripBOM(content), filename);
+};
+
+
+// Native extension for .json
+Module._extensions['.json'] = function(module, filename) {
+  var content = fs.readFileSync(filename, 'utf8');
+  try {
+    module.exports = JSON.parse(stripBOM(content));
+  } catch (err) {
+    err.message = filename + ': ' + err.message;
+    throw err;
+  }
+};
+
+
+//Native extension for .node
+Module._extensions['.node'] = function(module, filename) {
+  return process.dlopen(module, path.toNamespacedPath(filename));
+};
+
+if (experimentalModules) {
+  Module._extensions['.mjs'] = function(module, filename) {
+    throw new errors.Error('ERR_REQUIRE_ESM', filename);
+  };
+}
+
+// bootstrap main module.
+Module.runMain = function() {
+  // Load the main module--the command line argument.
+  Module._load(process.argv[1], null, true);
+  // Handle any nextTicks added in the first tick of the program
+  process._tickCallback();
+};
+
+Module._initPaths = function() {
+  const isWindows = process.platform === 'win32';
+
+  var homeDir;
+  if (isWindows) {
+    homeDir = process.env.USERPROFILE;
+  } else {
+    homeDir = process.env.HOME;
+  }
+
+  // $PREFIX/lib/node, where $PREFIX is the root of the Node.js installation.
+  var prefixDir;
+  // process.execPath is $PREFIX/bin/node except on Windows where it is
+  // $PREFIX\node.exe.
+  if (isWindows) {
+    prefixDir = path.resolve(process.execPath, '..');
+  } else {
+    prefixDir = path.resolve(process.execPath, '..', '..');
+  }
+  var paths = [path.resolve(prefixDir, 'lib', 'node')];
+
+  if (homeDir) {
+    paths.unshift(path.resolve(homeDir, '.node_libraries'));
+    paths.unshift(path.resolve(homeDir, '.node_modules'));
+  }
+
+  var nodePath = process.env.NODE_PATH;
+  if (nodePath) {
+    paths = nodePath.split(path.delimiter).filter(function(path) {
+      return !!path;
+    }).concat(paths);
+  }
+
+  modulePaths = paths;
+
+  // clone as a shallow copy, for introspection.
+  Module.globalPaths = modulePaths.slice(0);
+};
+
+Module._preloadModules = function(requests) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(requests))
+    return;
+
+  // Preloaded modules have a dummy parent module which is deemed to exist
+  // in the current working directory. This seeds the search path for
+  // preloaded modules.
+  var parent = new Module('internal/preload', null);
+  try {
+    parent.paths = Module._nodeModulePaths(process.cwd());
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e.code !== 'ENOENT') {
+      throw e;
+    }
+  }
+  for (var n = 0; n < requests.length; n++)
+    parent.require(requests[n]);
+};
+
+Module._initPaths();
+
+// backwards compatibility
+Module.Module = Module;
diff --git a/lib/internal/loader/CreateDynamicModule.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/CreateDynamicModule.js
similarity index 96%
rename from lib/internal/loader/CreateDynamicModule.js
rename to lib/internal/modules/esm/CreateDynamicModule.js
index f2596de04bfcb3..7e9777af51ee2b 100644
--- a/lib/internal/loader/CreateDynamicModule.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/CreateDynamicModule.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 'use strict';
 
+const { internalBinding } = require('internal/bootstrap/loaders');
 const { ModuleWrap } = internalBinding('module_wrap');
 const debug = require('util').debuglog('esm');
 const ArrayJoin = Function.call.bind(Array.prototype.join);
diff --git a/lib/internal/loader/DefaultResolve.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/DefaultResolve.js
similarity index 94%
rename from lib/internal/loader/DefaultResolve.js
rename to lib/internal/modules/esm/DefaultResolve.js
index bd99f31e54c599..093075e09659fe 100644
--- a/lib/internal/loader/DefaultResolve.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/DefaultResolve.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 'use strict';
 
 const { URL } = require('url');
-const CJSmodule = require('module');
+const CJSmodule = require('internal/modules/cjs/loader');
 const internalFS = require('internal/fs');
-const NativeModule = require('native_module');
+const { NativeModule, internalBinding } = require('internal/bootstrap/loaders');
 const { extname } = require('path');
 const { realpathSync } = require('fs');
 const preserveSymlinks = !!process.binding('config').preserveSymlinks;
diff --git a/lib/internal/loader/Loader.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/Loader.js
similarity index 92%
rename from lib/internal/loader/Loader.js
rename to lib/internal/modules/esm/Loader.js
index f0edbbf921f40f..170fa23ec798ff 100644
--- a/lib/internal/loader/Loader.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/Loader.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 'use strict';
 
 const errors = require('internal/errors');
-const ModuleMap = require('internal/loader/ModuleMap');
-const ModuleJob = require('internal/loader/ModuleJob');
-const defaultResolve = require('internal/loader/DefaultResolve');
-const createDynamicModule = require('internal/loader/CreateDynamicModule');
-const translators = require('internal/loader/Translators');
+const ModuleMap = require('internal/modules/esm/ModuleMap');
+const ModuleJob = require('internal/modules/esm/ModuleJob');
+const defaultResolve = require('internal/modules/esm/DefaultResolve');
+const createDynamicModule = require('internal/modules/esm/CreateDynamicModule');
+const translators = require('internal/modules/esm/Translators');
 
 const FunctionBind = Function.call.bind(Function.prototype.bind);
 
diff --git a/lib/internal/loader/ModuleJob.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/ModuleJob.js
similarity index 98%
rename from lib/internal/loader/ModuleJob.js
rename to lib/internal/modules/esm/ModuleJob.js
index b3553fc7235d95..d948252829ddbf 100644
--- a/lib/internal/loader/ModuleJob.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/ModuleJob.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 'use strict';
 
+const { internalBinding } = require('internal/bootstrap/loaders');
 const { ModuleWrap } = internalBinding('module_wrap');
 const { SafeSet, SafePromise } = require('internal/safe_globals');
 const { decorateErrorStack } = require('internal/util');
diff --git a/lib/internal/loader/ModuleMap.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/ModuleMap.js
similarity index 93%
rename from lib/internal/loader/ModuleMap.js
rename to lib/internal/modules/esm/ModuleMap.js
index aa238afbaedc05..7f5ee8bf9e7762 100644
--- a/lib/internal/loader/ModuleMap.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/ModuleMap.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 'use strict';
 
-const ModuleJob = require('internal/loader/ModuleJob');
+const ModuleJob = require('internal/modules/esm/ModuleJob');
 const { SafeMap } = require('internal/safe_globals');
 const debug = require('util').debuglog('esm');
 const errors = require('internal/errors');
diff --git a/lib/internal/loader/ModuleWrap.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/ModuleWrap.js
similarity index 62%
rename from lib/internal/loader/ModuleWrap.js
rename to lib/internal/modules/esm/ModuleWrap.js
index b2b11daead7dde..e589960193c94c 100644
--- a/lib/internal/loader/ModuleWrap.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/ModuleWrap.js
@@ -2,4 +2,5 @@
 
 // exposes ModuleWrap for testing
 
+const { internalBinding } = require('internal/bootstrap/loaders');
 module.exports = internalBinding('module_wrap').ModuleWrap;
diff --git a/lib/internal/loader/Translators.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/Translators.js
similarity index 88%
rename from lib/internal/loader/Translators.js
rename to lib/internal/modules/esm/Translators.js
index 18b1b12fd15854..2928115be515e0 100644
--- a/lib/internal/loader/Translators.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/Translators.js
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 'use strict';
 
+const { NativeModule, internalBinding } = require('internal/bootstrap/loaders');
 const { ModuleWrap } = internalBinding('module_wrap');
-const NativeModule = require('native_module');
-const internalCJSModule = require('internal/module');
-const CJSModule = require('module');
+const {
+  stripShebang,
+  stripBOM
+} = require('internal/modules/cjs/helpers');
+const CJSModule = require('internal/modules/cjs/loader');
 const internalURLModule = require('internal/url');
-const createDynamicModule = require('internal/loader/CreateDynamicModule');
+const createDynamicModule = require('internal/modules/esm/CreateDynamicModule');
 const fs = require('fs');
 const { _makeLong } = require('path');
 const { SafeMap } = require('internal/safe_globals');
@@ -24,7 +27,7 @@ translators.set('esm', async (url) => {
   const source = `${await readFileAsync(new URL(url))}`;
   debug(`Translating StandardModule ${url}`);
   return {
-    module: new ModuleWrap(internalCJSModule.stripShebang(source), url),
+    module: new ModuleWrap(stripShebang(source), url),
     reflect: undefined
   };
 });
@@ -82,7 +85,7 @@ translators.set('json', async (url) => {
     const pathname = internalURLModule.getPathFromURL(new URL(url));
     const content = readFileSync(pathname, 'utf8');
     try {
-      const exports = JsonParse(internalCJSModule.stripBOM(content));
+      const exports = JsonParse(stripBOM(content));
       reflect.exports.default.set(exports);
     } catch (err) {
       err.message = pathname + ': ' + err.message;
diff --git a/lib/internal/process/modules.js b/lib/internal/process/esm_loader.js
similarity index 91%
rename from lib/internal/process/modules.js
rename to lib/internal/process/esm_loader.js
index bc977c718725f2..ca2ce57feb54d8 100644
--- a/lib/internal/process/modules.js
+++ b/lib/internal/process/esm_loader.js
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 'use strict';
 
+const { internalBinding } = require('internal/bootstrap/loaders');
 const {
   setImportModuleDynamicallyCallback
 } = internalBinding('module_wrap');
 
 const { getURLFromFilePath } = require('internal/url');
-const Loader = require('internal/loader/Loader');
+const Loader = require('internal/modules/esm/Loader');
 const path = require('path');
 const { URL } = require('url');
 
diff --git a/lib/internal/vm/Module.js b/lib/internal/vm/Module.js
index a8fb7303aec131..f0fa55f39b8103 100644
--- a/lib/internal/vm/Module.js
+++ b/lib/internal/vm/Module.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 'use strict';
 
+const { internalBinding } = require('internal/bootstrap/loaders');
 const { emitExperimentalWarning } = require('internal/util');
 const { URL } = require('internal/url');
 const { kParsingContext, isContext } = process.binding('contextify');
diff --git a/lib/module.js b/lib/module.js
index 877cca590f077b..962f18b054cc90 100644
--- a/lib/module.js
+++ b/lib/module.js
@@ -1,756 +1,3 @@
-// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
-// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
-// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
-// following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
-// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
-// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
-// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
-// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
-// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
-// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-
 'use strict';
 
-const NativeModule = require('native_module');
-const util = require('util');
-const { decorateErrorStack } = require('internal/util');
-const { getURLFromFilePath } = require('internal/url');
-const vm = require('vm');
-const assert = require('assert').ok;
-const fs = require('fs');
-const internalFS = require('internal/fs');
-const path = require('path');
-const {
-  internalModuleReadFile,
-  internalModuleStat
-} = process.binding('fs');
-const internalModule = require('internal/module');
-const preserveSymlinks = !!process.binding('config').preserveSymlinks;
-const experimentalModules = !!process.binding('config').experimentalModules;
-
-const errors = require('internal/errors');
-
-module.exports = Module;
-
-// these are below module.exports for the circular reference
-const internalESModule = require('internal/process/modules');
-const ModuleJob = require('internal/loader/ModuleJob');
-const createDynamicModule = require('internal/loader/CreateDynamicModule');
-
-function stat(filename) {
-  filename = path.toNamespacedPath(filename);
-  const cache = stat.cache;
-  if (cache !== null) {
-    const result = cache.get(filename);
-    if (result !== undefined) return result;
-  }
-  const result = internalModuleStat(filename);
-  if (cache !== null) cache.set(filename, result);
-  return result;
-}
-stat.cache = null;
-
-function updateChildren(parent, child, scan) {
-  var children = parent && parent.children;
-  if (children && !(scan && children.includes(child)))
-    children.push(child);
-}
-
-function Module(id, parent) {
-  this.id = id;
-  this.exports = {};
-  this.parent = parent;
-  updateChildren(parent, this, false);
-  this.filename = null;
-  this.loaded = false;
-  this.children = [];
-}
-
-const builtinModules = Object.keys(NativeModule._source)
-  .filter(NativeModule.nonInternalExists);
-
-Object.freeze(builtinModules);
-Module.builtinModules = builtinModules;
-
-Module._cache = Object.create(null);
-Module._pathCache = Object.create(null);
-Module._extensions = Object.create(null);
-var modulePaths = [];
-Module.globalPaths = [];
-
-Module.wrap = function(script) {
-  return Module.wrapper[0] + script + Module.wrapper[1];
-};
-
-Module.wrapper = [
-  '(function (exports, require, module, __filename, __dirname) { ',
-  '\n});'
-];
-
-const debug = util.debuglog('module');
-
-Module._debug = util.deprecate(debug, 'Module._debug is deprecated.',
-                               'DEP0077');
-
-// given a module name, and a list of paths to test, returns the first
-// matching file in the following precedence.
-//
-// require("a.<ext>")
-//   -> a.<ext>
-//
-// require("a")
-//   -> a
-//   -> a.<ext>
-//   -> a/index.<ext>
-
-// check if the directory is a package.json dir
-const packageMainCache = Object.create(null);
-
-function readPackage(requestPath) {
-  const entry = packageMainCache[requestPath];
-  if (entry)
-    return entry;
-
-  const jsonPath = path.resolve(requestPath, 'package.json');
-  const json = internalModuleReadFile(path.toNamespacedPath(jsonPath));
-
-  if (json === undefined) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  try {
-    var pkg = packageMainCache[requestPath] = JSON.parse(json).main;
-  } catch (e) {
-    e.path = jsonPath;
-    e.message = 'Error parsing ' + jsonPath + ': ' + e.message;
-    throw e;
-  }
-  return pkg;
-}
-
-function tryPackage(requestPath, exts, isMain) {
-  var pkg = readPackage(requestPath);
-
-  if (!pkg) return false;
-
-  var filename = path.resolve(requestPath, pkg);
-  return tryFile(filename, isMain) ||
-         tryExtensions(filename, exts, isMain) ||
-         tryExtensions(path.resolve(filename, 'index'), exts, isMain);
-}
-
-// In order to minimize unnecessary lstat() calls,
-// this cache is a list of known-real paths.
-// Set to an empty Map to reset.
-const realpathCache = new Map();
-
-// check if the file exists and is not a directory
-// if using --preserve-symlinks and isMain is false,
-// keep symlinks intact, otherwise resolve to the
-// absolute realpath.
-function tryFile(requestPath, isMain) {
-  const rc = stat(requestPath);
-  if (preserveSymlinks && !isMain) {
-    return rc === 0 && path.resolve(requestPath);
-  }
-  return rc === 0 && toRealPath(requestPath);
-}
-
-function toRealPath(requestPath) {
-  return fs.realpathSync(requestPath, {
-    [internalFS.realpathCacheKey]: realpathCache
-  });
-}
-
-// given a path, check if the file exists with any of the set extensions
-function tryExtensions(p, exts, isMain) {
-  for (var i = 0; i < exts.length; i++) {
-    const filename = tryFile(p + exts[i], isMain);
-
-    if (filename) {
-      return filename;
-    }
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
-var warned = false;
-Module._findPath = function(request, paths, isMain) {
-  if (path.isAbsolute(request)) {
-    paths = [''];
-  } else if (!paths || paths.length === 0) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  var cacheKey = request + '\x00' +
-                (paths.length === 1 ? paths[0] : paths.join('\x00'));
-  var entry = Module._pathCache[cacheKey];
-  if (entry)
-    return entry;
-
-  var exts;
-  var trailingSlash = request.length > 0 &&
-                      request.charCodeAt(request.length - 1) === 47/*/*/;
-
-  // For each path
-  for (var i = 0; i < paths.length; i++) {
-    // Don't search further if path doesn't exist
-    const curPath = paths[i];
-    if (curPath && stat(curPath) < 1) continue;
-    var basePath = path.resolve(curPath, request);
-    var filename;
-
-    var rc = stat(basePath);
-    if (!trailingSlash) {
-      if (rc === 0) {  // File.
-        if (preserveSymlinks && !isMain) {
-          filename = path.resolve(basePath);
-        } else {
-          filename = toRealPath(basePath);
-        }
-      } else if (rc === 1) {  // Directory.
-        if (exts === undefined)
-          exts = Object.keys(Module._extensions);
-        filename = tryPackage(basePath, exts, isMain);
-      }
-
-      if (!filename) {
-        // try it with each of the extensions
-        if (exts === undefined)
-          exts = Object.keys(Module._extensions);
-        filename = tryExtensions(basePath, exts, isMain);
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (!filename && rc === 1) {  // Directory.
-      if (exts === undefined)
-        exts = Object.keys(Module._extensions);
-      filename = tryPackage(basePath, exts, isMain) ||
-        // try it with each of the extensions at "index"
-        tryExtensions(path.resolve(basePath, 'index'), exts, isMain);
-    }
-
-    if (filename) {
-      // Warn once if '.' resolved outside the module dir
-      if (request === '.' && i > 0) {
-        if (!warned) {
-          warned = true;
-          process.emitWarning(
-            'warning: require(\'.\') resolved outside the package ' +
-            'directory. This functionality is deprecated and will be removed ' +
-            'soon.',
-            'DeprecationWarning', 'DEP0019');
-        }
-      }
-
-      Module._pathCache[cacheKey] = filename;
-      return filename;
-    }
-  }
-  return false;
-};
-
-// 'node_modules' character codes reversed
-var nmChars = [ 115, 101, 108, 117, 100, 111, 109, 95, 101, 100, 111, 110 ];
-var nmLen = nmChars.length;
-if (process.platform === 'win32') {
-  // 'from' is the __dirname of the module.
-  Module._nodeModulePaths = function(from) {
-    // guarantee that 'from' is absolute.
-    from = path.resolve(from);
-
-    // note: this approach *only* works when the path is guaranteed
-    // to be absolute.  Doing a fully-edge-case-correct path.split
-    // that works on both Windows and Posix is non-trivial.
-
-    // return root node_modules when path is 'D:\\'.
-    // path.resolve will make sure from.length >=3 in Windows.
-    if (from.charCodeAt(from.length - 1) === 92/*\*/ &&
-        from.charCodeAt(from.length - 2) === 58/*:*/)
-      return [from + 'node_modules'];
-
-    const paths = [];
-    var p = 0;
-    var last = from.length;
-    for (var i = from.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
-      const code = from.charCodeAt(i);
-      // The path segment separator check ('\' and '/') was used to get
-      // node_modules path for every path segment.
-      // Use colon as an extra condition since we can get node_modules
-      // path for drive root like 'C:\node_modules' and don't need to
-      // parse drive name.
-      if (code === 92/*\*/ || code === 47/*/*/ || code === 58/*:*/) {
-        if (p !== nmLen)
-          paths.push(from.slice(0, last) + '\\node_modules');
-        last = i;
-        p = 0;
-      } else if (p !== -1) {
-        if (nmChars[p] === code) {
-          ++p;
-        } else {
-          p = -1;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    return paths;
-  };
-} else { // posix
-  // 'from' is the __dirname of the module.
-  Module._nodeModulePaths = function(from) {
-    // guarantee that 'from' is absolute.
-    from = path.resolve(from);
-    // Return early not only to avoid unnecessary work, but to *avoid* returning
-    // an array of two items for a root: [ '//node_modules', '/node_modules' ]
-    if (from === '/')
-      return ['/node_modules'];
-
-    // note: this approach *only* works when the path is guaranteed
-    // to be absolute.  Doing a fully-edge-case-correct path.split
-    // that works on both Windows and Posix is non-trivial.
-    const paths = [];
-    var p = 0;
-    var last = from.length;
-    for (var i = from.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
-      const code = from.charCodeAt(i);
-      if (code === 47/*/*/) {
-        if (p !== nmLen)
-          paths.push(from.slice(0, last) + '/node_modules');
-        last = i;
-        p = 0;
-      } else if (p !== -1) {
-        if (nmChars[p] === code) {
-          ++p;
-        } else {
-          p = -1;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Append /node_modules to handle root paths.
-    paths.push('/node_modules');
-
-    return paths;
-  };
-}
-
-
-// 'index.' character codes
-var indexChars = [ 105, 110, 100, 101, 120, 46 ];
-var indexLen = indexChars.length;
-Module._resolveLookupPaths = function(request, parent, newReturn) {
-  if (NativeModule.nonInternalExists(request)) {
-    debug('looking for %j in []', request);
-    return (newReturn ? null : [request, []]);
-  }
-
-  // Check for relative path
-  if (request.length < 2 ||
-      request.charCodeAt(0) !== 46/*.*/ ||
-      (request.charCodeAt(1) !== 46/*.*/ &&
-       request.charCodeAt(1) !== 47/*/*/)) {
-    var paths = modulePaths;
-    if (parent) {
-      if (!parent.paths)
-        paths = parent.paths = [];
-      else
-        paths = parent.paths.concat(paths);
-    }
-
-    // Maintain backwards compat with certain broken uses of require('.')
-    // by putting the module's directory in front of the lookup paths.
-    if (request === '.') {
-      if (parent && parent.filename) {
-        paths.unshift(path.dirname(parent.filename));
-      } else {
-        paths.unshift(path.resolve(request));
-      }
-    }
-
-    debug('looking for %j in %j', request, paths);
-    return (newReturn ? (paths.length > 0 ? paths : null) : [request, paths]);
-  }
-
-  // with --eval, parent.id is not set and parent.filename is null
-  if (!parent || !parent.id || !parent.filename) {
-    // make require('./path/to/foo') work - normally the path is taken
-    // from realpath(__filename) but with eval there is no filename
-    var mainPaths = ['.'].concat(Module._nodeModulePaths('.'), modulePaths);
-
-    debug('looking for %j in %j', request, mainPaths);
-    return (newReturn ? mainPaths : [request, mainPaths]);
-  }
-
-  // Is the parent an index module?
-  // We can assume the parent has a valid extension,
-  // as it already has been accepted as a module.
-  const base = path.basename(parent.filename);
-  var parentIdPath;
-  if (base.length > indexLen) {
-    var i = 0;
-    for (; i < indexLen; ++i) {
-      if (indexChars[i] !== base.charCodeAt(i))
-        break;
-    }
-    if (i === indexLen) {
-      // We matched 'index.', let's validate the rest
-      for (; i < base.length; ++i) {
-        const code = base.charCodeAt(i);
-        if (code !== 95/*_*/ &&
-            (code < 48/*0*/ || code > 57/*9*/) &&
-            (code < 65/*A*/ || code > 90/*Z*/) &&
-            (code < 97/*a*/ || code > 122/*z*/))
-          break;
-      }
-      if (i === base.length) {
-        // Is an index module
-        parentIdPath = parent.id;
-      } else {
-        // Not an index module
-        parentIdPath = path.dirname(parent.id);
-      }
-    } else {
-      // Not an index module
-      parentIdPath = path.dirname(parent.id);
-    }
-  } else {
-    // Not an index module
-    parentIdPath = path.dirname(parent.id);
-  }
-  var id = path.resolve(parentIdPath, request);
-
-  // make sure require('./path') and require('path') get distinct ids, even
-  // when called from the toplevel js file
-  if (parentIdPath === '.' && id.indexOf('/') === -1) {
-    id = './' + id;
-  }
-
-  debug('RELATIVE: requested: %s set ID to: %s from %s', request, id,
-        parent.id);
-
-  var parentDir = [path.dirname(parent.filename)];
-  debug('looking for %j in %j', id, parentDir);
-  return (newReturn ? parentDir : [id, parentDir]);
-};
-
-// Check the cache for the requested file.
-// 1. If a module already exists in the cache: return its exports object.
-// 2. If the module is native: call `NativeModule.require()` with the
-//    filename and return the result.
-// 3. Otherwise, create a new module for the file and save it to the cache.
-//    Then have it load  the file contents before returning its exports
-//    object.
-Module._load = function(request, parent, isMain) {
-  if (parent) {
-    debug('Module._load REQUEST %s parent: %s', request, parent.id);
-  }
-
-  if (experimentalModules && isMain) {
-    internalESModule.loaderPromise.then((loader) => {
-      return loader.import(getURLFromFilePath(request).pathname);
-    })
-    .catch((e) => {
-      decorateErrorStack(e);
-      console.error(e);
-      process.exit(1);
-    });
-    return;
-  }
-
-  var filename = Module._resolveFilename(request, parent, isMain);
-
-  var cachedModule = Module._cache[filename];
-  if (cachedModule) {
-    updateChildren(parent, cachedModule, true);
-    return cachedModule.exports;
-  }
-
-  if (NativeModule.nonInternalExists(filename)) {
-    debug('load native module %s', request);
-    return NativeModule.require(filename);
-  }
-
-  // Don't call updateChildren(), Module constructor already does.
-  var module = new Module(filename, parent);
-
-  if (isMain) {
-    process.mainModule = module;
-    module.id = '.';
-  }
-
-  Module._cache[filename] = module;
-
-  tryModuleLoad(module, filename);
-
-  return module.exports;
-};
-
-function tryModuleLoad(module, filename) {
-  var threw = true;
-  try {
-    module.load(filename);
-    threw = false;
-  } finally {
-    if (threw) {
-      delete Module._cache[filename];
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-Module._resolveFilename = function(request, parent, isMain, options) {
-  if (NativeModule.nonInternalExists(request)) {
-    return request;
-  }
-
-  var paths;
-
-  if (typeof options === 'object' && options !== null &&
-      Array.isArray(options.paths)) {
-    const fakeParent = new Module('', null);
-
-    paths = [];
-
-    for (var i = 0; i < options.paths.length; i++) {
-      const path = options.paths[i];
-      fakeParent.paths = Module._nodeModulePaths(path);
-      const lookupPaths = Module._resolveLookupPaths(request, fakeParent, true);
-
-      if (!paths.includes(path))
-        paths.push(path);
-
-      for (var j = 0; j < lookupPaths.length; j++) {
-        if (!paths.includes(lookupPaths[j]))
-          paths.push(lookupPaths[j]);
-      }
-    }
-  } else {
-    paths = Module._resolveLookupPaths(request, parent, true);
-  }
-
-  // look up the filename first, since that's the cache key.
-  var filename = Module._findPath(request, paths, isMain);
-  if (!filename) {
-    var err = new Error(`Cannot find module '${request}'`);
-    err.code = 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND';
-    throw err;
-  }
-  return filename;
-};
-
-
-// Given a file name, pass it to the proper extension handler.
-Module.prototype.load = function(filename) {
-  debug('load %j for module %j', filename, this.id);
-
-  assert(!this.loaded);
-  this.filename = filename;
-  this.paths = Module._nodeModulePaths(path.dirname(filename));
-
-  var extension = path.extname(filename) || '.js';
-  if (!Module._extensions[extension]) extension = '.js';
-  Module._extensions[extension](this, filename);
-  this.loaded = true;
-
-  if (experimentalModules) {
-    const ESMLoader = internalESModule.ESMLoader;
-    const url = getURLFromFilePath(filename);
-    const urlString = `${url}`;
-    const exports = this.exports;
-    if (ESMLoader.moduleMap.has(urlString) !== true) {
-      ESMLoader.moduleMap.set(
-        urlString,
-        new ModuleJob(ESMLoader, url, async () => {
-          const ctx = createDynamicModule(
-            ['default'], url);
-          ctx.reflect.exports.default.set(exports);
-          return ctx;
-        })
-      );
-    } else {
-      const job = ESMLoader.moduleMap.get(urlString);
-      if (job.reflect)
-        job.reflect.exports.default.set(exports);
-    }
-  }
-};
-
-
-// Loads a module at the given file path. Returns that module's
-// `exports` property.
-Module.prototype.require = function(path) {
-  assert(path, 'missing path');
-  assert(typeof path === 'string', 'path must be a string');
-  return Module._load(path, this, /* isMain */ false);
-};
-
-
-// Resolved path to process.argv[1] will be lazily placed here
-// (needed for setting breakpoint when called with --inspect-brk)
-var resolvedArgv;
-
-
-// Run the file contents in the correct scope or sandbox. Expose
-// the correct helper variables (require, module, exports) to
-// the file.
-// Returns exception, if any.
-Module.prototype._compile = function(content, filename) {
-
-  content = internalModule.stripShebang(content);
-
-  // create wrapper function
-  var wrapper = Module.wrap(content);
-
-  var compiledWrapper = vm.runInThisContext(wrapper, {
-    filename: filename,
-    lineOffset: 0,
-    displayErrors: true
-  });
-
-  var inspectorWrapper = null;
-  if (process._breakFirstLine && process._eval == null) {
-    if (!resolvedArgv) {
-      // we enter the repl if we're not given a filename argument.
-      if (process.argv[1]) {
-        resolvedArgv = Module._resolveFilename(process.argv[1], null, false);
-      } else {
-        resolvedArgv = 'repl';
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Set breakpoint on module start
-    if (filename === resolvedArgv) {
-      delete process._breakFirstLine;
-      inspectorWrapper = process.binding('inspector').callAndPauseOnStart;
-      if (!inspectorWrapper) {
-        const Debug = vm.runInDebugContext('Debug');
-        Debug.setBreakPoint(compiledWrapper, 0, 0);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  var dirname = path.dirname(filename);
-  var require = internalModule.makeRequireFunction(this);
-  var depth = internalModule.requireDepth;
-  if (depth === 0) stat.cache = new Map();
-  var result;
-  if (inspectorWrapper) {
-    result = inspectorWrapper(compiledWrapper, this.exports, this.exports,
-                              require, this, filename, dirname);
-  } else {
-    result = compiledWrapper.call(this.exports, this.exports, require, this,
-                                  filename, dirname);
-  }
-  if (depth === 0) stat.cache = null;
-  return result;
-};
-
-
-// Native extension for .js
-Module._extensions['.js'] = function(module, filename) {
-  var content = fs.readFileSync(filename, 'utf8');
-  module._compile(internalModule.stripBOM(content), filename);
-};
-
-
-// Native extension for .json
-Module._extensions['.json'] = function(module, filename) {
-  var content = fs.readFileSync(filename, 'utf8');
-  try {
-    module.exports = JSON.parse(internalModule.stripBOM(content));
-  } catch (err) {
-    err.message = filename + ': ' + err.message;
-    throw err;
-  }
-};
-
-
-//Native extension for .node
-Module._extensions['.node'] = function(module, filename) {
-  return process.dlopen(module, path.toNamespacedPath(filename));
-};
-
-if (experimentalModules) {
-  Module._extensions['.mjs'] = function(module, filename) {
-    throw new errors.Error('ERR_REQUIRE_ESM', filename);
-  };
-}
-
-// bootstrap main module.
-Module.runMain = function() {
-  // Load the main module--the command line argument.
-  Module._load(process.argv[1], null, true);
-  // Handle any nextTicks added in the first tick of the program
-  process._tickCallback();
-};
-
-Module._initPaths = function() {
-  const isWindows = process.platform === 'win32';
-
-  var homeDir;
-  if (isWindows) {
-    homeDir = process.env.USERPROFILE;
-  } else {
-    homeDir = process.env.HOME;
-  }
-
-  // $PREFIX/lib/node, where $PREFIX is the root of the Node.js installation.
-  var prefixDir;
-  // process.execPath is $PREFIX/bin/node except on Windows where it is
-  // $PREFIX\node.exe.
-  if (isWindows) {
-    prefixDir = path.resolve(process.execPath, '..');
-  } else {
-    prefixDir = path.resolve(process.execPath, '..', '..');
-  }
-  var paths = [path.resolve(prefixDir, 'lib', 'node')];
-
-  if (homeDir) {
-    paths.unshift(path.resolve(homeDir, '.node_libraries'));
-    paths.unshift(path.resolve(homeDir, '.node_modules'));
-  }
-
-  var nodePath = process.env.NODE_PATH;
-  if (nodePath) {
-    paths = nodePath.split(path.delimiter).filter(function(path) {
-      return !!path;
-    }).concat(paths);
-  }
-
-  modulePaths = paths;
-
-  // clone as a shallow copy, for introspection.
-  Module.globalPaths = modulePaths.slice(0);
-};
-
-Module._preloadModules = function(requests) {
-  if (!Array.isArray(requests))
-    return;
-
-  // Preloaded modules have a dummy parent module which is deemed to exist
-  // in the current working directory. This seeds the search path for
-  // preloaded modules.
-  var parent = new Module('internal/preload', null);
-  try {
-    parent.paths = Module._nodeModulePaths(process.cwd());
-  } catch (e) {
-    if (e.code !== 'ENOENT') {
-      throw e;
-    }
-  }
-  for (var n = 0; n < requests.length; n++)
-    parent.require(requests[n]);
-};
-
-Module._initPaths();
-
-// backwards compatibility
-Module.Module = Module;
+module.exports = require('internal/modules/cjs/loader');
diff --git a/lib/repl.js b/lib/repl.js
index 5779e849f06017..83d6b59a721061 100644
--- a/lib/repl.js
+++ b/lib/repl.js
@@ -42,7 +42,11 @@
 
 'use strict';
 
-const internalModule = require('internal/module');
+const {
+  builtinLibs,
+  makeRequireFunction,
+  addBuiltinLibsToObject
+} = require('internal/modules/cjs/helpers');
 const internalUtil = require('internal/util');
 const { isTypedArray } = require('internal/util/types');
 const util = require('util');
@@ -54,7 +58,7 @@ const path = require('path');
 const fs = require('fs');
 const { Interface } = require('readline');
 const { Console } = require('console');
-const Module = require('module');
+const CJSModule = require('internal/modules/cjs/loader');
 const domain = require('domain');
 const debug = util.debuglog('repl');
 const errors = require('internal/errors');
@@ -90,7 +94,7 @@ try {
 }
 
 // Hack for repl require to work properly with node_modules folders
-module.paths = Module._nodeModulePaths(module.filename);
+module.paths = CJSModule._nodeModulePaths(module.filename);
 
 // If obj.hasOwnProperty has been overridden, then calling
 // obj.hasOwnProperty(prop) will break.
@@ -103,7 +107,7 @@ function hasOwnProperty(obj, prop) {
 // This is the default "writer" value if none is passed in the REPL options.
 exports.writer = util.inspect;
 
-exports._builtinLibs = internalModule.builtinLibs;
+exports._builtinLibs = builtinLibs;
 
 function REPLServer(prompt,
                     stream,
@@ -673,14 +677,15 @@ REPLServer.prototype.createContext = function() {
     }
   }
 
-  var module = new Module('<repl>');
-  module.paths = Module._resolveLookupPaths('<repl>', parentModule, true) || [];
+  var module = new CJSModule('<repl>');
+  module.paths =
+    CJSModule._resolveLookupPaths('<repl>', parentModule, true) || [];
 
-  var require = internalModule.makeRequireFunction(module);
+  var require = makeRequireFunction(module);
   context.module = module;
   context.require = require;
 
-  internalModule.addBuiltinLibsToObject(context);
+  addBuiltinLibsToObject(context);
 
   return context;
 };
@@ -889,7 +894,7 @@ function complete(line, callback) {
     } else if (/^\.\.?\//.test(completeOn)) {
       paths = [process.cwd()];
     } else {
-      paths = module.paths.concat(Module.globalPaths);
+      paths = module.paths.concat(CJSModule.globalPaths);
     }
 
     for (i = 0; i < paths.length; i++) {
diff --git a/node.gyp b/node.gyp
index 1ab7b207e21339..7e77dacce34f05 100644
--- a/node.gyp
+++ b/node.gyp
@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@
     'node_lib_target_name%': 'node_lib',
     'node_intermediate_lib_type%': 'static_library',
     'library_files': [
-      'lib/internal/bootstrap_node.js',
+      'lib/internal/bootstrap/loaders.js',
+      'lib/internal/bootstrap/node.js',
       'lib/async_hooks.js',
       'lib/assert.js',
       'lib/buffer.js',
@@ -104,18 +105,19 @@
       'lib/internal/http.js',
       'lib/internal/inspector_async_hook.js',
       'lib/internal/linkedlist.js',
-      'lib/internal/loader/Loader.js',
-      'lib/internal/loader/CreateDynamicModule.js',
-      'lib/internal/loader/DefaultResolve.js',
-      'lib/internal/loader/ModuleJob.js',
-      'lib/internal/loader/ModuleMap.js',
-      'lib/internal/loader/ModuleWrap.js',
-      'lib/internal/loader/Translators.js',
+      'lib/internal/modules/cjs/helpers.js',
+      'lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js',
+      'lib/internal/modules/esm/Loader.js',
+      'lib/internal/modules/esm/CreateDynamicModule.js',
+      'lib/internal/modules/esm/DefaultResolve.js',
+      'lib/internal/modules/esm/ModuleJob.js',
+      'lib/internal/modules/esm/ModuleMap.js',
+      'lib/internal/modules/esm/ModuleWrap.js',
+      'lib/internal/modules/esm/Translators.js',
       'lib/internal/safe_globals.js',
       'lib/internal/net.js',
-      'lib/internal/module.js',
       'lib/internal/os.js',
-      'lib/internal/process/modules.js',
+      'lib/internal/process/esm_loader.js',
       'lib/internal/process/next_tick.js',
       'lib/internal/process/promises.js',
       'lib/internal/process/stdio.js',
diff --git a/src/node.cc b/src/node.cc
index a180f97cd4140e..33ed558cfe14ba 100644
--- a/src/node.cc
+++ b/src/node.cc
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ bool config_experimental_vm_modules = false;
 
 // Set in node.cc by ParseArgs when --loader is used.
 // Used in node_config.cc to set a constant on process.binding('config')
-// that is used by lib/internal/bootstrap_node.js
+// that is used by lib/internal/bootstrap/node.js
 std::string config_userland_loader;  // NOLINT(runtime/string)
 
 // Set by ParseArgs when --pending-deprecation or NODE_PENDING_DEPRECATION
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ std::string config_warning_file;  // NOLINT(runtime/string)
 // Set in node.cc by ParseArgs when --expose-internals or --expose_internals is
 // used.
 // Used in node_config.cc to set a constant on process.binding('config')
-// that is used by lib/internal/bootstrap_node.js
+// that is used by lib/internal/bootstrap/node.js
 bool config_expose_internals = false;
 
 bool v8_initialized = false;
@@ -2854,7 +2854,7 @@ static void ThrowIfNoSuchModule(Environment* env, const char* module_v) {
   env->ThrowError(errmsg);
 }
 
-static void Binding(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
+static void GetBinding(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
   Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
 
   CHECK(args[0]->IsString());
@@ -2881,7 +2881,7 @@ static void Binding(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
   args.GetReturnValue().Set(exports);
 }
 
-static void InternalBinding(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
+static void GetInternalBinding(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
   Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
 
   CHECK(args[0]->IsString());
@@ -2896,7 +2896,7 @@ static void InternalBinding(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
   args.GetReturnValue().Set(exports);
 }
 
-static void LinkedBinding(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
+static void GetLinkedBinding(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
   Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args.GetIsolate());
 
   CHECK(args[0]->IsString());
@@ -3596,10 +3596,6 @@ void SetupProcessObject(Environment* env,
   env->SetMethod(process, "uptime", Uptime);
   env->SetMethod(process, "memoryUsage", MemoryUsage);
 
-  env->SetMethod(process, "binding", Binding);
-  env->SetMethod(process, "_linkedBinding", LinkedBinding);
-  env->SetMethod(process, "_internalBinding", InternalBinding);
-
   env->SetMethod(process, "_setupProcessObject", SetupProcessObject);
   env->SetMethod(process, "_setupNextTick", SetupNextTick);
   env->SetMethod(process, "_setupPromises", SetupPromises);
@@ -3637,8 +3633,10 @@ static void RawDebug(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
   fflush(stderr);
 }
 
-void LoadEnvironment(Environment* env) {
-  HandleScope handle_scope(env->isolate());
+
+static Local<Function> GetBootstrapper(Environment* env, Local<String> source,
+                                  Local<String> script_name) {
+  EscapableHandleScope scope(env->isolate());
 
   TryCatch try_catch(env->isolate());
 
@@ -3647,20 +3645,61 @@ void LoadEnvironment(Environment* env) {
   // are not safe to ignore.
   try_catch.SetVerbose(false);
 
-  // Execute the lib/internal/bootstrap_node.js file which was included as a
-  // static C string in node_natives.h by node_js2c.
-  // 'internal_bootstrap_node_native' is the string containing that source code.
-  Local<String> script_name = FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(),
-                                                    "bootstrap_node.js");
-  Local<Value> f_value = ExecuteString(env, MainSource(env), script_name);
+  // Execute the bootstrapper javascript file
+  Local<Value> bootstrapper_v = ExecuteString(env, source, script_name);
   if (try_catch.HasCaught())  {
     ReportException(env, try_catch);
     exit(10);
   }
-  // The bootstrap_node.js file returns a function 'f'
-  CHECK(f_value->IsFunction());
 
-  Local<Function> f = Local<Function>::Cast(f_value);
+  CHECK(bootstrapper_v->IsFunction());
+  Local<Function> bootstrapper = Local<Function>::Cast(bootstrapper_v);
+
+  return scope.Escape(bootstrapper);
+}
+
+static bool ExecuteBootstrapper(Environment* env, Local<Function> bootstrapper,
+                                int argc, Local<Value> argv[],
+                                Local<Value>* out) {
+  bool ret = bootstrapper->Call(
+      env->context(), Null(env->isolate()), argc, argv).ToLocal(out);
+
+  // If there was an error during bootstrap then it was either handled by the
+  // FatalException handler or it's unrecoverable (e.g. max call stack
+  // exceeded). Either way, clear the stack so that the AsyncCallbackScope
+  // destructor doesn't fail on the id check.
+  // There are only two ways to have a stack size > 1: 1) the user manually
+  // called MakeCallback or 2) user awaited during bootstrap, which triggered
+  // _tickCallback().
+  if (!ret) {
+    env->async_hooks()->clear_async_id_stack();
+  }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+
+void LoadEnvironment(Environment* env) {
+  HandleScope handle_scope(env->isolate());
+
+  TryCatch try_catch(env->isolate());
+  // Disable verbose mode to stop FatalException() handler from trying
+  // to handle the exception. Errors this early in the start-up phase
+  // are not safe to ignore.
+  try_catch.SetVerbose(false);
+
+  // The bootstrapper scripts are lib/internal/bootstrap/loaders.js and
+  // lib/internal/bootstrap/node.js, each included as a static C string
+  // defined in node_javascript.h, generated in node_javascript.cc by
+  // node_js2c.
+  Local<String> loaders_name =
+      FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "internal/bootstrap/loaders.js");
+  Local<Function> loaders_bootstrapper =
+      GetBootstrapper(env, LoadersBootstrapperSource(env), loaders_name);
+  Local<String> node_name =
+      FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "internal/bootstrap/node.js");
+  Local<Function> node_bootstrapper =
+      GetBootstrapper(env, NodeBootstrapperSource(env), node_name);
 
   // Add a reference to the global object
   Local<Object> global = env->context()->Global();
@@ -3691,25 +3730,47 @@ void LoadEnvironment(Environment* env) {
   // (Allows you to set stuff on `global` from anywhere in JavaScript.)
   global->Set(FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(env->isolate(), "global"), global);
 
-  // Now we call 'f' with the 'process' variable that we've built up with
-  // all our bindings. Inside bootstrap_node.js and internal/process we'll
-  // take care of assigning things to their places.
+  // Create binding loaders
+  v8::Local<v8::Function> get_binding_fn =
+      env->NewFunctionTemplate(GetBinding)->GetFunction(env->context())
+          .ToLocalChecked();
 
-  // We start the process this way in order to be more modular. Developers
-  // who do not like how bootstrap_node.js sets up the module system but do
-  // like Node's I/O bindings may want to replace 'f' with their own function.
-  Local<Value> arg = env->process_object();
+  v8::Local<v8::Function> get_linked_binding_fn =
+      env->NewFunctionTemplate(GetLinkedBinding)->GetFunction(env->context())
+          .ToLocalChecked();
 
-  auto ret = f->Call(env->context(), Null(env->isolate()), 1, &arg);
-  // If there was an error during bootstrap then it was either handled by the
-  // FatalException handler or it's unrecoverable (e.g. max call stack
-  // exceeded). Either way, clear the stack so that the AsyncCallbackScope
-  // destructor doesn't fail on the id check.
-  // There are only two ways to have a stack size > 1: 1) the user manually
-  // called MakeCallback or 2) user awaited during bootstrap, which triggered
-  // _tickCallback().
-  if (ret.IsEmpty())
-    env->async_hooks()->clear_async_id_stack();
+  v8::Local<v8::Function> get_internal_binding_fn =
+      env->NewFunctionTemplate(GetInternalBinding)->GetFunction(env->context())
+          .ToLocalChecked();
+
+  Local<Value> loaders_bootstrapper_args[] = {
+    env->process_object(),
+    get_binding_fn,
+    get_linked_binding_fn,
+    get_internal_binding_fn
+  };
+
+  // Bootstrap internal loaders
+  Local<Value> bootstrapped_loaders;
+  if (!ExecuteBootstrapper(env, loaders_bootstrapper,
+                           arraysize(loaders_bootstrapper_args),
+                           loaders_bootstrapper_args,
+                           &bootstrapped_loaders)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Bootstrap Node.js
+  Local<Value> bootstrapped_node;
+  Local<Value> node_bootstrapper_args[] = {
+    env->process_object(),
+    bootstrapped_loaders
+  };
+  if (!ExecuteBootstrapper(env, node_bootstrapper,
+                           arraysize(node_bootstrapper_args),
+                           node_bootstrapper_args,
+                           &bootstrapped_node)) {
+    return;
+  }
 }
 
 static void PrintHelp() {
diff --git a/src/node_internals.h b/src/node_internals.h
index 46a1be4e19b433..27ab40a39f5998 100644
--- a/src/node_internals.h
+++ b/src/node_internals.h
@@ -180,13 +180,13 @@ extern bool config_experimental_vm_modules;
 
 // Set in node.cc by ParseArgs when --loader is used.
 // Used in node_config.cc to set a constant on process.binding('config')
-// that is used by lib/internal/bootstrap_node.js
+// that is used by lib/internal/bootstrap/node.js
 extern std::string config_userland_loader;
 
 // Set in node.cc by ParseArgs when --expose-internals or --expose_internals is
 // used.
 // Used in node_config.cc to set a constant on process.binding('config')
-// that is used by lib/internal/bootstrap_node.js
+// that is used by lib/internal/bootstrap/node.js
 extern bool config_expose_internals;
 
 // Set in node.cc by ParseArgs when --redirect-warnings= is used.
diff --git a/src/node_javascript.h b/src/node_javascript.h
index 664778091ff669..d1ad9a25745e9b 100644
--- a/src/node_javascript.h
+++ b/src/node_javascript.h
@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@
 namespace node {
 
 void DefineJavaScript(Environment* env, v8::Local<v8::Object> target);
-v8::Local<v8::String> MainSource(Environment* env);
+v8::Local<v8::String> LoadersBootstrapperSource(Environment* env);
+v8::Local<v8::String> NodeBootstrapperSource(Environment* env);
 
 }  // namespace node
 
diff --git a/src/node_url.cc b/src/node_url.cc
index cac2831af6ef7f..6b56628d753f60 100644
--- a/src/node_url.cc
+++ b/src/node_url.cc
@@ -2275,7 +2275,7 @@ const Local<Value> URL::ToObject(Environment* env) const {
     // The SetURLConstructor method must have been called already to
     // set the constructor function used below. SetURLConstructor is
     // called automatically when the internal/url.js module is loaded
-    // during the internal/bootstrap_node.js processing.
+    // during the internal/bootstrap/node.js processing.
     ret = env->url_constructor_function()
         ->Call(env->context(), undef, arraysize(argv), argv);
   }
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-loader-modulemap.js b/test/es-module/test-esm-loader-modulemap.js
index 1c1623b680e7bd..e9faa6d9f122f4 100644
--- a/test/es-module/test-esm-loader-modulemap.js
+++ b/test/es-module/test-esm-loader-modulemap.js
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@
 const common = require('../common');
 
 const { URL } = require('url');
-const Loader = require('internal/loader/Loader');
-const ModuleMap = require('internal/loader/ModuleMap');
-const ModuleJob = require('internal/loader/ModuleJob');
-const createDynamicModule = require('internal/loader/CreateDynamicModule');
+const Loader = require('internal/modules/esm/Loader');
+const ModuleMap = require('internal/modules/esm/ModuleMap');
+const ModuleJob = require('internal/modules/esm/ModuleJob');
+const createDynamicModule = require('internal/modules/esm/CreateDynamicModule');
 
 const stubModuleUrl = new URL('file://tmp/test');
 const stubModule = createDynamicModule(['default'], stubModuleUrl);
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-loader-search.js b/test/es-module/test-esm-loader-search.js
index 4eb6b9fd4b3889..5a1f5a562a0d3e 100644
--- a/test/es-module/test-esm-loader-search.js
+++ b/test/es-module/test-esm-loader-search.js
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 const common = require('../common');
 
-const { search } = require('internal/loader/DefaultResolve');
+const { search } = require('internal/modules/esm/DefaultResolve');
 const errors = require('internal/errors');
 
 common.expectsError(
diff --git a/test/fixtures/module-require-depth/one.js b/test/fixtures/module-require-depth/one.js
index 5927908b7540ab..02b451465bb76c 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/module-require-depth/one.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/module-require-depth/one.js
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 // Flags: --expose_internals
 'use strict';
 const assert = require('assert');
-const internalModule = require('internal/module');
+const {
+  requireDepth
+} = require('internal/modules/cjs/helpers');
 
-exports.requireDepth = internalModule.requireDepth;
-assert.strictEqual(internalModule.requireDepth, 1);
+exports.requireDepth = requireDepth;
+assert.strictEqual(requireDepth, 1);
 assert.deepStrictEqual(require('./two'), { requireDepth: 2 });
-assert.strictEqual(internalModule.requireDepth, 1);
+assert.strictEqual(requireDepth, 1);
diff --git a/test/fixtures/module-require-depth/two.js b/test/fixtures/module-require-depth/two.js
index aea49947d1152d..5c94c4c89aa9ef 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/module-require-depth/two.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/module-require-depth/two.js
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 // Flags: --expose_internals
 'use strict';
 const assert = require('assert');
-const internalModule = require('internal/module');
+const {
+  requireDepth
+} = require('internal/modules/cjs/helpers');
 
-exports.requireDepth = internalModule.requireDepth;
-assert.strictEqual(internalModule.requireDepth, 2);
+exports.requireDepth = requireDepth;
+assert.strictEqual(requireDepth, 2);
 assert.deepStrictEqual(require('./one'), { requireDepth: 1 });
-assert.strictEqual(internalModule.requireDepth, 2);
+assert.strictEqual(requireDepth, 2);
diff --git a/test/message/core_line_numbers.out b/test/message/core_line_numbers.out
index 1049fdc3e935df..b50e1678f49fb7 100644
--- a/test/message/core_line_numbers.out
+++ b/test/message/core_line_numbers.out
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ RangeError: Invalid input
     at error (punycode.js:42:*)
     at Object.decode (punycode.js:*:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*core_line_numbers.js:*:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*:*)
-    at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:*:*)
-    at Module.load (module.js:*:*)
-    at tryModuleLoad (module.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module._load (module.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module.runMain (module.js:*:*)
-    at startup (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Object.Module._extensions..js (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Module.load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at tryModuleLoad (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Function.Module._load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Function.Module.runMain (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at startup (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
diff --git a/test/message/error_exit.out b/test/message/error_exit.out
index 8f03f08a7e0392..fd580c389af0bd 100644
--- a/test/message/error_exit.out
+++ b/test/message/error_exit.out
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ assert.js:*
 
 AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]: 1 === 2
     at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*error_exit.js:*:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*:*)
-    at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:*:*)
-    at Module.load (module.js:*:*)
-    at tryModuleLoad (module.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module._load (module.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module.runMain (module.js:*:*)
-    at startup (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at bootstrap_node.js:*:*
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Object.Module._extensions..js (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Module.load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at tryModuleLoad (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Function.Module._load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Function.Module.runMain (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at startup (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at bootstrapNodeJSCore (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
diff --git a/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error.out b/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error.out
index a47a7e1339273f..73c9495824038e 100644
--- a/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error.out
+++ b/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error.out
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ file:///*/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error.mjs:3
 await async () => 0;
 ^^^^^
 SyntaxError: Unexpected reserved word
-    at translators.set (internal/loader/Translators.js:*:*)
+    at translators.set (internal/modules/esm/Translators.js:*:*)
     at <anonymous>
diff --git a/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error_import.out b/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error_import.out
index 1fb7fdc34a7de4..e257f0eb7a94e5 100644
--- a/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error_import.out
+++ b/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error_import.out
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ file:///*/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error_import.mjs:6
   notfound
   ^^^^^^^^
 SyntaxError: The requested module does not provide an export named 'notfound'
-    at ModuleJob._instantiate (internal/loader/ModuleJob.js:*:*)
+    at ModuleJob._instantiate (internal/modules/esm/ModuleJob.js:*:*)
     at <anonymous>
diff --git a/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error_import_module.out b/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error_import_module.out
index 77fd63891f1ea0..c6286a2a987282 100644
--- a/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error_import_module.out
+++ b/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error_import_module.out
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ file:///*/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/syntax-error-import.mjs:1
 import { foo, notfound } from './module-named-exports';
               ^^^^^^^^
 SyntaxError: The requested module does not provide an export named 'notfound'
-    at ModuleJob._instantiate (internal/loader/ModuleJob.js:*:*)
+    at ModuleJob._instantiate (internal/modules/esm/ModuleJob.js:*:*)
     at <anonymous>
diff --git a/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error_module.out b/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error_module.out
index 23da9f350e5efe..122e352102ad0f 100644
--- a/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error_module.out
+++ b/test/message/esm_display_syntax_error_module.out
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ file:///*/test/fixtures/es-module-loaders/syntax-error.mjs:2
 await async () => 0;
 ^^^^^
 SyntaxError: Unexpected reserved word
-    at translators.set (internal/loader/Translators.js:*:*)
+    at translators.set (internal/modules/esm/Translators.js:*:*)
     at <anonymous>
diff --git a/test/message/eval_messages.out b/test/message/eval_messages.out
index 6c725cb1cc8a14..d01dfe547cbd73 100644
--- a/test/message/eval_messages.out
+++ b/test/message/eval_messages.out
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ SyntaxError: Strict mode code may not include a with statement
     at createScript (vm.js:*:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (vm.js:*:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> ([eval]-wrapper:*:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*:*)
-    at evalScript (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at startup (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at bootstrap_node.js:*:*
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at evalScript (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at startup (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at bootstrapNodeJSCore (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
 42
 42
 [eval]:1
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ Error: hello
     at Script.runInThisContext (vm.js:*:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (vm.js:*:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> ([eval]-wrapper:*:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*:*)
-    at evalScript (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at startup (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at bootstrap_node.js:*:*
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at evalScript (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at startup (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at bootstrapNodeJSCore (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
 
 [eval]:1
 throw new Error("hello")
@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ Error: hello
     at Script.runInThisContext (vm.js:*:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (vm.js:*:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> ([eval]-wrapper:*:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*:*)
-    at evalScript (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at startup (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at bootstrap_node.js:*:*
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at evalScript (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at startup (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at bootstrapNodeJSCore (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
 100
 [eval]:1
 var x = 100; y = x;
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ ReferenceError: y is not defined
     at Script.runInThisContext (vm.js:*:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (vm.js:*:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> ([eval]-wrapper:*:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*:*)
-    at evalScript (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at startup (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at bootstrap_node.js:*:*
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at evalScript (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at startup (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at bootstrapNodeJSCore (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
 
 [eval]:1
 var ______________________________________________; throw 10
diff --git a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_common_trace.out b/test/message/events_unhandled_error_common_trace.out
index d39a95cb77f068..f6b74e9991306b 100644
--- a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_common_trace.out
+++ b/test/message/events_unhandled_error_common_trace.out
@@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Error: foo:bar
     at bar (*events_unhandled_error_common_trace.js:*:*)
     at foo (*events_unhandled_error_common_trace.js:*:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> (*events_unhandled_error_common_trace.js:*:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*:*)
-    at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:*:*)
-    at Module.load (module.js:*:*)
-    at tryModuleLoad (module.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module._load (module.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module.runMain (module.js:*:*)
-    at startup (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Object.Module._extensions..js (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Module.load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at tryModuleLoad (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Function.Module._load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Function.Module.runMain (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at startup (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
 Emitted 'error' event at:
     at quux (*events_unhandled_error_common_trace.js:*:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> (*events_unhandled_error_common_trace.js:*:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*:*)
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
     [... lines matching original stack trace ...]
-    at startup (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at bootstrap_node.js:*:*
+    at startup (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at bootstrapNodeJSCore (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
diff --git a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_nexttick.out b/test/message/events_unhandled_error_nexttick.out
index f0591610ffdb31..e00580ce93cf45 100644
--- a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_nexttick.out
+++ b/test/message/events_unhandled_error_nexttick.out
@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@ events.js:*
 
 Error
     at Object.<anonymous> (*events_unhandled_error_nexttick.js:*:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*:*)
-    at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:*:*)
-    at Module.load (module.js:*:*)
-    at tryModuleLoad (module.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module._load (module.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module.runMain (module.js:*:*)
-    at startup (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at bootstrap_node.js:*:*
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Object.Module._extensions..js (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Module.load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at tryModuleLoad (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Function.Module._load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Function.Module.runMain (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at startup (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at bootstrapNodeJSCore (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
 Emitted 'error' event at:
     at process.nextTick (*events_unhandled_error_nexttick.js:*:*)
     at process._tickCallback (internal/process/next_tick.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module.runMain (module.js:*:*)
-    at startup (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at bootstrap_node.js:*:*
+    at Function.Module.runMain (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at startup (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at bootstrapNodeJSCore (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
diff --git a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_sameline.out b/test/message/events_unhandled_error_sameline.out
index 100c294276d04b..55841cdbc345d7 100644
--- a/test/message/events_unhandled_error_sameline.out
+++ b/test/message/events_unhandled_error_sameline.out
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ events.js:*
 
 Error
     at Object.<anonymous> (*events_unhandled_error_sameline.js:*:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*:*)
-    at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:*:*)
-    at Module.load (module.js:*:*)
-    at tryModuleLoad (module.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module._load (module.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module.runMain (module.js:*:*)
-    at startup (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at bootstrap_node.js:*:*
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Object.Module._extensions..js (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Module.load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at tryModuleLoad (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Function.Module._load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Function.Module.runMain (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at startup (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at bootstrapNodeJSCore (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
 Emitted 'error' event at:
     at Object.<anonymous> (*events_unhandled_error_sameline.js:*:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*:*)
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
     [... lines matching original stack trace ...]
-    at bootstrap_node.js:*:*
+    at bootstrapNodeJSCore (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
diff --git a/test/message/nexttick_throw.out b/test/message/nexttick_throw.out
index 1c9eca8405d928..16e41f6343baec 100644
--- a/test/message/nexttick_throw.out
+++ b/test/message/nexttick_throw.out
@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
 ReferenceError: undefined_reference_error_maker is not defined
     at *test*message*nexttick_throw.js:*:*
     at process._tickCallback (internal/process/next_tick.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module.runMain (module.js:*:*)
-    at startup (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at bootstrap_node.js:*:*
+    at Function.Module.runMain (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at startup (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at bootstrapNodeJSCore (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
diff --git a/test/message/stdin_messages.out b/test/message/stdin_messages.out
index d2192050dd4196..d4498b452aa6ba 100644
--- a/test/message/stdin_messages.out
+++ b/test/message/stdin_messages.out
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ SyntaxError: Strict mode code may not include a with statement
     at createScript (vm.js:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> ([stdin]-wrapper:*:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*:*)
-    at evalScript (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at Socket.<anonymous> (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at evalScript (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at Socket.<anonymous> (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
     at Socket.emit (events.js:*:*)
     at endReadableNT (_stream_readable.js:*:*)
     at process._tickCallback (internal/process/next_tick.js:*:*)
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ Error: hello
     at Script.runInThisContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> ([stdin]-wrapper:*:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*:*)
-    at evalScript (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at Socket.<anonymous> (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at evalScript (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at Socket.<anonymous> (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
     at Socket.emit (events.js:*:*)
     at endReadableNT (_stream_readable.js:*:*)
     at process._tickCallback (internal/process/next_tick.js:*:*)
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ Error: hello
     at Script.runInThisContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> ([stdin]-wrapper:*:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*:*)
-    at evalScript (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at Socket.<anonymous> (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at evalScript (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at Socket.<anonymous> (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
     at Socket.emit (events.js:*:*)
     at endReadableNT (_stream_readable.js:*:*)
     at process._tickCallback (internal/process/next_tick.js:*:*)
@@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ ReferenceError: y is not defined
     at Script.runInThisContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> ([stdin]-wrapper:*:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*:*)
-    at evalScript (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
-    at Socket.<anonymous> (bootstrap_node.js:*:*)
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at evalScript (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
+    at Socket.<anonymous> (internal/bootstrap/node.js:*:*)
     at Socket.emit (events.js:*:*)
     at endReadableNT (_stream_readable.js:*:*)
     at process._tickCallback (internal/process/next_tick.js:*:*)
diff --git a/test/message/undefined_reference_in_new_context.out b/test/message/undefined_reference_in_new_context.out
index ff517cc981a255..6b5fedfa993701 100644
--- a/test/message/undefined_reference_in_new_context.out
+++ b/test/message/undefined_reference_in_new_context.out
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ ReferenceError: foo is not defined
     at Script.runInNewContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.runInNewContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*undefined_reference_in_new_context.js:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*)
-    at *..js (module.js:*)
-    at Module.load (module.js:*)
-    at tryModuleLoad (module.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module._load (module.js:*:*)
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at *..js (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Module.load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at tryModuleLoad (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Function.Module._load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
diff --git a/test/message/vm_display_runtime_error.out b/test/message/vm_display_runtime_error.out
index 056ea79f8d39b4..bc95b2a7b092f5 100644
--- a/test/message/vm_display_runtime_error.out
+++ b/test/message/vm_display_runtime_error.out
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ Error: boo!
     at Script.runInThisContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*vm_display_runtime_error.js:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*)
-    at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:*)
-    at Module.load (module.js:*)
-    at tryModuleLoad (module.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module._load (module.js:*)
-    at Function.Module.runMain (module.js:*)
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Object.Module._extensions..js (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Module.load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at tryModuleLoad (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Function.Module._load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Function.Module.runMain (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
 test.vm:1
 throw new Error("spooky!")
 ^
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ Error: spooky!
     at Script.runInThisContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*vm_display_runtime_error.js:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*)
-    at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:*)
-    at Module.load (module.js:*)
-    at tryModuleLoad (module.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module._load (module.js:*)
-    at Function.Module.runMain (module.js:*)
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Object.Module._extensions..js (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Module.load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at tryModuleLoad (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Function.Module._load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Function.Module.runMain (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
diff --git a/test/message/vm_display_syntax_error.out b/test/message/vm_display_syntax_error.out
index f3b9953307db19..f0692723e81257 100644
--- a/test/message/vm_display_syntax_error.out
+++ b/test/message/vm_display_syntax_error.out
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ SyntaxError: Unexpected number
     at createScript (vm.js:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*vm_display_syntax_error.js:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*)
-    at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:*)
-    at Module.load (module.js:*)
-    at tryModuleLoad (module.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module._load (module.js:*)
-    at Function.Module.runMain (module.js:*)
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Object.Module._extensions..js (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Module.load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at tryModuleLoad (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Function.Module._load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Function.Module.runMain (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
 test.vm:1
 var 5;
     ^
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ SyntaxError: Unexpected number
     at createScript (vm.js:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*vm_display_syntax_error.js:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*)
-    at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:*)
-    at Module.load (module.js:*)
-    at tryModuleLoad (module.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module._load (module.js:*)
-    at Function.Module.runMain (module.js:*)
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Object.Module._extensions..js (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Module.load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at tryModuleLoad (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Function.Module._load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Function.Module.runMain (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
diff --git a/test/message/vm_dont_display_runtime_error.out b/test/message/vm_dont_display_runtime_error.out
index a7e06d49f85a7c..532cfbf4dd8125 100644
--- a/test/message/vm_dont_display_runtime_error.out
+++ b/test/message/vm_dont_display_runtime_error.out
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ Error: boo!
     at Script.runInThisContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*vm_dont_display_runtime_error.js:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*)
-    at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:*)
-    at Module.load (module.js:*)
-    at tryModuleLoad (module.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module._load (module.js:*)
-    at Function.Module.runMain (module.js:*)
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Object.Module._extensions..js (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Module.load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at tryModuleLoad (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Function.Module._load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Function.Module.runMain (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
diff --git a/test/message/vm_dont_display_syntax_error.out b/test/message/vm_dont_display_syntax_error.out
index 5c74c25dd8aa3b..f27cb1a0859d8c 100644
--- a/test/message/vm_dont_display_syntax_error.out
+++ b/test/message/vm_dont_display_syntax_error.out
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ SyntaxError: Unexpected number
     at createScript (vm.js:*)
     at Object.runInThisContext (vm.js:*)
     at Object.<anonymous> (*test*message*vm_dont_display_syntax_error.js:*)
-    at Module._compile (module.js:*)
-    at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:*)
-    at Module.load (module.js:*)
-    at tryModuleLoad (module.js:*:*)
-    at Function.Module._load (module.js:*)
-    at Function.Module.runMain (module.js:*)
+    at Module._compile (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Object.Module._extensions..js (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Module.load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at tryModuleLoad (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*:*)
+    at Function.Module._load (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
+    at Function.Module.runMain (internal/modules/cjs/loader.js:*)
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-internal-module-map-asserts.js b/test/parallel/test-internal-module-map-asserts.js
index 1160c910421b80..330f04cfd96800 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-internal-module-map-asserts.js
+++ b/test/parallel/test-internal-module-map-asserts.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 const common = require('../common');
 const assert = require('assert');
-const ModuleMap = require('internal/loader/ModuleMap');
+const ModuleMap = require('internal/modules/esm/ModuleMap');
 
 // ModuleMap.get, ModuleMap.has and ModuleMap.set should only accept string
 // values as url argument.
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-internal-module-wrap.js b/test/parallel/test-internal-module-wrap.js
index 634d1ebc6f678e..050cc18a4dbee6 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-internal-module-wrap.js
+++ b/test/parallel/test-internal-module-wrap.js
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ const common = require('../common');
 common.crashOnUnhandledRejection();
 const assert = require('assert');
 
-const ModuleWrap = require('internal/loader/ModuleWrap');
+const ModuleWrap = require('internal/modules/esm/ModuleWrap');
 const { getPromiseDetails, isPromise } = process.binding('util');
 const setTimeoutAsync = require('util').promisify(setTimeout);
 
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-internal-modules-strip-shebang.js b/test/parallel/test-internal-modules-strip-shebang.js
index 93be3d41981f50..6c23848a969231 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-internal-modules-strip-shebang.js
+++ b/test/parallel/test-internal-modules-strip-shebang.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 require('../common');
 
 const assert = require('assert');
-const stripShebang = require('internal/module').stripShebang;
+const stripShebang = require('internal/modules/cjs/helpers').stripShebang;
 
 [
   ['', ''],
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-loaders-hidden-from-users.js b/test/parallel/test-loaders-hidden-from-users.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..0d752f5718b729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-loaders-hidden-from-users.js
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Flags: --expose-internals
+
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common');
+
+common.expectsError(
+  () => {
+    require('internal/bootstrap/loaders');
+  }, {
+    code: 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND',
+    message: 'Cannot find module \'internal/bootstrap/loaders\''
+  }
+);
+
+common.expectsError(
+  () => {
+    const source = 'module.exports = require("internal/bootstrap/loaders")';
+    process.binding('natives').owo = source;
+    require('owo');
+  }, {
+    code: 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND',
+    message: 'Cannot find module \'owo\''
+  }
+);
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-module-cjs-helpers.js b/test/parallel/test-module-cjs-helpers.js
index 5407464d57942d..1ed9746198a606 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-module-cjs-helpers.js
+++ b/test/parallel/test-module-cjs-helpers.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 require('../common');
 const assert = require('assert');
-const { builtinLibs } = require('internal/module');
+const { builtinLibs } = require('internal/modules/cjs/helpers');
 
 const hasInspector = process.config.variables.v8_enable_inspector === 1;
 
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-module-loading-globalpaths.js b/test/parallel/test-module-loading-globalpaths.js
index aff96543735428..798b7765bb6d5b 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-module-loading-globalpaths.js
+++ b/test/parallel/test-module-loading-globalpaths.js
@@ -41,8 +41,6 @@ if (process.argv[2] === 'child') {
   const testFixturesDir = fixtures.path(path.basename(__filename, '.js'));
 
   const env = Object.assign({}, process.env);
-  // Turn on module debug to aid diagnosing failures.
-  env.NODE_DEBUG = 'module';
   // Unset NODE_PATH.
   delete env.NODE_PATH;
 
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-module-require-depth.js b/test/parallel/test-module-require-depth.js
index 151934917cd678..0a3fc2826c71f4 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-module-require-depth.js
+++ b/test/parallel/test-module-require-depth.js
@@ -3,12 +3,14 @@
 require('../common');
 const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
 const assert = require('assert');
-const internalModule = require('internal/module');
+const {
+  requireDepth
+} = require('internal/modules/cjs/helpers');
 
 // Module one loads two too so the expected depth for two is, well, two.
-assert.strictEqual(internalModule.requireDepth, 0);
+assert.strictEqual(requireDepth, 0);
 const one = require(fixtures.path('module-require-depth', 'one'));
 const two = require(fixtures.path('module-require-depth', 'two'));
 assert.deepStrictEqual(one, { requireDepth: 1 });
 assert.deepStrictEqual(two, { requireDepth: 2 });
-assert.strictEqual(internalModule.requireDepth, 0);
+assert.strictEqual(requireDepth, 0);
diff --git a/test/sequential/test-inspector-overwrite-config.js b/test/sequential/test-inspector-overwrite-config.js
index ecb14c6638edb5..9aa3ca9d963828 100644
--- a/test/sequential/test-inspector-overwrite-config.js
+++ b/test/sequential/test-inspector-overwrite-config.js
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 'use strict';
 
 // This test ensures that overwriting a process configuration
-// value does not affect code in bootstrap_node.js. Specifically this tests
+// value does not affect code in lib/internal/bootstrap/node.js.
+// Specifically this tests
 // that the inspector console functions are bound even though
 // overwrite-config-preload-module.js overwrote the process.config variable.
 
diff --git a/tools/js2c.py b/tools/js2c.py
index d2d63ad571205d..a0119257b3f0e8 100755
--- a/tools/js2c.py
+++ b/tools/js2c.py
@@ -175,7 +175,11 @@ def ReadMacros(lines):
 
 {definitions}
 
-v8::Local<v8::String> MainSource(Environment* env) {{
+v8::Local<v8::String> LoadersBootstrapperSource(Environment* env) {{
+  return internal_bootstrap_loaders_value.ToStringChecked(env->isolate());
+}}
+
+v8::Local<v8::String> NodeBootstrapperSource(Environment* env) {{
   return internal_bootstrap_node_value.ToStringChecked(env->isolate());
 }}