diff --git a/benchmark/permission/permission-fs-deny.js b/benchmark/permission/permission-fs-deny.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 29bbeb27dc7c97..00000000000000
--- a/benchmark/permission/permission-fs-deny.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-'use strict';
-const common = require('../common.js');
-
-const configs = {
-  n: [1e5],
-  concurrent: [1, 10],
-};
-
-const options = { flags: ['--experimental-permission'] };
-
-const bench = common.createBenchmark(main, configs, options);
-
-async function main(conf) {
-  bench.start();
-  for (let i = 0; i < conf.n; i++) {
-    process.permission.deny('fs.read', ['/home/example-file-' + i]);
-  }
-  bench.end(conf.n);
-}
diff --git a/benchmark/permission/permission-fs-is-granted.js b/benchmark/permission/permission-fs-read.js
similarity index 62%
rename from benchmark/permission/permission-fs-is-granted.js
rename to benchmark/permission/permission-fs-read.js
index 062ba1944578f4..bd81814e55861a 100644
--- a/benchmark/permission/permission-fs-is-granted.js
+++ b/benchmark/permission/permission-fs-read.js
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 'use strict';
 const common = require('../common.js');
-const fs = require('fs/promises');
 const path = require('path');
 
 const configs = {
@@ -19,22 +18,11 @@ const options = {
 
 const bench = common.createBenchmark(main, configs, options);
 
-const recursivelyDenyFiles = async (dir) => {
-  const files = await fs.readdir(dir, { withFileTypes: true });
-  for (const file of files) {
-    if (file.isDirectory()) {
-      await recursivelyDenyFiles(path.join(dir, file.name));
-    } else if (file.isFile()) {
-      process.permission.deny('fs.read', [path.join(dir, file.name)]);
-    }
-  }
-};
-
+// This is a naive benchmark and might not demonstrate real-world use cases.
+// New benchmarks will be created once the permission model config is available
+// through a config file.
 async function main(conf) {
   const benchmarkDir = path.join(__dirname, '../..');
-  // Get all the benchmark files and deny access to it
-  await recursivelyDenyFiles(benchmarkDir);
-
   bench.start();
 
   for (let i = 0; i < conf.n; i++) {
diff --git a/doc/api/permissions.md b/doc/api/permissions.md
index b31d2934b3aad2..90051f18810e73 100644
--- a/doc/api/permissions.md
+++ b/doc/api/permissions.md
@@ -492,24 +492,7 @@ using the [`--allow-child-process`][] and [`--allow-worker`][] respectively.
 
 When enabling the Permission Model through the [`--experimental-permission`][]
 flag a new property `permission` is added to the `process` object.
-This property contains two functions:
-
-##### `permission.deny(scope [,parameters])`
-
-API call to deny permissions at runtime ([`permission.deny()`][])
-
-```js
-process.permission.deny('fs'); // Deny permissions to ALL fs operations
-
-// Deny permissions to ALL FileSystemWrite operations
-process.permission.deny('fs.write');
-// deny FileSystemWrite permissions to the protected-folder
-process.permission.deny('fs.write', ['/home/rafaelgss/protected-folder']);
-// Deny permissions to ALL FileSystemRead operations
-process.permission.deny('fs.read');
-// deny FileSystemRead permissions to the protected-folder
-process.permission.deny('fs.read', ['/home/rafaelgss/protected-folder']);
-```
+This property contains one function:
 
 ##### `permission.has(scope ,parameters)`
 
@@ -519,10 +502,8 @@ API call to check permissions at runtime ([`permission.has()`][])
 process.permission.has('fs.write'); // true
 process.permission.has('fs.write', '/home/rafaelgss/protected-folder'); // true
 
-process.permission.deny('fs.write', '/home/rafaelgss/protected-folder');
-
-process.permission.has('fs.write'); // true
-process.permission.has('fs.write', '/home/rafaelgss/protected-folder'); // false
+process.permission.has('fs.read'); // true
+process.permission.has('fs.read', '/home/rafaelgss/protected-folder'); // false
 ```
 
 #### File System Permissions
@@ -560,31 +541,11 @@ There are constraints you need to know before using this system:
 
 * Native modules are restricted by default when using the Permission Model.
 * Relative paths are not supported through the CLI (`--allow-fs-*`).
-  The runtime API supports relative paths.
 * The model does not inherit to a child node process.
 * The model does not inherit to a worker thread.
 * When creating symlinks the target (first argument) should have read and
   write access.
 * Permission changes are not retroactively applied to existing resources.
-  Consider the following snippet:
-  ```js
-  const fs = require('node:fs');
-
-  // Open a fd
-  const fd = fs.openSync('./README.md', 'r');
-  // Then, deny access to all fs.read operations
-  process.permission.deny('fs.read');
-  // This call will NOT fail and the file will be read
-  const data = fs.readFileSync(fd);
-  ```
-
-Therefore, when possible, apply the permissions rules before any statement:
-
-```js
-process.permission.deny('fs.read');
-const fd = fs.openSync('./README.md', 'r');
-// Error: Access to this API has been restricted
-```
 
 [Security Policy]: https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/main/SECURITY.md
 [`--allow-child-process`]: cli.md#--allow-child-process
@@ -592,7 +553,6 @@ const fd = fs.openSync('./README.md', 'r');
 [`--allow-fs-write`]: cli.md#--allow-fs-write
 [`--allow-worker`]: cli.md#--allow-worker
 [`--experimental-permission`]: cli.md#--experimental-permission
-[`permission.deny()`]: process.md#processpermissiondenyscope-reference
 [`permission.has()`]: process.md#processpermissionhasscope-reference
 [import maps]: https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#relative-url-with-fragment-string
 [relative-url string]: https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#relative-url-with-fragment-string
diff --git a/doc/api/process.md b/doc/api/process.md
index e9ef0a972de01c..c429840ad9e9e8 100644
--- a/doc/api/process.md
+++ b/doc/api/process.md
@@ -2634,34 +2634,6 @@ This API is available through the [`--experimental-permission`][] flag.
 for the current process. Additional documentation is available in the
 [Permission Model][].
 
-### `process.permission.deny(scope[, reference])`
-
-<!-- YAML
-added: REPLACEME
--->
-
-* `scopes` {string}
-* `reference` {Array}
-* Returns: {boolean}
-
-Deny permissions at runtime.
-
-The available scopes are:
-
-* `fs` - All File System
-* `fs.read` - File System read operations
-* `fs.write` - File System write operations
-
-The reference has a meaning based on the provided scope. For example,
-the reference when the scope is File System means files and folders.
-
-```js
-// Deny READ operations to the ./README.md file
-process.permission.deny('fs.read', ['./README.md']);
-// Deny ALL WRITE operations
-process.permission.deny('fs.write');
-```
-
 ### `process.permission.has(scope[, reference])`
 
 <!-- YAML
diff --git a/lib/internal/process/permission.js b/lib/internal/process/permission.js
index 298cb140e56fa6..4b48493adc7709 100644
--- a/lib/internal/process/permission.js
+++ b/lib/internal/process/permission.js
@@ -2,11 +2,10 @@
 
 const {
   ObjectFreeze,
-  ArrayPrototypePush,
 } = primordials;
 
 const permission = internalBinding('permission');
-const { validateString, validateArray } = require('internal/validators');
+const { validateString } = require('internal/validators');
 const { isAbsolute, resolve } = require('path');
 
 let experimentalPermission;
@@ -20,27 +19,6 @@ module.exports = ObjectFreeze({
     }
     return experimentalPermission;
   },
-  deny(scope, references) {
-    validateString(scope, 'scope');
-    if (references == null) {
-      return permission.deny(scope, references);
-    }
-
-    validateArray(references, 'references');
-    // TODO(rafaelgss): change to call fs_permission.resolve when available
-    const normalizedParams = [];
-    for (let i = 0; i < references.length; ++i) {
-      if (isAbsolute(references[i])) {
-        ArrayPrototypePush(normalizedParams, references[i]);
-      } else {
-        // TODO(aduh95): add support for WHATWG URLs and Uint8Arrays.
-        ArrayPrototypePush(normalizedParams, resolve(references[i]));
-      }
-    }
-
-    return permission.deny(scope, normalizedParams);
-  },
-
   has(scope, reference) {
     validateString(scope, 'scope');
     if (reference != null) {
diff --git a/src/env.cc b/src/env.cc
index 8ee2c10d089f00..e37896ee0a6587 100644
--- a/src/env.cc
+++ b/src/env.cc
@@ -784,10 +784,10 @@ Environment::Environment(IsolateData* isolate_data,
     if (!options_->allow_fs_read.empty() || !options_->allow_fs_write.empty()) {
       options_->allow_native_addons = false;
       if (!options_->allow_child_process) {
-        permission()->Deny(permission::PermissionScope::kChildProcess, {});
+        permission()->Apply("*", permission::PermissionScope::kChildProcess);
       }
       if (!options_->allow_worker_threads) {
-        permission()->Deny(permission::PermissionScope::kWorkerThreads, {});
+        permission()->Apply("*", permission::PermissionScope::kWorkerThreads);
       }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/permission/child_process_permission.cc b/src/permission/child_process_permission.cc
index 7390ea59b6613e..1c2c5860a6c45d 100644
--- a/src/permission/child_process_permission.cc
+++ b/src/permission/child_process_permission.cc
@@ -10,12 +10,8 @@ namespace permission {
 // Currently, ChildProcess manage a single state
 // Once denied, it's always denied
 void ChildProcessPermission::Apply(const std::string& deny,
-                                   PermissionScope scope) {}
-
-bool ChildProcessPermission::Deny(PermissionScope perm,
-                                  const std::vector<std::string>& params) {
+                                   PermissionScope scope) {
   deny_all_ = true;
-  return true;
 }
 
 bool ChildProcessPermission::is_granted(PermissionScope perm,
diff --git a/src/permission/child_process_permission.h b/src/permission/child_process_permission.h
index 7a8678a83cdc29..4a170478eee4a7 100644
--- a/src/permission/child_process_permission.h
+++ b/src/permission/child_process_permission.h
@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ namespace permission {
 class ChildProcessPermission final : public PermissionBase {
  public:
   void Apply(const std::string& deny, PermissionScope scope) override;
-  bool Deny(PermissionScope scope,
-            const std::vector<std::string>& params) override;
   bool is_granted(PermissionScope perm,
                   const std::string_view& param = "") override;
 
diff --git a/src/permission/fs_permission.cc b/src/permission/fs_permission.cc
index 7900a8445a9974..05efc790f0c853 100644
--- a/src/permission/fs_permission.cc
+++ b/src/permission/fs_permission.cc
@@ -48,8 +48,7 @@ void FreeRecursivelyNode(
   delete node;
 }
 
-bool is_tree_granted(node::permission::FSPermission::RadixTree* deny_tree,
-                     node::permission::FSPermission::RadixTree* granted_tree,
+bool is_tree_granted(node::permission::FSPermission::RadixTree* granted_tree,
                      const std::string_view& param) {
 #ifdef _WIN32
   // is UNC file path
@@ -60,11 +59,10 @@ bool is_tree_granted(node::permission::FSPermission::RadixTree* deny_tree,
       starting_pos += 4;  // "UNC\"
     }
     auto normalized = param.substr(starting_pos);
-    return !deny_tree->Lookup(normalized) &&
-           granted_tree->Lookup(normalized, true);
+    return granted_tree->Lookup(normalized, true);
   }
 #endif
-  return !deny_tree->Lookup(param) && granted_tree->Lookup(param, true);
+  return granted_tree->Lookup(param, true);
 }
 
 }  // namespace
@@ -91,40 +89,6 @@ void FSPermission::Apply(const std::string& allow, PermissionScope scope) {
   }
 }
 
-bool FSPermission::Deny(PermissionScope perm,
-                        const std::vector<std::string>& params) {
-  if (perm == PermissionScope::kFileSystem) {
-    deny_all_in_ = true;
-    deny_all_out_ = true;
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  bool deny_all = params.size() == 0;
-  if (perm == PermissionScope::kFileSystemRead) {
-    if (deny_all) deny_all_in_ = true;
-    // when deny_all_in is already true permission.deny should be idempotent
-    if (deny_all_in_) return true;
-    allow_all_in_ = false;
-    for (auto& param : params) {
-      deny_in_fs_.Insert(WildcardIfDir(param));
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  if (perm == PermissionScope::kFileSystemWrite) {
-    if (deny_all) deny_all_out_ = true;
-    // when deny_all_out is already true permission.deny should be idempotent
-    if (deny_all_out_) return true;
-    allow_all_out_ = false;
-
-    for (auto& param : params) {
-      deny_out_fs_.Insert(WildcardIfDir(param));
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
 void FSPermission::GrantAccess(PermissionScope perm, std::string res) {
   const std::string path = WildcardIfDir(res);
   if (perm == PermissionScope::kFileSystemRead) {
@@ -144,11 +108,11 @@ bool FSPermission::is_granted(PermissionScope perm,
     case PermissionScope::kFileSystemRead:
       return !deny_all_in_ &&
              ((param.empty() && allow_all_in_) || allow_all_in_ ||
-              is_tree_granted(&deny_in_fs_, &granted_in_fs_, param));
+              is_tree_granted(&granted_in_fs_, param));
     case PermissionScope::kFileSystemWrite:
       return !deny_all_out_ &&
              ((param.empty() && allow_all_out_) || allow_all_out_ ||
-              is_tree_granted(&deny_out_fs_, &granted_out_fs_, param));
+              is_tree_granted(&granted_out_fs_, param));
     default:
       return false;
   }
diff --git a/src/permission/fs_permission.h b/src/permission/fs_permission.h
index 0038496d0204bb..93c427276139fd 100644
--- a/src/permission/fs_permission.h
+++ b/src/permission/fs_permission.h
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ namespace permission {
 class FSPermission final : public PermissionBase {
  public:
   void Apply(const std::string& deny, PermissionScope scope) override;
-  bool Deny(PermissionScope scope,
-            const std::vector<std::string>& params) override;
   bool is_granted(PermissionScope perm, const std::string_view& param) override;
 
   // For debugging purposes, use the gist function to print the whole tree
@@ -135,18 +133,9 @@ class FSPermission final : public PermissionBase {
   void GrantAccess(PermissionScope scope, std::string param);
   void RestrictAccess(PermissionScope scope,
                       const std::vector<std::string>& params);
-  // /tmp/* --grant
-  // /tmp/dsadsa/t.js denied in runtime
-  //
-  // /tmp/text.txt -- grant
-  // /tmp/text.txt -- denied in runtime
-  //
   // fs granted on startup
   RadixTree granted_in_fs_;
   RadixTree granted_out_fs_;
-  // fs denied in runtime
-  RadixTree deny_in_fs_;
-  RadixTree deny_out_fs_;
 
   bool deny_all_in_ = true;
   bool deny_all_out_ = true;
diff --git a/src/permission/permission.cc b/src/permission/permission.cc
index f92dd7e03ff1e7..ee2e83ff22d7d8 100644
--- a/src/permission/permission.cc
+++ b/src/permission/permission.cc
@@ -14,10 +14,8 @@
 
 namespace node {
 
-using v8::Array;
 using v8::Context;
 using v8::FunctionCallbackInfo;
-using v8::Integer;
 using v8::Local;
 using v8::Object;
 using v8::String;
@@ -27,42 +25,6 @@ namespace permission {
 
 namespace {
 
-// permission.deny('fs.read', ['/tmp/'])
-// permission.deny('fs.read')
-static void Deny(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
-  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
-  v8::Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();
-  CHECK(args[0]->IsString());
-  std::string deny_scope = *String::Utf8Value(isolate, args[0]);
-  PermissionScope scope = Permission::StringToPermission(deny_scope);
-  if (scope == PermissionScope::kPermissionsRoot) {
-    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(false);
-  }
-
-  std::vector<std::string> params;
-  if (args.Length() == 1 || args[1]->IsUndefined()) {
-    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(env->permission()->Deny(scope, params));
-  }
-
-  CHECK(args[1]->IsArray());
-  Local<Array> js_params = Local<Array>::Cast(args[1]);
-  Local<Context> context = isolate->GetCurrentContext();
-
-  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < js_params->Length(); ++i) {
-    Local<Value> arg;
-    if (!js_params->Get(context, Integer::New(isolate, i)).ToLocal(&arg)) {
-      return;
-    }
-    String::Utf8Value utf8_arg(isolate, arg);
-    if (*utf8_arg == nullptr) {
-      return;
-    }
-    params.push_back(*utf8_arg);
-  }
-
-  return args.GetReturnValue().Set(env->permission()->Deny(scope, params));
-}
-
 // permission.has('fs.in', '/tmp/')
 // permission.has('fs.in')
 static void Has(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
@@ -169,27 +131,16 @@ void Permission::Apply(const std::string& allow, PermissionScope scope) {
   }
 }
 
-bool Permission::Deny(PermissionScope scope,
-                      const std::vector<std::string>& params) {
-  auto permission = nodes_.find(scope);
-  if (permission != nodes_.end()) {
-    return permission->second->Deny(scope, params);
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
 void Initialize(Local<Object> target,
                 Local<Value> unused,
                 Local<Context> context,
                 void* priv) {
-  SetMethod(context, target, "deny", Deny);
   SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "has", Has);
 
   target->SetIntegrityLevel(context, v8::IntegrityLevel::kFrozen).FromJust();
 }
 
 void RegisterExternalReferences(ExternalReferenceRegistry* registry) {
-  registry->Register(Deny);
   registry->Register(Has);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/permission/permission.h b/src/permission/permission.h
index f5b6f4cba9e3bb..72928f853c4b87 100644
--- a/src/permission/permission.h
+++ b/src/permission/permission.h
@@ -47,8 +47,6 @@ class Permission {
 
   // CLI Call
   void Apply(const std::string& deny, PermissionScope scope);
-  // Permission.Deny API
-  bool Deny(PermissionScope scope, const std::vector<std::string>& params);
   void EnablePermissions();
 
  private:
diff --git a/src/permission/permission_base.h b/src/permission/permission_base.h
index 4240db17cd4938..c02b1917a6faab 100644
--- a/src/permission/permission_base.h
+++ b/src/permission/permission_base.h
@@ -37,8 +37,6 @@ enum class PermissionScope {
 class PermissionBase {
  public:
   virtual void Apply(const std::string& deny, PermissionScope scope) = 0;
-  virtual bool Deny(PermissionScope scope,
-                    const std::vector<std::string>& params) = 0;
   virtual bool is_granted(PermissionScope perm,
                           const std::string_view& param = "") = 0;
 };
diff --git a/src/permission/worker_permission.cc b/src/permission/worker_permission.cc
index 2de48e1ba728eb..16356be17b39e9 100644
--- a/src/permission/worker_permission.cc
+++ b/src/permission/worker_permission.cc
@@ -9,12 +9,8 @@ namespace permission {
 
 // Currently, PolicyDenyWorker manage a single state
 // Once denied, it's always denied
-void WorkerPermission::Apply(const std::string& deny, PermissionScope scope) {}
-
-bool WorkerPermission::Deny(PermissionScope perm,
-                            const std::vector<std::string>& params) {
+void WorkerPermission::Apply(const std::string& deny, PermissionScope scope) {
   deny_all_ = true;
-  return true;
 }
 
 bool WorkerPermission::is_granted(PermissionScope perm,
diff --git a/src/permission/worker_permission.h b/src/permission/worker_permission.h
index 1a93e2253d07da..4d714cfb5d718b 100644
--- a/src/permission/worker_permission.h
+++ b/src/permission/worker_permission.h
@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ namespace permission {
 class WorkerPermission final : public PermissionBase {
  public:
   void Apply(const std::string& deny, PermissionScope scope) override;
-  bool Deny(PermissionScope scope,
-            const std::vector<std::string>& params) override;
   bool is_granted(PermissionScope perm,
                   const std::string_view& param = "") override;
 
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-fs-read.js b/test/fixtures/permission/fs-read.js
similarity index 64%
rename from test/parallel/test-permission-deny-fs-read.js
rename to test/fixtures/permission/fs-read.js
index 8a5caa5989b702..e7551c84229008 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-fs-read.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/permission/fs-read.js
@@ -1,29 +1,19 @@
-// Flags: --experimental-permission --allow-fs-read=* --allow-fs-write=*
 'use strict';
 
-const common = require('../common');
-common.skipIfWorker();
+const common = require('../../common');
 
 const assert = require('assert');
 const fs = require('fs');
-const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
-const tmpdir = require('../common/tmpdir');
 const path = require('path');
 const os = require('os');
 
-const blockedFile = fixtures.path('permission', 'deny', 'protected-file.md');
-const relativeProtectedFile = './test/fixtures/permission/deny/protected-file.md';
-const absoluteProtectedFile = path.resolve(relativeProtectedFile);
-const blockedFolder = tmpdir.path;
+const blockedFile = process.env.BLOCKEDFILE;
+const blockedFolder = process.env.BLOCKEDFOLDER;
+const allowedFolder = process.env.ALLOWEDFOLDER;
 const regularFile = __filename;
 const uid = os.userInfo().uid;
 const gid = os.userInfo().gid;
 
-{
-  tmpdir.refresh();
-  assert.ok(process.permission.deny('fs.read', [blockedFile, blockedFolder]));
-}
-
 // fs.readFile
 {
   assert.throws(() => {
@@ -33,13 +23,6 @@ const gid = os.userInfo().gid;
     permission: 'FileSystemRead',
     resource: path.toNamespacedPath(blockedFile),
   }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.readFile(relativeProtectedFile, () => {});
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-    resource: path.toNamespacedPath(absoluteProtectedFile),
-  }));
   assert.throws(() => {
     fs.readFile(path.join(blockedFolder, 'anyfile'), () => {});
   }, common.expectsError({
@@ -65,17 +48,6 @@ const gid = os.userInfo().gid;
     resource: path.toNamespacedPath(blockedFile),
   })).then(common.mustCall());
 
-  assert.rejects(() => {
-    return new Promise((_resolve, reject) => {
-      const stream = fs.createReadStream(relativeProtectedFile);
-      stream.on('error', reject);
-    });
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-    resource: path.toNamespacedPath(absoluteProtectedFile),
-  })).then(common.mustCall());
-
   assert.rejects(() => {
     return new Promise((_resolve, reject) => {
       const stream = fs.createReadStream(blockedFile);
@@ -97,13 +69,6 @@ const gid = os.userInfo().gid;
     permission: 'FileSystemRead',
     resource: path.toNamespacedPath(blockedFile),
   }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.stat(relativeProtectedFile, () => {});
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-    resource: path.toNamespacedPath(absoluteProtectedFile),
-  }));
   assert.throws(() => {
     fs.stat(path.join(blockedFolder, 'anyfile'), () => {});
   }, common.expectsError({
@@ -127,13 +92,6 @@ const gid = os.userInfo().gid;
     permission: 'FileSystemRead',
     resource: path.toNamespacedPath(blockedFile),
   }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.access(relativeProtectedFile, fs.constants.R_OK, () => {});
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-    resource: path.toNamespacedPath(absoluteProtectedFile),
-  }));
   assert.throws(() => {
     fs.access(path.join(blockedFolder, 'anyfile'), fs.constants.R_OK, () => {});
   }, common.expectsError({
@@ -159,15 +117,6 @@ const gid = os.userInfo().gid;
     permission: 'FileSystemRead',
     resource: path.toNamespacedPath(blockedFile),
   }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    // This operation will work fine
-    fs.chownSync(relativeProtectedFile, uid, gid);
-    fs.readFileSync(relativeProtectedFile);
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-    resource: path.toNamespacedPath(absoluteProtectedFile),
-  }));
 }
 
 // fs.copyFile
@@ -179,13 +128,6 @@ const gid = os.userInfo().gid;
     permission: 'FileSystemRead',
     resource: path.toNamespacedPath(blockedFile),
   }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.copyFile(relativeProtectedFile, path.join(blockedFolder, 'any-other-file'), () => {});
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-    resource: path.toNamespacedPath(absoluteProtectedFile),
-  }));
   assert.throws(() => {
     fs.copyFile(blockedFile, path.join(__dirname, 'any-other-file'), () => {});
   }, common.expectsError({
@@ -205,19 +147,12 @@ const gid = os.userInfo().gid;
     // cpSync calls statSync before reading blockedFile
     resource: path.toNamespacedPath(blockedFolder),
   }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.cpSync(relativeProtectedFile, path.join(blockedFolder, 'any-other-file'));
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-    resource: path.toNamespacedPath(blockedFolder),
-  }));
   assert.throws(() => {
     fs.cpSync(blockedFile, path.join(__dirname, 'any-other-file'));
   }, common.expectsError({
     code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
     permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-    resource: path.toNamespacedPath(blockedFile),
+    resource: path.toNamespacedPath(__dirname),
   }));
 }
 
@@ -230,13 +165,6 @@ const gid = os.userInfo().gid;
     permission: 'FileSystemRead',
     resource: path.toNamespacedPath(blockedFile),
   }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.open(relativeProtectedFile, 'r', () => {});
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-    resource: path.toNamespacedPath(absoluteProtectedFile),
-  }));
   assert.throws(() => {
     fs.open(path.join(blockedFolder, 'anyfile'), 'r', () => {});
   }, common.expectsError({
@@ -278,7 +206,7 @@ const gid = os.userInfo().gid;
     resource: path.toNamespacedPath(blockedFolder),
   }));
   // doesNotThrow
-  fs.opendir(__dirname, (err, dir) => {
+  fs.opendir(allowedFolder, (err, dir) => {
     assert.ifError(err);
     dir.closeSync();
   });
@@ -295,7 +223,7 @@ const gid = os.userInfo().gid;
   }));
 
   // doesNotThrow
-  fs.readdir(__dirname, (err) => {
+  fs.readdir(allowedFolder, (err) => {
     assert.ifError(err);
   });
 }
@@ -309,16 +237,9 @@ const gid = os.userInfo().gid;
     permission: 'FileSystemRead',
     resource: path.toNamespacedPath(blockedFile),
   }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.watch(relativeProtectedFile, () => {});
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-    resource: path.toNamespacedPath(absoluteProtectedFile),
-  }));
 
   // doesNotThrow
-  fs.readdir(__dirname, (err) => {
+  fs.readdir(allowedFolder, (err) => {
     assert.ifError(err);
   });
 }
@@ -332,12 +253,4 @@ const gid = os.userInfo().gid;
     permission: 'FileSystemRead',
     resource: path.toNamespacedPath(blockedFile),
   }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.rename(relativeProtectedFile, 'newfile', () => {});
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-    resource: path.toNamespacedPath(absoluteProtectedFile),
-  }));
 }
-tmpdir.refresh();
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-fs-symlink-target-write.js b/test/fixtures/permission/fs-symlink-target-write.js
similarity index 64%
rename from test/parallel/test-permission-deny-fs-symlink-target-write.js
rename to test/fixtures/permission/fs-symlink-target-write.js
index 8735cdc1c33209..dfe1386ba49daf 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-fs-symlink-target-write.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/permission/fs-symlink-target-write.js
@@ -1,30 +1,23 @@
-// Flags: --experimental-permission --allow-fs-read=* --allow-fs-write=* --allow-child-process
-'use strict';
+'use strict'
 
-const common = require('../common');
-common.skipIfWorker();
-if (!common.canCreateSymLink())
-  common.skip('insufficient privileges');
+const common = require('../../common');
 
 const assert = require('assert');
 const fs = require('fs');
 const path = require('path');
-const tmpdir = require('../common/tmpdir');
-tmpdir.refresh(true);
 
-const readOnlyFolder = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'read-only');
-const readWriteFolder = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'read-write');
-const writeOnlyFolder = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'write-only');
-
-fs.mkdirSync(readOnlyFolder);
-fs.mkdirSync(readWriteFolder);
-fs.mkdirSync(writeOnlyFolder);
-fs.writeFileSync(path.join(readOnlyFolder, 'file'), 'evil file contents');
-fs.writeFileSync(path.join(readWriteFolder, 'file'), 'NO evil file contents');
+const readOnlyFolder = process.env.READONLYFOLDER;
+const readWriteFolder = process.env.READWRITEFOLDER;
+const writeOnlyFolder = process.env.WRITEONLYFOLDER;
 
 {
-  assert.ok(process.permission.deny('fs.write', [readOnlyFolder]));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.deny('fs.read', [writeOnlyFolder]));
+  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.write', readOnlyFolder));
+  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', writeOnlyFolder));
+  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.write', readWriteFolder));
+
+  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.write', writeOnlyFolder));
+  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', readOnlyFolder));
+  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', readWriteFolder));
 }
 
 {
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-fs-symlink.js b/test/fixtures/permission/fs-symlink.js
similarity index 71%
rename from test/parallel/test-permission-deny-fs-symlink.js
rename to test/fixtures/permission/fs-symlink.js
index 3e2f15507c692f..b1c5121a4ff809 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-fs-symlink.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/permission/fs-symlink.js
@@ -1,31 +1,21 @@
-// Flags: --experimental-permission --allow-fs-read=* --allow-fs-write=* --allow-child-process
-'use strict';
+'use strict'
 
-const common = require('../common');
-common.skipIfWorker();
-const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
-if (!common.canCreateSymLink())
-  common.skip('insufficient privileges');
+const common = require('../../common');
 
 const assert = require('assert');
 const fs = require('fs');
-
 const path = require('path');
-const tmpdir = require('../common/tmpdir');
-tmpdir.refresh(true);
 
-const blockedFile = fixtures.path('permission', 'deny', 'protected-file.md');
-const blockedFolder = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'subdirectory');
+const blockedFolder = process.env.BLOCKEDFOLDER;
+const blockedFile = process.env.BLOCKEDFILE;
 const regularFile = __filename;
-const symlinkFromBlockedFile = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'example-symlink.md');
-
-fs.mkdirSync(blockedFolder);
+const symlinkFromBlockedFile = process.env.EXISTINGSYMLINK;
 
 {
-  // Symlink previously created
-  fs.symlinkSync(blockedFile, symlinkFromBlockedFile);
-  assert.ok(process.permission.deny('fs.read', [blockedFile, blockedFolder]));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.deny('fs.write', [blockedFile, blockedFolder]));
+  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', blockedFile))
+  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', blockedFolder))
+  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.write', blockedFile))
+  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.write', blockedFolder))
 }
 
 {
@@ -101,4 +91,3 @@ fs.mkdirSync(blockedFolder);
     permission: 'FileSystemRead',
   }));
 }
-tmpdir.refresh(true);
diff --git a/test/fixtures/permission/fs-wildcard.js b/test/fixtures/permission/fs-wildcard.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..33d6e2a4ab1c21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/permission/fs-wildcard.js
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+'use strict'
+
+const common = require('../../common');
+
+const assert = require('assert');
+const fs = require('fs');
+
+{
+  assert.throws(() => {
+    fs.readFile('/test.txt', () => {});
+  }, common.expectsError({
+    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
+    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
+  }));
+  // doesNotThrow
+  fs.readFile('/tmp/foo/file', () => {});
+}
+
+{
+  // doesNotThrow
+  fs.readFile('/example/foo/file', () => {});
+  fs.readFile('/example/foo2/file', () => {});
+  fs.readFile('/example/foo2', () => {});
+
+  assert.throws(() => {
+    fs.readFile('/example/fo/foo2.js', () => {});
+  }, common.expectsError({
+    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
+    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
+  }));
+  assert.throws(() => {
+    fs.readFile('/example/for', () => {});
+  }, common.expectsError({
+    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
+    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
+  }));
+}
+
+{
+  // doesNotThrow
+  fs.readFile('/example/bar/file', () => {});
+  fs.readFile('/example/bar2/file', () => {});
+  fs.readFile('/example/bar', () => {});
+
+  assert.throws(() => {
+    fs.readFile('/example/ba/foo2.js', () => {});
+  }, common.expectsError({
+    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
+    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
+  }));
+}
+
+{
+  fs.readFile('/folder/a/subfolder/b', () => {});
+  fs.readFile('/folder/a/subfolder/b/c.txt', () => {});
+  fs.readFile('/folder/a/foo2.js', () => {});
+}
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-fs-write.js b/test/fixtures/permission/fs-write.js
similarity index 86%
rename from test/parallel/test-permission-deny-fs-write.js
rename to test/fixtures/permission/fs-write.js
index a146ec38f8d15b..566f45c34722bd 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-fs-write.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/permission/fs-write.js
@@ -1,27 +1,24 @@
-// Flags: --experimental-permission --allow-fs-read=* --allow-fs-write=*
 'use strict';
 
-const common = require('../common');
+const common = require('../../common');
 common.skipIfWorker();
 
 const assert = require('assert');
 const fs = require('fs');
 const path = require('path');
-const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
 
-const blockedFolder = fixtures.path('permission', 'deny', 'protected-folder');
-const blockedFile = fixtures.path('permission', 'deny', 'protected-file.md');
-const relativeProtectedFile = './test/fixtures/permission/deny/protected-file.md';
-const relativeProtectedFolder = './test/fixtures/permission/deny/protected-folder';
+const regularFolder = process.env.ALLOWEDFOLDER;
+const regularFile = process.env.ALLOWEDFILE;
+const blockedFolder = process.env.BLOCKEDFOLDER;
+const blockedFile = process.env.BLOCKEDFILE;
+const relativeProtectedFile = process.env.RELATIVEBLOCKEDFILE;
+const relativeProtectedFolder = process.env.RELATIVEBLOCKEDFOLDER;
 const absoluteProtectedFile = path.resolve(relativeProtectedFile);
 const absoluteProtectedFolder = path.resolve(relativeProtectedFolder);
 
-const regularFolder = fixtures.path('permission', 'deny');
-const regularFile = fixtures.path('permission', 'deny', 'regular-file.md');
-
 {
-  assert.ok(process.permission.deny('fs.write', [blockedFolder]));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.deny('fs.write', [blockedFile]));
+  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.write', blockedFolder));
+  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.write', blockedFile));
 }
 
 // fs.writeFile
@@ -226,17 +223,6 @@ const regularFile = fixtures.path('permission', 'deny', 'regular-file.md');
     permission: 'FileSystemWrite',
     resource: path.toNamespacedPath(absoluteProtectedFolder),
   }));
-
-  // The user shouldn't be capable to rmdir of a non-protected folder
-  // but that contains a protected file.
-  // The regularFolder contains a protected file
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.rmSync(regularFolder, { recursive: true });
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemWrite',
-    resource: path.toNamespacedPath(blockedFile),
-  }));
 }
 
 // fs.open
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-allow-child-process-cli.js b/test/parallel/test-permission-allow-child-process-cli.js
similarity index 100%
rename from test/parallel/test-permission-deny-allow-child-process-cli.js
rename to test/parallel/test-permission-allow-child-process-cli.js
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-allow-worker-cli.js b/test/parallel/test-permission-allow-worker-cli.js
similarity index 100%
rename from test/parallel/test-permission-deny-allow-worker-cli.js
rename to test/parallel/test-permission-allow-worker-cli.js
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-child-process-cli.js b/test/parallel/test-permission-child-process-cli.js
similarity index 100%
rename from test/parallel/test-permission-deny-child-process-cli.js
rename to test/parallel/test-permission-child-process-cli.js
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-child-process.js b/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-child-process.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 7dbd9beb089e2b..00000000000000
--- a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-child-process.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-// Flags: --experimental-permission --allow-fs-read=* --allow-child-process
-'use strict';
-
-const common = require('../common');
-common.skipIfWorker();
-const assert = require('assert');
-const childProcess = require('child_process');
-
-if (process.argv[2] === 'child') {
-  process.exit(0);
-}
-
-{
-  // doesNotThrow
-  const spawn = childProcess.spawn(process.execPath, ['--version']);
-  spawn.kill();
-  const exec = childProcess.exec(process.execPath, ['--version']);
-  exec.kill();
-  const fork = childProcess.fork(__filename, ['child']);
-  fork.kill();
-  const execFile = childProcess.execFile(process.execPath, ['--version']);
-  execFile.kill();
-
-  assert.ok(process.permission.deny('child'));
-
-  // When a permission is set by API, the process shouldn't be able
-  // to spawn
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    childProcess.spawn(process.execPath, ['--version']);
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'ChildProcess',
-  }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    childProcess.spawnSync(process.execPath, ['--version']);
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'ChildProcess',
-  }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    childProcess.exec(process.execPath, ['--version']);
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'ChildProcess',
-  }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    childProcess.execSync(process.execPath, ['--version']);
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'ChildProcess',
-  }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    childProcess.fork(__filename, ['child']);
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'ChildProcess',
-  }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    childProcess.execFile(process.execPath, ['--version']);
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'ChildProcess',
-  }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    childProcess.execFileSync(process.execPath, ['--version']);
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'ChildProcess',
-  }));
-}
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-fs-wildcard.js b/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-fs-wildcard.js
deleted file mode 100644
index ff89bbc53c80db..00000000000000
--- a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-fs-wildcard.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,131 +0,0 @@
-// Flags: --experimental-permission --allow-fs-read=*
-'use strict';
-
-const common = require('../common');
-common.skipIfWorker();
-
-const assert = require('assert');
-const fs = require('fs');
-const path = require('path');
-
-if (common.isWindows) {
-  const { root } = path.parse(process.cwd());
-  const abs = (p) => path.join(root, p);
-  const denyList = [
-    'tmp\\*',
-    'example\\foo*',
-    'example\\bar*',
-    'folder\\*',
-    'show',
-    'slower',
-    'slown',
-    'home\\foo\\*',
-  ].map(abs);
-  assert.ok(process.permission.deny('fs.read', denyList));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', abs('slow')));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', abs('slows')));
-  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', abs('slown')));
-  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', abs('home\\foo')));
-  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', abs('home\\foo\\')));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', abs('home\\fo')));
-} else {
-  const denyList = [
-    '/tmp/*',
-    '/example/foo*',
-    '/example/bar*',
-    '/folder/*',
-    '/show',
-    '/slower',
-    '/slown',
-    '/home/foo/*',
-  ];
-  assert.ok(process.permission.deny('fs.read', denyList));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', '/slow'));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', '/slows'));
-  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', '/slown'));
-  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', '/home/foo'));
-  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', '/home/foo/'));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', '/home/fo'));
-}
-
-{
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.readFile('/tmp/foo/file', () => {});
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-  }));
-  // doesNotThrow
-  fs.readFile('/test.txt', () => {});
-  fs.readFile('/tmpd', () => {});
-}
-
-{
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.readFile('/example/foo/file', () => {});
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-  }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.readFile('/example/foo2/file', () => {});
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-  }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.readFile('/example/foo2', () => {});
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-  }));
-
-  // doesNotThrow
-  fs.readFile('/example/fo/foo2.js', () => {});
-  fs.readFile('/example/for', () => {});
-}
-
-{
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.readFile('/example/bar/file', () => {});
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-  }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.readFile('/example/bar2/file', () => {});
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-  }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.readFile('/example/bar', () => {});
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-  }));
-
-  // doesNotThrow
-  fs.readFile('/example/ba/foo2.js', () => {});
-}
-
-{
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.readFile('/folder/a/subfolder/b', () => {});
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-  }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.readFile('/folder/a/subfolder/b/c.txt', () => {});
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-  }));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.readFile('/folder/a/foo2.js', () => {});
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-  }));
-}
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-worker-threads.js b/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-worker-threads.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 741b7d1a57edf2..00000000000000
--- a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-worker-threads.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-// Flags: --experimental-permission --allow-fs-read=* --allow-worker
-'use strict';
-
-const common = require('../common');
-const assert = require('assert');
-
-const {
-  Worker,
-  isMainThread,
-} = require('worker_threads');
-const { once } = require('events');
-
-async function createWorker() {
-  // doesNotThrow
-  const worker = new Worker(__filename);
-  await once(worker, 'exit');
-  // When a permission is set by API, the process shouldn't be able
-  // to create worker threads
-  assert.ok(process.permission.deny('worker'));
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    new Worker(__filename);
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'WorkerThreads',
-  }));
-}
-
-if (isMainThread) {
-  createWorker();
-} else {
-  process.exit(0);
-}
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny.js b/test/parallel/test-permission-deny.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 323be59c10fa83..00000000000000
--- a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-// Flags: --experimental-permission --allow-fs-read=* --allow-fs-write=*
-'use strict';
-
-const common = require('../common');
-common.skipIfWorker();
-
-const fs = require('fs');
-const fsPromises = require('node:fs/promises');
-const assert = require('assert');
-const path = require('path');
-const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
-
-const protectedFolder = fixtures.path('permission', 'deny');
-const protectedFile = fixtures.path('permission', 'deny', 'protected-file.md');
-const regularFile = fixtures.path('permission', 'deny', 'regular-file.md');
-
-// Assert has and deny exists
-{
-  assert.ok(typeof process.permission.has === 'function');
-  assert.ok(typeof process.permission.deny === 'function');
-}
-
-// Guarantee the initial state when no flags
-{
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read'));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.write'));
-
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', protectedFile));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', regularFile));
-
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.write', protectedFolder));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.write', regularFile));
-
-  // doesNotThrow
-  fs.readFileSync(protectedFile);
-}
-
-// Deny access to fs.read
-{
-  assert.ok(process.permission.deny('fs.read', [protectedFile]));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read'));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.write'));
-
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', regularFile));
-  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', protectedFile));
-
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.write', protectedFolder));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.write', regularFile));
-
-  assert.rejects(() => {
-    return fsPromises.readFile(protectedFile);
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemRead',
-  })).then(common.mustCall());
-
-  // doesNotThrow
-  fs.openSync(regularFile, 'w');
-}
-
-// Deny access to fs.write
-{
-  assert.ok(process.permission.deny('fs.write', [protectedFolder]));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read'));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.write'));
-
-  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', protectedFile));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', regularFile));
-
-  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.write', protectedFolder));
-  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.write', regularFile));
-
-  assert.rejects(() => {
-    return fsPromises
-     .writeFile(path.join(protectedFolder, 'new-file'), 'data');
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemWrite',
-  })).then(common.mustCall());
-
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.openSync(regularFile, 'w');
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemWrite',
-  }));
-}
-
-// Should not crash if wrong parameter is provided
-{
-  // Array is expected as second parameter
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    process.permission.deny('fs.read', protectedFolder);
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE',
-  }));
-}
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-read.js b/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-read.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..010a5932c4eae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-read.js
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Flags: --experimental-permission --allow-fs-read=* --allow-fs-write=* --allow-child-process
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common');
+common.skipIfWorker();
+
+if (!common.hasCrypto) {
+  common.skip('no crypto');
+}
+
+const assert = require('assert');
+const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
+const tmpdir = require('../common/tmpdir');
+const { spawnSync } = require('child_process');
+const path = require('path');
+
+const blockedFile = fixtures.path('permission', 'deny', 'protected-file.md');
+const blockedFolder = tmpdir.path;
+const file = fixtures.path('permission', 'fs-read.js');
+const commonPathWildcard = path.join(__filename, '../../common*');
+const commonPath = path.join(__filename, '../../common');
+
+{
+  tmpdir.refresh();
+}
+
+{
+  const { status, stderr } = spawnSync(
+    process.execPath,
+    [
+      '--experimental-permission', `--allow-fs-read=${file},${commonPathWildcard}`, file,
+    ],
+    {
+      env: {
+        ...process.env,
+        BLOCKEDFILE: blockedFile,
+        BLOCKEDFOLDER: blockedFolder,
+        ALLOWEDFOLDER: commonPath,
+      },
+    }
+  );
+  assert.strictEqual(status, 0, stderr.toString());
+}
+
+{
+  tmpdir.refresh();
+}
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-relative-path.js b/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-relative-path.js
index b5938796ef0be0..74b4095e86663a 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-relative-path.js
+++ b/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-relative-path.js
@@ -5,26 +5,8 @@ const common = require('../common');
 common.skipIfWorker();
 
 const assert = require('assert');
-const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
 const { spawnSync } = require('child_process');
 
-const protectedFile = fixtures.path('permission', 'deny', 'protected-file.md');
-const relativeProtectedFile = './test/fixtures/permission/deny/protected-file.md';
-
-// Note: for relative path on fs.* calls, check test-permission-deny-fs-[read/write].js files
-
-{
-  // permission.deny relative path should work
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', protectedFile));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.deny('fs.read', [relativeProtectedFile]));
-  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', protectedFile));
-}
-
-{
-  // permission.has relative path should work
-  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', relativeProtectedFile));
-}
-
 {
   // Relative path as CLI args are NOT supported yet
   const { status, stdout } = spawnSync(
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-symlink-target-write.js b/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-symlink-target-write.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f6a99fe06c9d1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-symlink-target-write.js
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Flags: --experimental-permission --allow-fs-read=* --allow-fs-write=* --allow-child-process
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common');
+common.skipIfWorker();
+if (!common.canCreateSymLink())
+  common.skip('insufficient privileges');
+if (!common.hasCrypto)
+  common.skip('no crypto');
+
+const assert = require('assert');
+const fs = require('fs');
+const path = require('path');
+const tmpdir = require('../common/tmpdir');
+const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
+const { spawnSync } = require('child_process');
+
+{
+  tmpdir.refresh();
+}
+
+const readOnlyFolder = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'read-only');
+const readWriteFolder = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'read-write');
+const writeOnlyFolder = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'write-only');
+const file = fixtures.path('permission', 'fs-symlink-target-write.js');
+const commonPathWildcard = path.join(__filename, '../../common*');
+
+fs.mkdirSync(readOnlyFolder);
+fs.mkdirSync(readWriteFolder);
+fs.mkdirSync(writeOnlyFolder);
+fs.writeFileSync(path.join(readOnlyFolder, 'file'), 'evil file contents');
+fs.writeFileSync(path.join(readWriteFolder, 'file'), 'NO evil file contents');
+
+{
+  const { status, stderr } = spawnSync(
+    process.execPath,
+    [
+      '--experimental-permission',
+      `--allow-fs-read=${file},${commonPathWildcard},${readOnlyFolder},${readWriteFolder}`,
+      `--allow-fs-write=${readWriteFolder},${writeOnlyFolder}`,
+      file,
+    ],
+    {
+      env: {
+        ...process.env,
+        READONLYFOLDER: readOnlyFolder,
+        WRITEONLYFOLDER: writeOnlyFolder,
+        READWRITEFOLDER: readWriteFolder,
+      },
+    }
+  );
+  assert.strictEqual(status, 0, stderr.toString());
+}
+
+{
+  tmpdir.refresh();
+}
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-symlink.js b/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-symlink.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..96d4fdad4d2d4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-symlink.js
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// Flags: --experimental-permission --allow-fs-read=* --allow-fs-write=* --allow-child-process
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common');
+common.skipIfWorker();
+
+const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
+if (!common.canCreateSymLink())
+  common.skip('insufficient privileges');
+if (!common.hasCrypto)
+  common.skip('no crypto');
+
+const assert = require('assert');
+const fs = require('fs');
+const { spawnSync } = require('child_process');
+const path = require('path');
+const tmpdir = require('../common/tmpdir');
+
+const file = fixtures.path('permission', 'fs-symlink.js');
+const commonPathWildcard = path.join(__filename, '../../common*');
+const blockedFile = fixtures.path('permission', 'deny', 'protected-file.md');
+const blockedFolder = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'subdirectory');
+const symlinkFromBlockedFile = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'example-symlink.md');
+
+{
+  tmpdir.refresh();
+  fs.mkdirSync(blockedFolder);
+}
+
+{
+  // Symlink previously created
+  fs.symlinkSync(blockedFile, symlinkFromBlockedFile);
+}
+
+{
+  const { status, stderr } = spawnSync(
+    process.execPath,
+    [
+      '--experimental-permission',
+      `--allow-fs-read=${file},${commonPathWildcard},${symlinkFromBlockedFile}`,
+      `--allow-fs-write=${symlinkFromBlockedFile}`,
+      file,
+    ],
+    {
+      env: {
+        ...process.env,
+        BLOCKEDFOLDER: blockedFolder,
+        BLOCKEDFILE: blockedFile,
+        EXISTINGSYMLINK: symlinkFromBlockedFile,
+      },
+    }
+  );
+  assert.strictEqual(status, 0, stderr.toString());
+}
+
+{
+  tmpdir.refresh();
+}
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-wildcard.js b/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-wildcard.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..eb8d4ca53ced04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-wildcard.js
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+// Flags: --experimental-permission --allow-fs-read=* --allow-child-process
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common');
+common.skipIfWorker();
+
+const assert = require('assert');
+const path = require('path');
+const { spawnSync } = require('child_process');
+
+const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
+
+const commonPathWildcard = path.join(__filename, '../../common*');
+const file = fixtures.path('permission', 'fs-wildcard.js');
+
+let allowList = [];
+
+if (common.isWindows) {
+  const { root } = path.parse(process.cwd());
+  const abs = (p) => path.join(root, p);
+  allowList = [
+    'tmp\\*',
+    'example\\foo*',
+    'example\\bar*',
+    'folder\\*',
+    'show',
+    'slower',
+    'slown',
+    'home\\foo\\*',
+  ].map(abs);
+  const { status, stderr } = spawnSync(
+    process.execPath,
+    [
+      '--experimental-permission',
+      `--allow-fs-read=${allowList.join(',')}`,
+      '-e',
+      `
+        const path = require('path');
+        const assert = require('assert');
+        const { root } = path.parse(process.cwd());
+        const abs = (p) => path.join(root, p);
+        assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', abs('slow')));
+        assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', abs('slows')));
+        assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', abs('slown')));
+        assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', abs('home\\\\foo')));
+        assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', abs('home\\\\foo\\\\')));
+        assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', abs('home\\\\fo')));
+      `,
+    ]
+  );
+  assert.strictEqual(status, 0, stderr.toString());
+} else {
+  allowList = [
+    '/tmp/*',
+    '/example/foo*',
+    '/example/bar*',
+    '/folder/*',
+    '/show',
+    '/slower',
+    '/slown',
+    '/home/foo/*',
+  ];
+  const { status, stderr } = spawnSync(
+    process.execPath,
+    [
+      '--experimental-permission',
+      `--allow-fs-read=${allowList.join(',')}`,
+      '-e',
+      `
+        const assert = require('assert')
+        assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', '/slow'));
+        assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', '/slows'));
+        assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', '/slown'));
+        assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', '/home/foo'));
+        assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.read', '/home/foo/'));
+        assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.read', '/home/fo'));
+      `,
+    ]
+  );
+  assert.strictEqual(status, 0, stderr.toString());
+}
+
+{
+  const { status, stderr } = spawnSync(
+    process.execPath,
+    [
+      '--experimental-permission',
+      `--allow-fs-read=${file},${commonPathWildcard},${allowList.join(',')}`,
+      file,
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.strictEqual(status, 0, stderr.toString());
+}
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-windows-path.js b/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-windows-path.js
index 4b78c0e7515e1a..b64cef12b47c18 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-windows-path.js
+++ b/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-windows-path.js
@@ -1,66 +1,40 @@
-// Flags: --experimental-permission --allow-fs-read=* --allow-fs-write=* --allow-child-process
+// Flags: --experimental-permission --allow-fs-read=* --allow-child-process
 'use strict';
 
 const common = require('../common');
 common.skipIfWorker();
 
 const assert = require('assert');
-const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
-const fs = require('fs');
-const path = require('path');
 const { spawnSync } = require('child_process');
 
 if (!common.isWindows) {
-  common.skip('windows test');
-}
-
-const protectedFolder = fixtures.path('permission', 'deny', 'protected-folder');
-
-{
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.write', protectedFolder));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.deny('fs.write', [protectedFolder]));
-  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.write', protectedFolder));
+  common.skip('windows UNC path test');
 }
 
 {
-  assert.throws(() => {
-    fs.openSync(path.join(protectedFolder, 'protected-file.md'), 'w');
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemWrite',
-    resource: path.toNamespacedPath(path.join(protectedFolder, 'protected-file.md')),
-  }));
-
-  assert.rejects(() => {
-    return new Promise((_resolve, reject) => {
-      const stream = fs.createWriteStream(path.join(protectedFolder, 'protected-file.md'));
-      stream.on('error', reject);
-    });
-  }, common.expectsError({
-    code: 'ERR_ACCESS_DENIED',
-    permission: 'FileSystemWrite',
-    resource: path.toNamespacedPath(path.join(protectedFolder, 'protected-file.md')),
-  })).then(common.mustCall());
-}
-
-{
-  const { stdout } = spawnSync(process.execPath, [
+  const { stdout, status } = spawnSync(process.execPath, [
     '--experimental-permission', '--allow-fs-write', 'C:\\\\', '-e',
     'console.log(process.permission.has("fs.write", "C:\\\\"))',
   ]);
   assert.strictEqual(stdout.toString(), 'true\n');
+  assert.strictEqual(status, 0);
 }
 
 {
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.write', 'C:\\home'));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.deny('fs.write', ['C:\\home']));
-  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('fs.write', 'C:\\home'));
+  const { stdout, status, stderr } = spawnSync(process.execPath, [
+    '--experimental-permission', '--allow-fs-write="\\\\?\\C:\\"', '-e',
+    'console.log(process.permission.has("fs.write", "C:\\\\"))',
+  ]);
+  assert.strictEqual(stdout.toString(), 'false\n', stderr.toString());
+  assert.strictEqual(status, 0);
 }
 
 {
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.write', '\\\\?\\C:\\'));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.deny('fs.write', ['\\\\?\\C:\\']));
-  // UNC aren't supported so far
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.write', 'C:/'));
-  assert.ok(process.permission.has('fs.write', '\\\\?\\C:\\'));
+  const { stdout, status, stderr } = spawnSync(process.execPath, [
+    '--experimental-permission', '--allow-fs-write', 'C:\\', '-e',
+    `const path = require('path');
+     console.log(process.permission.has('fs.write', path.toNamespacedPath('C:\\\\')))`,
+  ]);
+  assert.strictEqual(stdout.toString(), 'true\n', stderr.toString());
+  assert.strictEqual(status, 0);
 }
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-write.js b/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-write.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9f257df86f8672
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-permission-fs-write.js
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Flags: --experimental-permission --allow-fs-read=* --allow-child-process
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common');
+common.skipIfWorker();
+if (!common.hasCrypto)
+  common.skip('no crypto');
+
+const assert = require('assert');
+const path = require('path');
+const { spawnSync } = require('child_process');
+const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
+
+const blockedFolder = fixtures.path('permission', 'deny', 'protected-folder');
+const blockedFile = fixtures.path('permission', 'deny', 'protected-file.md');
+const relativeProtectedFile = './test/fixtures/permission/deny/protected-file.md';
+const relativeProtectedFolder = './test/fixtures/permission/deny/protected-folder';
+
+const commonPath = path.join(__filename, '../../common');
+const regularFile = fixtures.path('permission', 'deny', 'regular-file.md');
+const file = fixtures.path('permission', 'fs-write.js');
+
+{
+  const { status, stderr } = spawnSync(
+    process.execPath,
+    [
+      '--experimental-permission',
+      '--allow-fs-read=*',
+      `--allow-fs-write=${regularFile},${commonPath}`,
+      file,
+    ],
+    {
+      env: {
+        ...process.env,
+        BLOCKEDFILE: blockedFile,
+        BLOCKEDFOLDER: blockedFolder,
+        RELATIVEBLOCKEDFOLDER: relativeProtectedFolder,
+        RELATIVEBLOCKEDFILE: relativeProtectedFile,
+        ALLOWEDFILE: regularFile,
+        ALLOWEDFOLDER: commonPath,
+      },
+    }
+  );
+  assert.strictEqual(status, 0, stderr.toString());
+}
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-has.js b/test/parallel/test-permission-has.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..f0fb582959f721
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-permission-has.js
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// Flags: --experimental-permission --allow-fs-read=*
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common');
+
+const assert = require('assert');
+
+{
+  assert.ok(typeof process.permission.has === 'function');
+  assert.throws(() => {
+    process.permission.has(null, '');
+  }, common.expectsError({
+    code: 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE',
+    message: 'The "scope" argument must be of type string. Received null',
+  }));
+  assert.ok(!process.permission.has('invalid-key'));
+  assert.throws(() => {
+    process.permission.has('fs', {});
+  }, common.expectsError({
+    code: 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE',
+    message: 'The "reference" argument must be of type string. Received an instance of Object',
+  }));
+}
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-permission-deny-worker-threads-cli.js b/test/parallel/test-permission-worker-threads-cli.js
similarity index 100%
rename from test/parallel/test-permission-deny-worker-threads-cli.js
rename to test/parallel/test-permission-worker-threads-cli.js