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Ubuntu 16.04 Root on ZFS
- This HOWTO uses a whole physical disk.
- Do not use these instructions for dual-booting.
- Backup your data. Any existing data will be lost.
- 64-bit Ubuntu 16.04 Xenial Live CD (not the alternate installer)
- 64-bit computer (amd64, a.k.a. x86_64) computer
- A drive which presents 512B logical sectors. Installing on a drive which presents 4KiB logical sectors (a “4Kn” drive) should work with UEFI partitioning, but this has not been tested.
Computers that have less than 2 GiB of memory run ZFS slowly. 4 GiB of memory is recommended for normal performance in basic workloads. If you wish to use deduplication, you will need massive amounts of RAM. Enabling deduplication is a permanent change that cannot be easily reverted.
If you need help, reach out to the community using the zfs-discuss mailing list or IRC at #zfsonlinux on FreeNode. If you have a bug report or feature request related to this HOWTO, please file a new issue and mention @gmelikov and @rlaager.
1.1 Boot the Ubuntu Live CD, select Try Linux, and open a terminal (press Ctrl-Alt-T).
1.2 Setup and update the repositories:
$ sudo apt-add-repository universe
$ sudo apt update
1.3 Optional: Start the OpenSSH server in the Live CD environment:
If you have a second system, using SSH to access the target system can be convenient.
$ passwd
$ sudo apt --yes install openssh-server
Hint: You can find your IP address with ip addr show scope global. Then, from your main machine, connect with ssh ubuntu@IP.
1.4 Become root:
$ sudo -i
1.5 Install ZFS in the Live CD environment:
# apt install --yes debootstrap gdisk zfs-initramfs
Note: You can ignore the two error lines about "AppStream". They are harmless.
2.1 If you are re-using any disks which were previously in an MD array, zero the MD superblock now to avoid corruption if MD were to try to assemble the old array.
# mdadm --zero-superblock --force /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk1
2.2 Partition your disk:
Run this if you need legacy (BIOS) booting:
# sgdisk -a1 -n2:34:2047 -t2:EF02 /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk1
Run this for UEFI booting (for use now or in the future):
# sgdisk -n3:1M:+512M -t3:EF00 /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk1
Run these in all cases:
# sgdisk -n9:-8M:0 -t9:BF07 /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk1
# sgdisk -n1:0:0 -t1:BF01 /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk1
Always use the long /dev/disk/by-id/* aliases with ZFS. Using the /dev/sd* device nodes directly can cause sporadic import failures, especially on systems that have more than one storage pool.
Hints:
-
ls -la /dev/disk/by-idwill list the aliases. - Are you doing this in a virtual machine? If your virtual disk is missing from
/dev/disk/by-id, use/dev/vdaif you are using KVM with virtio; otherwise, read the troubleshooting section.
2.3 Create the root pool:
# zpool create -o ashift=12 \
-O atime=off -O canmount=off -O compression=lz4 -O normalization=formD \
-O mountpoint=/ -R /mnt \
rpool /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk1-part1
Notes:
- The use of
ashift=12is recommended here because many drives today have 4KiB (or larger) physical sectors, even though they present 512B logical sectors. Also, a future replacement drive may have 4KiB physical sectors (in which caseashift=12is desirable) or 4KiB logical sectors (in which caseashift=12is required). - Setting
normalization=formDeliminates some corner cases relating to UTF-8 filename normalization. It also impliesutf8only=on, which means that only UTF-8 filenames are allowed. If you care to support non-UTF-8 filenames, do not use this option. For a discussion of why requiring UTF-8 filenames may be a bad idea, see The problems with enforced UTF-8 only filenames. - Make sure to include the
-part1portion of the drive path. If you forget that, you are specifying the whole disk, which ZFS will then re-partition, and you will lose the bootloader partition(s).
Hints:
- The root pool does not have to be a single disk; it can have a mirror or raidz topology. In that case, repeat the partitioning commands for all the disks which will be part of the pool. Then, create the pool using
zpool create ... rpool mirror /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk1-part1 /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk2-part1(or replacemirrorwithraidz,raidz2, orraidz3and list the partitions from additional disks). Later, install GRUB to all the disks. This is trivial for MBR booting; the UEFI equivalent is currently left as an exercise for the reader. - The pool name is arbitrary. On systems that can automatically install to ZFS, the root pool is named
rpoolby default. If you work with multiple systems, it might be wise to usehostname,hostname0, orhostname-1instead.
3.1 Create a filesystem dataset to act as a container:
# zfs create -o canmount=off -o mountpoint=none rpool/ROOT
On Solaris systems, the root filesystem is cloned and the suffix is incremented for major system changes through pkg image-update or beadm. Similar functionality for APT is possible but currently unimplemented. Even without such a tool, it can still be used for manually created clones.
3.2 Create a filesystem dataset for the root filesystem of the Ubuntu system:
# zfs create -o canmount=noauto -o mountpoint=/ rpool/ROOT/ubuntu
# zfs mount rpool/ROOT/ubuntu
With ZFS, it is not normally necessary to use a mount command (either mount or zfs mount). This situation is an exception because of canmount=noauto.
3.3 Create datasets:
# zfs create -o setuid=off rpool/home
# zfs create -o mountpoint=/root rpool/home/root
# zfs create -o canmount=off -o setuid=off -o exec=off rpool/var
# zfs create -o com.sun:auto-snapshot=false rpool/var/cache
# zfs create rpool/var/log
# zfs create rpool/var/spool
# zfs create -o com.sun:auto-snapshot=false -o exec=on rpool/var/tmp
If you use /srv on this system:
# zfs create rpool/srv
If this system will have games installed:
# zfs create rpool/var/games
If this system will store local email in /var/mail:
# zfs create rpool/var/mail
If this system will use NFS (locking):
# zfs create -o com.sun:auto-snapshot=false \
-o mountpoint=/var/lib/nfs rpool/var/nfs
The primary goal of this dataset layout is to separate the OS from user data. This allows the root filesystem to be rolled back without rolling back user data such as logs (in /var/log). This will be especially important if/when a beadm or similar utility is integrated. Since we are creating multiple datasets anyway, it is trivial to add some restrictions (for extra security) at the same time. The com.sun.auto-snapshot setting is used by some ZFS snapshot utilities to exclude transient data.
3.4 Install the minimal system:
# chmod 1777 /mnt/var/tmp
# debootstrap xenial /mnt
# zfs set devices=off rpool
The debootstrap command leaves the new system in an unconfigured state. An alternative to using debootstrap is to copy the entirety of a working system into the new ZFS root.
4.1 Configure the hostname (change HOSTNAME to the desired hostname).
# echo HOSTNAME > /mnt/etc/hostname
# vi /mnt/etc/hosts
Add a line:
127.0.1.1 HOSTNAME
or if the system has a real name in DNS:
127.0.1.1 FQDN HOSTNAME
Hint: Use nano if you find vi confusing.
4.2 Configure the network interface:
Find the interface name:
# ifconfig -a
# vi /mnt/etc/network/interfaces.d/NAME
auto NAME
iface NAME inet dhcp
Customize this file if the system is not a DHCP client.
4.3 Bind the virtual filesystems from the LiveCD environment to the new system and chroot into it:
# mount --rbind /dev /mnt/dev
# mount --rbind /proc /mnt/proc
# mount --rbind /sys /mnt/sys
# chroot /mnt /bin/bash --login
Note: This is using --rbind, not --bind.
4.4 Configure a basic system environment:
# vi /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial main universe
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial main universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security main universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security main universe
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates main universe
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates main universe
# ln -s /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab
# apt update
# locale-gen en_US.UTF-8
Even if you prefer a non-English system language, always ensure that en_US.UTF-8 is available.
# echo 'LANG="en_US.UTF-8"' > /etc/default/locale
# dpkg-reconfigure tzdata
# apt install --yes ubuntu-minimal
4.5 Install ZFS in the chroot environment for the new system:
# apt install --yes --no-install-recommends linux-image-generic
# apt install --yes zfs-initramfs
4.6 Install GRUB
Choose one of the following options:
4.6a Install GRUB for legacy (MBR) booting
# apt install --yes grub-pc
Install GRUB to the disk(s), not the partition(s).
4.6b Install GRUB for UEFI booting
# apt install dosfstools
# mkdosfs -F 32 -n EFI /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk1-part3
# mkdir /boot/efi
# echo PARTUUID=$(blkid -s PARTUUID -o value \
/dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk1-part3) \
/boot/efi vfat defaults 0 1 >> /etc/fstab
# mount /boot/efi
# apt install --yes grub-efi-amd64
4.7 Setup system groups:
# addgroup --system lpadmin
# addgroup --system sambashare
4.8 Set a root password
# passwd
4.9 Fix filesystem mount ordering
Until ZFS gains a systemd mount generator, there are races between mounting filesystems and starting certain daemons. In practice, the issues (e.g. #5754) seem to be with certain filesystems in /var, specifically /var/log and /var/tmp. Setting these to use legacy mounting, and listing them in /etc/fstab makes systemd aware that these are separate mountpoints. In turn, rsyslog.service depends on var-log.mount by way of local-fs.target and services using the PrivateTmp feature of systemd automatically use After=var-tmp.mount.
# zfs set mountpoint=legacy rpool/var/log
# zfs set mountpoint=legacy rpool/var/tmp
# cat >> /etc/fstab << EOF
rpool/var/log /var/log zfs defaults 0 0
rpool/var/tmp /var/tmp zfs defaults 0 0
EOF
5.1 Verify that the ZFS root filesystem is recognized:
# grub-probe /
zfs
5.2 Refresh the initrd files:
# update-initramfs -c -k all
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-21-generic
5.3 Optional (but highly recommended): Make debugging GRUB easier:
# vi /etc/default/grub
Comment out: GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0
Remove quiet and splash from: GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT
Uncomment: GRUB_TERMINAL=console
Save and quit.
Later, once the system has rebooted twice and you are sure everything is working, you can undo these changes, if desired.
5.4 Update the boot configuration:
# update-grub
Generating grub configuration file ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-21-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-21-generic
done
5.5 Install the boot loader
5.5a For legacy (MBR) booting, install GRUB to the MBR:
# grub-install /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_disk1
Installing for i386-pc platform.
Installation finished. No error reported.
Do not reboot the computer until you get exactly that result message. Note that you are installing GRUB to the whole disk, not a partition.
If you are creating a mirror, repeat the grub-install command for each disk in the pool.
5.5b For UEFI booting, install GRUB:
# grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot/efi \
--bootloader-id=ubuntu --recheck --no-floppy
5.6 Verify that the ZFS module is installed:
# ls /boot/grub/*/zfs.mod
6.1 Snapshot the initial installation:
# zfs snapshot rpool/ROOT/ubuntu@install
In the future, you will likely want to take snapshots before each upgrade, and remove old snapshots (including this one) at some point to save space.
6.2 Exit from the chroot environment back to the LiveCD environment:
# exit
6.3 Run these commands in the LiveCD environment to unmount all filesystems:
# mount | grep -v zfs | tac | awk '/\/mnt/ {print $3}' | xargs -i{} umount -lf {}
# zpool export rpool
6.4 Reboot:
# reboot
6.5 Wait for the newly installed system to boot normally. Login as root.
6.6 Create a user account:
Choose one of the following options:
6.6a Create an unencrypted (regular) home directory:
# zfs create rpool/home/YOURUSERNAME
# adduser YOURUSERNAME
# cp -a /etc/skel/.[!.]* /home/YOURUSERNAME
# chown -R YOURUSERNAME:YOURUSERNAME /home/YOURUSERNAME
6.6b Create an encrypted home directory:
# apt install ecryptfs-utils
# zfs create -o compression=off -o mountpoint=/home/.ecryptfs/YOURUSERNAME \
rpool/home/temp-YOURUSERNAME
# adduser --encrypt-home YOURUSERNAME
# zfs rename rpool/home/temp-YOURUSERNAME rpool/home/YOURUSERNAME
The temporary name for the dataset is required to work-around a bug in ecryptfs-setup-private. Otherwise, it will fail with an error saying the home directory is already mounted; that check is not specific enough in the pattern it uses.
Note: Automatically mounted snapshots (i.e. the .zfs/snapshots directory) will not work through eCryptfs. You can do another eCryptfs mount manually if you need to access files in a snapshot. A script to automate the mounting should be possible, but has not yet been implemented.
6.7 Add your user account to the default set of groups for an administrator:
# usermod -a -G adm,cdrom,dip,lpadmin,plugdev,sambashare,sudo YOURUSERNAME
7.1 Create a volume dataset (zvol) for use as a swap device:
# zfs create -V 4G -b $(getconf PAGESIZE) -o compression=zle \
-o logbias=throughput -o sync=always \
-o primarycache=metadata -o secondarycache=none \
-o com.sun:auto-snapshot=false rpool/swap
You can adjust the size (the 4G part) to your needs.
The compression algorithm is set to zle because it is the cheapest available algorithm. As this guide recommends ashift=12 (4 kiB blocks on disk), the common case of a 4 kiB page size means that no compression algorithm can reduce I/O. The exception is all-zero pages, which are dropped by ZFS; but some form of compression has to be enabled to get this behavior.
7.2 Configure the swap device:
Choose one of the following options. If you are going to do an encrypted home directory later, you should use encrypted swap.
7.2a Create an unencrypted (regular) swap device:
Caution: Always use long /dev/zvol aliases in configuration files. Never use a short /dev/zdX device name.
# mkswap -f /dev/zvol/rpool/swap
# echo /dev/zvol/rpool/swap none swap defaults 0 0 >> /etc/fstab
7.2b Create an encrypted swap device:
# apt install cryptsetup
# echo cryptswap1 /dev/zvol/rpool/swap /dev/urandom \
swap,cipher=aes-xts-plain64:sha256,size=256 >> /etc/crypttab
# systemctl daemon-reload
# systemctl start systemd-cryptsetup@cryptswap1.service
# echo /dev/mapper/cryptswap1 none swap defaults 0 0 >> /etc/fstab
7.3 Enable the swap device:
# swapon -av
8.1 Upgrade the minimal system:
# apt dist-upgrade --yes
8.2 Install a regular set of software:
Choose one of the following options:
8.2a Install a command-line environment only:
# apt install --yes ubuntu-standard
8.2b Install a full GUI environment:
# apt install --yes ubuntu-desktop
Hint: If you are installing a full GUI environment, you will likely want to manage your network with NetworkManager. In that case, rm /etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0.
8.3 Optional: Disable log compression:
As /var/log is already compressed by ZFS, logrotate’s compression is going to burn CPU and disk I/O for (in most cases) very little gain. Also, if you are making snapshots of /var/log, logrotate’s compression will actually waste space, as the uncompressed data will live on in the snapshot. You can edit the files in /etc/logrotate.d by hand to comment out compress, or use this loop (copy-and-paste highly recommended):
# for file in /etc/logrotate.d/* ; do
if grep -Eq "(^|[^#y])compress" "$file" ; then
sed -i -r "s/(^|[^#y])(compress)/\1#\2/" "$file"
fi
done
8.4 Reboot:
# reboot
9.1 Wait for the system to boot normally. Login using the account you created. Ensure the system (including networking) works normally.
9.2 Optional: Delete the snapshot of the initial installation:
$ sudo zfs destroy rpool/ROOT/ubuntu@install
9.3 Optional: Disable the root password
$ sudo usermod -p '*' root
9.4 Optional (not recommended):
If you prefer the graphical boot process, you can re-enable it now. It will make debugging boot problems more difficult, though.
$ sudo vi /etc/default/grub
Uncomment GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0
Add quiet and splash to GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT
Comment out GRUB_TERMINAL=console
Save and quit.
$ sudo update-grub
Boot the Live CD and open a terminal.
Become root and install the ZFS utilities:
$ sudo -i
# apt update
# apt install --yes zfsutils-linux
This will automatically import your pool. Export it and re-import it to get the mounts right:
# zpool export -a
# zpool import -N -R /mnt rpool
# zfs mount rpool/ROOT/ubuntu
# zfs mount -a
If needed, you can chroot into your installed environment:
# mount --rbind /dev /mnt/dev
# mount --rbind /proc /mnt/proc
# mount --rbind /sys /mnt/sys
# chroot /mnt /bin/bash --login
Do whatever you need to do to fix your system.
When done, cleanup:
# mount | grep -v zfs | tac | awk '/\/mnt/ {print $3}' | xargs -i{} umount -lf {}
# zpool export rpool
# reboot
Most problem reports for this tutorial involve mpt2sas hardware that does slow asynchronous drive initialization, like some IBM M1015 or OEM-branded cards that have been flashed to the reference LSI firmware.
The basic problem is that disks on these controllers are not visible to the Linux kernel until after the regular system is started, and ZoL does not hotplug pool members. See https://github.com/zfsonlinux/zfs/issues/330.
Most LSI cards are perfectly compatible with ZoL. If your card has this glitch, try setting rootdelay=X in GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX. The system will wait up to X seconds for all drives to appear before importing the pool.
Systems that require the arcsas blob driver should add it to the /etc/initramfs-tools/modules file and run update-initramfs -c -k all.
Upgrade or downgrade the Areca driver if something like RIP: 0010:[<ffffffff8101b316>] [<ffffffff8101b316>] native_read_tsc+0x6/0x20 appears anywhere in kernel log. ZoL is unstable on systems that emit this error message.
- Set
disk.EnableUUID = "TRUE"in the vmx file or vsphere configuration. Doing this ensures that/dev/diskaliases are created in the guest.
Set a unique serial number on each virtual disk using libvirt or qemu (e.g. -drive if=none,id=disk1,file=disk1.qcow2,serial=1234567890).
To be able to use UEFI in guests (instead of only BIOS booting), run this on the host:
$ sudo apt install ovmf
$ sudo vi /etc/libvirt/qemu.conf
Uncomment these lines:
nvram = [
"/usr/share/OVMF/OVMF_CODE.fd:/usr/share/OVMF/OVMF_VARS.fd",
"/usr/share/AAVMF/AAVMF_CODE.fd:/usr/share/AAVMF/AAVMF_VARS.fd"
]
$ sudo service libvirt-bin restart