In this post, you will learn the concept behind Autoencoders as well how to implement an autoencoder in TensorFlow.
Autoencoders are a type of neural networks which copy its input to its output. They usually consist of two main parts, namely Encoder and Decoder. The encoder map the input into a hidden layer space which we refer to as a code. The decoder then reconstructs the input from the code. There are different types of Autoencoders:
Undercomplete Autoencoders: An autoencoder whose code dimension is less than the input dimension. Learning such an autoencoder forces it to capture the most salient features. However, using a big encoder and decoder in the lack of enough training data allows the network to memorized the task and omits learning useful features. In case of having linear decoder, it can act as PCA. However, adding nonlinear activation functions to the network makes it a nonlinear generalization of PCA.
Regularized Autoencoders: Rather than limiting the size of autoencoder and the code dimension for the sake of feature learning, we can add a loss function to prevent it memorizing the task and the training data.
- Sparse Autoencoders: An autoencoder which has a sparsity penalty in the training loss in addition to the reconstruction error. They usually being used for the porpuse of other tasks such as classification. The loss is not as straightforward as other regularizers, and we will discuss it in another post later.
- Denoising Autoencoders (DAE): The input of a DAE is a corrupted copy of the real input which is supposed to be reconstructed. Therefore, a DAE has to undo the corruption (noise) as well as reconstruction.
- Contractive Autoencoders (CAE): The main idea behind these type of autoencoders is to learn a representation of the data which is robust to small changes in the input.
Variational Autoencoders: They maximize the probability of the training data instead of copying the input to the output and therefore does not need regularization to capture useful information.
In this post, we are going to create a simple Undercomplete Autoencoder in TensorFlow to learn a low dimension representation (code) of the MNIST dataset.
We are going to create an autoencoder with a 3-layer encoder and 3-layer decoder. Each layer of encoder downsamples its input along the spatial dimensions (width, height) by a factor of two using a stride 2. Consequently, the dimension of the code is 2(width) X 2(height) X 8(depth) = 32 (for an image of 32X32). Similarly, each layer of the decoder upsamples its input by a factor of two (using transpose convolution with stride 2).
import tensorflow.contrib.layers as lays
def autoencoder(inputs):
# encoder
# 32 file code blockx 32 x 1 -> 16 x 16 x 32
# 16 x 16 x 32 -> 8 x 8 x 16
# 8 x 8 x 16 -> 2 x 2 x 8
net = lays.conv2d(inputs, 32, [5, 5], stride=2, padding='SAME')
net = lays.conv2d(net, 16, [5, 5], stride=2, padding='SAME')
net = lays.conv2d(net, 8, [5, 5], stride=4, padding='SAME')
# decoder
# 2 x 2 x 8 -> 8 x 8 x 16
# 8 x 8 x 16 -> 16 x 16 x 32
# 16 x 16 x 32 -> 32 x 32 x 1
net = lays.conv2d_transpose(net, 16, [5, 5], stride=4, padding='SAME')
net = lays.conv2d_transpose(net, 32, [5, 5], stride=2, padding='SAME')
net = lays.conv2d_transpose(net, 1, [5, 5], stride=2, padding='SAME', activation_fn=tf.nn.tanh)
return net
Figure 1: Autoencoder
The MNIST dataset contains vectorized images of 28X28. Therefore we define a new function to reshape each batch of MNIST images to 28X28 and then resize to 32X32. The reason of resizing to 32X32 is to make it a power of two and therefore we can easily use the stride of 2 for downsampling and upsampling.
import numpy as np
from skimage import transform
def resize_batch(imgs):
# A function to resize a batch of MNIST images to (32, 32)
# Args:
# imgs: a numpy array of size [batch_size, 28 X 28].
# Returns:
# a numpy array of size [batch_size, 32, 32].
imgs = imgs.reshape((-1, 28, 28, 1))
resized_imgs = np.zeros((imgs.shape[0], 32, 32, 1))
for i in range(imgs.shape[0]):
resized_imgs[i, ..., 0] = transform.resize(imgs[i, ..., 0], (32, 32))
return resized_imgsNow we create an autoencoder, define a square error loss and an optimizer.
import tensorflow as tf
ae_inputs = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, (None, 32, 32, 1)) # input to the network (MNIST images)
ae_outputs = autoencoder(ae_inputs) # create the Autoencoder network
# calculate the loss and optimize the network
loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.square(ae_outputs - ae_inputs)) # claculate the mean square error loss
train_op = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate=lr).minimize(loss)
# initialize the network
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()Now we can read the batches, train the network and finally test the network by reconstructing a batch of test images.
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data
batch_size = 500 # Number of samples in each batch
epoch_num = 5 # Number of epochs to train the network
lr = 0.001 # Learning rate
# read MNIST dataset
mnist = input_data.read_data_sets("MNIST_data", one_hot=True)
# calculate the number of batches per epoch
batch_per_ep = mnist.train.num_examples // batch_size
with tf.Session() as sess:
sess.run(init)
for ep in range(epoch_num): # epochs loop
for batch_n in range(batch_per_ep): # batches loop
batch_img, batch_label = mnist.train.next_batch(batch_size) # read a batch
batch_img = batch_img.reshape((-1, 28, 28, 1)) # reshape each sample to an (28, 28) image
batch_img = resize_batch(batch_img) # reshape the images to (32, 32)
_, c = sess.run([train_op, loss], feed_dict={ae_inputs: batch_img})
print('Epoch: {} - cost= {:.5f}'.format((ep + 1), c))
# test the trained network
batch_img, batch_label = mnist.test.next_batch(50)
batch_img = resize_batch(batch_img)
recon_img = sess.run([ae_outputs], feed_dict={ae_inputs: batch_img})[0]
# plot the reconstructed images and their ground truths (inputs)
plt.figure(1)
plt.title('Reconstructed Images')
for i in range(50):
plt.subplot(5, 10, i+1)
plt.imshow(recon_img[i, ..., 0], cmap='gray')
plt.figure(2)
plt.title('Input Images')
for i in range(50):
plt.subplot(5, 10, i+1)
plt.imshow(batch_img[i, ..., 0], cmap='gray')
plt.show()