diff --git a/bin/inspect_all_known_projects.py b/bin/inspect_all_known_projects.py
index 684b7ff11..a2c68a6bd 100755
--- a/bin/inspect_all_known_projects.py
+++ b/bin/inspect_all_known_projects.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import ast
-from collections.abc import Iterator
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import click
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ def save(self, filename: Path | str) -> None:
         with open(filename, "w") as f:
             yaml.safe_dump(self.contents, f, default_flow_style=False)
 
-    def on_each(self, repos: list[str]) -> Iterator[tuple[str, str, str | None]]:
+    def on_each(self, repos: Iterable[str]) -> Iterator[tuple[str, str, str | None]]:
         for repo in repos:
             print(f"[bold]{repo}:")
             for filename in sorted(self.contents, reverse=True):
diff --git a/bin/projects.py b/bin/projects.py
index 6b577189e..546a10c82 100755
--- a/bin/projects.py
+++ b/bin/projects.py
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 import textwrap
 import urllib.request
 import xml.dom.minidom
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
 from datetime import datetime
 from io import StringIO
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@
 class Project:
     NAME: int = 0
 
-    def __init__(self, config: dict[str, Any], github: Github | None = None):
+    def __init__(self, config: Mapping[str, Any], github: Github | None = None):
         try:
             self.name: str = config["name"]
             self.gh: str = config["gh"]
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ def path_for_icon(icon_name: str, relative_to: Path | None = None) -> Path:
 
 
 def get_projects(
-    config: list[dict[str, Any]],
+    config: Iterable[Mapping[str, Any]],
     *,
     online: bool = True,
     auth: str | None = None,
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ def get_projects(
     return sorted((Project(item, github) for item in config), reverse=online)
 
 
-def render_projects(projects: list[Project], *, dest_path: Path, include_info: bool = True):
+def render_projects(projects: Sequence[Project], *, dest_path: Path, include_info: bool = True):
     io = StringIO()
     print = functools.partial(builtins.print, file=io)
 
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ def render_projects(projects: list[Project], *, dest_path: Path, include_info: b
 def insert_projects_table(
     file: Path,
     *,
-    projects: list[Project],
+    projects: Sequence[Project],
     input_filename: str,
     include_info: bool = True,
 ):
diff --git a/bin/update_pythons.py b/bin/update_pythons.py
index bfa10ba75..35f6a76ed 100755
--- a/bin/update_pythons.py
+++ b/bin/update_pythons.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 import difflib
 import logging
 import sys
+from collections.abc import Mapping, MutableMapping
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Union
 
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ def __init__(self, arch_str: ArchStr):
         ]
         self.arch = arch_str
 
-    def get_arch_file(self, release: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+    def get_arch_file(self, release: Mapping[str, Any]) -> str:
         urls: list[str] = [
             rf["download_url"]
             for rf in release["files"]
@@ -250,7 +251,7 @@ def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.macos_pypy = PyPyVersions("64")
         self.macos_pypy_arm64 = PyPyVersions("ARM64")
 
-    def update_config(self, config: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+    def update_config(self, config: MutableMapping[str, str]) -> None:
         identifier = config["identifier"]
         version = Version(config["version"])
         spec = Specifier(f"=={version.major}.{version.minor}.*")
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/__main__.py b/cibuildwheel/__main__.py
index e29156963..9dfba1512 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/__main__.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/__main__.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 import tarfile
 import textwrap
 import typing
-from collections.abc import Sequence, Set
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence, Set
 from pathlib import Path
 from tempfile import mkdtemp
 
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:
             log.warning(f"Can't delete temporary folder '{tmp_path}'")
 
 
-def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: list[str]) -> None:
+def print_preamble(platform: str, options: Options, identifiers: Sequence[str]) -> None:
     print(
         textwrap.dedent(
             """
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ def get_build_identifiers(
     return [config.identifier for config in python_configurations]
 
 
-def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: list[str]) -> list[str]:
+def detect_warnings(*, options: Options, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> list[str]:
     warnings = []
 
     # warn about deprecated {python} and {pip}
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/bashlex_eval.py b/cibuildwheel/bashlex_eval.py
index 3a167890a..c5f805372 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/bashlex_eval.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/bashlex_eval.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import subprocess
-from collections.abc import Sequence
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Callable, Dict, List  # noqa: TID251
 
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 EnvironmentExecutor = Callable[[List[str], Dict[str, str]], str]
 
 
-def local_environment_executor(command: list[str], env: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+def local_environment_executor(command: Sequence[str], env: Mapping[str, str]) -> str:
     return subprocess.run(command, env=env, text=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, check=True).stdout
 
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class NodeExecutionContext:
 
 
 def evaluate(
-    value: str, environment: dict[str, str], executor: EnvironmentExecutor | None = None
+    value: str, environment: Mapping[str, str], executor: EnvironmentExecutor | None = None
 ) -> str:
     if not value:
         # empty string evaluates to empty string
@@ -41,7 +41,9 @@ def evaluate(
     return evaluate_node(
         value_word_node,
         context=NodeExecutionContext(
-            environment=environment, input=value, executor=executor or local_environment_executor
+            environment=dict(environment),
+            input=value,
+            executor=executor or local_environment_executor,
         ),
     )
 
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ def evaluate_nodes_as_compound_command(
 
 
 def evaluate_nodes_as_simple_command(
-    nodes: list[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext
+    nodes: Iterable[bashlex.ast.node], context: NodeExecutionContext
 ) -> str:
     command = [evaluate_node(part, context=context) for part in nodes]
     return context.executor(command, context.environment)
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/environment.py b/cibuildwheel/environment.py
index 625529e95..2a7b99a2a 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/environment.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/environment.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class EnvironmentAssignment(Protocol):
     def evaluated_value(
         self,
         *,
-        environment: dict[str, str],
+        environment: Mapping[str, str],
         executor: bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         """Returns the value of this assignment, as evaluated in the environment"""
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def __init__(self, assignment: str):
 
     def evaluated_value(
         self,
-        environment: dict[str, str],
+        environment: Mapping[str, str],
         executor: bashlex_eval.EnvironmentExecutor | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         return bashlex_eval.evaluate(self.value, environment=environment, executor=executor)
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/extra.py b/cibuildwheel/extra.py
index 36389e6f7..03e3ce6f0 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/extra.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/extra.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
 from io import StringIO
 
 from .typing import Protocol
@@ -16,7 +17,9 @@ def __str__(self) -> str:
         ...
 
 
-def dump_python_configurations(inp: dict[str, dict[str, list[dict[str, Printable]]]]) -> str:
+def dump_python_configurations(
+    inp: Mapping[str, Mapping[str, Sequence[Mapping[str, Printable]]]]
+) -> str:
     output = StringIO()
     for header, values in inp.items():
         output.write(f"[{header}]\n")
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/linux.py b/cibuildwheel/linux.py
index 37ef5c8f0..4f019ac34 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/linux.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/linux.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
-from collections.abc import Iterator, Set
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator, Sequence, Set
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath, PurePosixPath
 from typing import Tuple
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def get_build_steps(
 
 
 def check_all_python_exist(
-    *, platform_configs: list[PythonConfiguration], container: OCIContainer
+    *, platform_configs: Iterable[PythonConfiguration], container: OCIContainer
 ) -> None:
     exist = True
     messages = []
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ def check_all_python_exist(
 def build_in_container(
     *,
     options: Options,
-    platform_configs: list[PythonConfiguration],
+    platform_configs: Sequence[PythonConfiguration],
     container: OCIContainer,
     container_project_path: PurePath,
     container_package_dir: PurePath,
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ def build(options: Options, tmp_path: Path) -> None:  # noqa: ARG001
             sys.exit(1)
 
 
-def _matches_prepared_command(error_cmd: list[str], command_template: str) -> bool:
+def _matches_prepared_command(error_cmd: Sequence[str], command_template: str) -> bool:
     if len(error_cmd) < 3 or error_cmd[0:2] != ["sh", "-c"]:
         return False
     command_prefix = command_template.split("{", maxsplit=1)[0].strip()
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/oci_container.py b/cibuildwheel/oci_container.py
index 8da216a2e..aa54eefbf 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/oci_container.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/oci_container.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 import sys
 import typing
 import uuid
-from collections.abc import Sequence
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath, PurePosixPath
 from types import TracebackType
 from typing import IO, Dict
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ def glob(self, path: PurePosixPath, pattern: str) -> list[PurePosixPath]:
     def call(
         self,
         args: Sequence[PathOrStr],
-        env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
         capture_output: bool = False,
         cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
     ) -> str:
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ def get_environment(self) -> dict[str, str]:
         )
         return typing.cast(Dict[str, str], env)
 
-    def environment_executor(self, command: list[str], environment: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    def environment_executor(self, command: Sequence[str], environment: dict[str, str]) -> str:
         # used as an EnvironmentExecutor to evaluate commands and capture output
         return self.call(command, env=environment, capture_output=True)
 
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/options.py b/cibuildwheel/options.py
index 974470c63..d28e76214 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/options.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/options.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 import textwrap
 import traceback
 import typing
-from collections.abc import Callable, Generator, Iterator, Mapping, Set
+from collections.abc import Callable, Generator, Iterable, Iterator, Mapping, Set
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Union
 
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ def build_options(self, identifier: str | None) -> BuildOptions:
                 config_settings=config_settings,
             )
 
-    def check_for_invalid_configuration(self, identifiers: list[str]) -> None:
+    def check_for_invalid_configuration(self, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> None:
         if self.platform in {"macos", "windows"}:
             before_all_values = {self.build_options(i).before_all for i in identifiers}
 
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ def defaults(self) -> Options:
             read_config_file=False,
         )
 
-    def summary(self, identifiers: list[str]) -> str:
+    def summary(self, identifiers: Iterable[str]) -> str:
         lines = []
         global_option_names = sorted(f.name for f in dataclasses.fields(self.globals))
 
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@ def option_summary(
         option_name: str,
         option_value: Any,
         default_value: Any,
-        overrides: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        overrides: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         """
         Return a summary of the option value, including any overrides, with
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/util.py b/cibuildwheel/util.py
index 53cb22a61..2ba4fe6a1 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/util.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/util.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 import time
 import typing
 import urllib.request
-from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Sequence
+from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from enum import Enum
 from functools import lru_cache
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ def build_frontend_or_default(
 @typing.overload
 def call(
     *args: PathOrStr,
-    env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
     cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
     capture_stdout: Literal[False] = ...,
 ) -> None:
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ def call(
 @typing.overload
 def call(
     *args: PathOrStr,
-    env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
     cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
     capture_stdout: Literal[True],
 ) -> str:
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ def call(
 
 def call(
     *args: PathOrStr,
-    env: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
     cwd: PathOrStr | None = None,
     capture_stdout: bool = False,
 ) -> str | None:
@@ -144,7 +144,9 @@ def call(
     return typing.cast(str, result.stdout)
 
 
-def shell(*commands: str, env: dict[str, str] | None = None, cwd: PathOrStr | None = None) -> None:
+def shell(
+    *commands: str, env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None, cwd: PathOrStr | None = None
+) -> None:
     command = " ".join(commands)
     print(f"+ {command}")
     subprocess.run(command, env=env, cwd=cwd, shell=True, check=True)
@@ -499,7 +501,7 @@ def print_new_wheels(msg: str, output_dir: Path) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
     )
 
 
-def get_pip_version(env: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+def get_pip_version(env: Mapping[str, str]) -> str:
     versions_output_text = call(
         "python", "-m", "pip", "freeze", "--all", capture_stdout=True, env=env
     )
diff --git a/cibuildwheel/windows.py b/cibuildwheel/windows.py
index 5ab8827a2..caee9ce69 100644
--- a/cibuildwheel/windows.py
+++ b/cibuildwheel/windows.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import textwrap
-from collections.abc import Sequence, Set
+from collections.abc import MutableMapping, Sequence, Set
 from contextlib import suppress
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from functools import lru_cache
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ def setup_setuptools_cross_compile(
     tmp: Path,
     python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
     python_libs_base: Path,
-    env: dict[str, str],
+    env: MutableMapping[str, str],
 ) -> None:
     distutils_cfg = tmp / "extra-setup.cfg"
     env["DIST_EXTRA_CONFIG"] = str(distutils_cfg)
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ def setup_rust_cross_compile(
     tmp: Path,  # noqa: ARG001
     python_configuration: PythonConfiguration,
     python_libs_base: Path,  # noqa: ARG001
-    env: dict[str, str],
+    env: MutableMapping[str, str],
 ) -> None:
     # Assume that MSVC will be used, because we already know that we are
     # cross-compiling. MinGW users can set CARGO_BUILD_TARGET themselves