[v23.2.x] cluster: invoke config_frontend methods on controller shard

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #17088 to branch v23.2.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.2.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-17088-v23.2.x-373
git cherry-pick -x b7202f11b98f555a5403c77ff65f91e5a2f24f67 ed04fc3eba2b2e66ed68861d84ecb0a26bc2055a

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-17088-v23.2.x-373
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.2.x] cluster: invoke config_frontend methods on controller shard" \
  --base "v23.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-17088-v23.2.x-373" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/17088 "

[piyushredpanda]

Merged #17211