Merge pull request #2302 from Centril/rfc/tuple-struct-self-ctor

RFC: Tuple struct construction with `Self(v1, v2, ..)`

text/2302-tuple-struct-self-ctor.md

@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+- Feature Name: `tuple_struct_self_ctor`
+- Start Date: 2017-01-18
+- RFC PR: [rust-lang/rfcs#2302](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/2302)
+- Rust Issue: [rust-lang/rust#51994](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/51994)
+
+# Summary
+[summary]: #summary
+
+Tuple `struct`s can now be constructed and pattern matched with
+`Self(v1, v2, ..)`. A simple example:
+
+```rust
+struct TheAnswer(usize);
+
+impl Default for TheAnswer {
+    fn default() -> Self { Self(42) }
+}
+```
+
+Similarly, unit structs can also be constructed and pattern matched with `Self`.
+
+# Motivation
+[motivation]: #motivation
+
+This RFC proposes a consistency fix allowing `Self` to be used in more
+places to better match the users' intuition of the language and to get
+closer to feature parity between tuple structs and structs with named fields.
+
+Currently, only structs with named fields can be constructed inside
+impls using `Self` like so:
+
+```rust
+struct Mascot { name: String, age: usize }
+
+impl Default for Mascot {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: "Ferris the Crab".into(),
+            age: 3
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+while the following is not allowed:
+
+```rust
+struct Mascot(String, usize);
+
+impl Default for Mascot {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self("Ferris the Crab".into(), 3)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+This discrepancy is unfortunate as many users reach for `Self(v0, v1, ..)`
+from time to time, only to find that it doesn't work. This creates a break
+in the users intuition and becomes a papercut. It also has the effect that
+each user must remember this exception, making the rule-set to remember
+larger wherefore the language becomes more complex.
+
+There are good reasons why `Self { f0: v0, f1: v1, .. }` is allowed.
+Chiefly among those is that it becomes easier to refactor the code when
+one wants to rename type names. Another important reason is that only
+having to keep `Self` in mind means that a developer does not need to
+keep the type name fresh in their working memory. This is beneficial for
+users with shorter working memory such as the author of this RFC.
+
+Since `Self { f0: v0, .. }` is well motivated, those benefits and motivations
+will also extend to tuple and unit structs. Eliminating this discrepancy between
+tuple structs and those with named fields will therefore have all the benefits
+associated with this feature for structs with named fields.
+
+# Guide-level explanation
+[guide-level-explanation]: #guide-level-explanation
+
+## Basic concept
+
+For structs with named fields such as:
+
+```rust
+struct Person {
+    name: String,
+    ssn: usize,
+    age: usize
+}
+```
+
+You may use the syntax `Self { field0: value0, .. }` as seen below
+instead of writing `TypeName { field0: value0, .. }`:
+
+```rust
+impl Person {
+    /// Make a newborn person.
+    fn newborn(name: String, ssn: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { name, ssn, age: 0 }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Through type aliases
+
+This ability does not extend to tuple structs however in current Rust but will
+with this RFC. To continue on with the previous example, you can now also write:
+
+```rust
+struct Person(String, usize, usize);
+
+impl Person {
+    /// Make a newborn person.
+    fn newborn(name: String, ssn: usize) -> Self {
+        Self(name, ssn, 0)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+As with structs with named fields, you may also use `Self` when
+you are `impl`ing on a type alias of a struct as seen here:
+
+```rust
+struct FooBar(u8);
+
+type BarFoo = FooBar;
+
+impl Default for BarFoo {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self(42) // <-- Not allowed before.
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Patterns
+
+Currently, you can pattern match using `Self { .. }` on a named struct as in
+the following example:
+
+```rust
+struct Person {
+    ssn: usize,
+    age: usize
+}
+
+impl Person {
+    /// Make a newborn person.
+    fn newborn(ssn: usize) -> Self {
+        match { Self { ssn, age: 0 } } {
+            Self { ssn, age } // `Self { .. }` is permitted as a pattern!
+                => Self { ssn, age }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+This RFC extends this to tuple structs:
+
+```rust
+struct Person(usize, usize);
+
+impl Person {
+    /// Make a newborn person.
+    fn newborn(ssn: usize) -> Self {
+        match { Self(ssn, 0) } {
+            Self(ssn, age) // `Self(..)` is permitted as a pattern!
+                => Self(ssn, age)
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Of course, this redundant reconstruction is not recommended in actual code,
+but illustrates what you can do.
+
+## `Self` as a function pointer
+
+When you define a tuple struct today such as:
+
+```rust
+struct Foo<T>(T);
+
+impl<T> Foo<T> {
+    fn fooify_iter(iter: impl Iterator<Item = T>) -> impl Iterator<Item = Foo<T>> {
+        iter.map(Foo)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+you can use `Foo` as a function pointer typed at: `for<T> fn(T) -> T` as
+seen in the example above.
+
+This RFC extends that such that `Self` can also be used as a function pointer
+for tuple structs. Modifying the example above gives us:
+
+```rust
+impl<T> Foo<T> {
+    fn fooify_iter(iter: impl Iterator<Item = T>) -> impl Iterator<Item = Foo<T>> {
+        iter.map(Self)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Unit structs
+
+With this RFC, you can also use `Self` in pattern and expression contexts when
+dealing with unit structs. For example:
+
+```rust
+struct TheAnswer;
+
+impl Default for TheAnswer {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        match { Self } { Self => Self }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Teaching the contents
+
+This RFC should not require additional effort other than spreading the
+news that this now is possible as well as the reference. The changes are
+seen as intuitive enough that it supports what the user already assumes
+should work and will probably try at some point.
+
+# Reference-level explanation
+[reference-level-explanation]: #reference-level-explanation
+
+When entering one of the following contexts, a Rust compiler will extend
+the value namespace with `Self` which maps to the tuple constructor `fn`
+in the case of tuple struct, or a constant, in the case of a unit struct:
+
++ inherent `impl`s where the `Self` type is a tuple or unit struct
++ `trait` `impl`s where the `Self` type is a tuple or unit struct
+
+As a result, when referring to a tuple struct, `Self` can be legally coerced
+into an `fn` pointer which accepts and returns expressions of the same type as
+the function pointer `Self` is referring to accepts.
+
+Another consequence is that `Self(p_0, .., p_n)` and `Self` become
+legal patterns. This works since `TupleCtor(p_0, .., p_n)` patterns are
+handled by resolving them in the value namespace and checking that they
+resolve to a tuple constructor. Since by definition, `Self` referring
+to a tuple struct resolves to a tuple constructor, this is OK.
+
+## Implementation notes
+
+As an additional check on the sanity of a Rust compiler implementation,
+a well formed expression `Self(v0, v1, ..)`, must be semantically equivalent to
+`Self { 0: v0, 1: v1, .. }` and must also be permitted when the latter would.
+Likewise the pattern `Self(p0, p1, ..)` must match exactly the same set of
+values as `Self { 0: p0, 1: p1, .. }` would and must be permitted when
+`Self { 0: p0, 1: p1, .. }` is well formed.
+
+Furthermore, a well formed expression or pattern `Self` must be semantically
+equivalent to `Self {}` and permitted when `Self {}` is well formed in the
+same context.
+
+For example for tuple structs, we have the typing rule:
+
+```
+Δ ⊢ τ_0  type .. Δ ⊢ τ_n  type
+Δ ⊢ Self type
+Γ ⊢ x_0 : τ_0 .. Γ ⊢ x_n : τ_n
+Γ ⊢ Self { 0: x_0, .. n: x_n } : Self
+-----------------------------------------
+Γ ⊢ Self (    x_0, ..,   x_n ) : Self
+```
+
+and the operational semantics:
+
+```
+Γ ⊢ Self { 0: e_0, .., n: e_n } ⇓ v
+-------------------------------------
+Γ ⊢ Self {    e_0, ..,    e_n } ⇓ v
+```
+
+for unit structs, the following holds:
+
+```
+Δ ⊢ Self type
+Γ ⊢ Self {} : Self
+-----------------------------------------
+Γ ⊢ Self    : Self
+```
+
+with the operational semantics:
+
+```
+Γ ⊢ Self {} ⇓ v
+-------------------------------------
+Γ ⊢ Self    ⇓ v
+```
+
+## In relation to other RFCs
+
+This RFC expands on [RFC 593] and [RFC 1647] with
+respect to where the keyword `Self` is allowed.
+
+[RFC 593]: 0593-forbid-Self-definitions.md
+[RFC 1647]: 1647-allow-self-in-where-clauses.md
+
+# Drawbacks
+[drawbacks]: #drawbacks
+
+There are potentially some, but the author could not think of any.
+
+# Rationale and alternatives
+[alternatives]: #alternatives
+
+This is the only design that makes sense in the sense that there really
+aren't any other. Potentially, `Self(v0, ..)` should only work when the
+`impl`ed type is not behind a type alias. However, since structs with named
+fields supports type aliases in this respect, so should tuple structs.
+
+Not providing this feature would preserve papercuts
+and unintuitive surprises for developers.
+
+# Unresolved questions
+[unresolved]: #unresolved-questions
+
+There are none.