diff --git a/src/libcore/ptr/const_ptr.rs b/src/libcore/ptr/const_ptr.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000..be2b7ff5f773b --- /dev/null +++ b/src/libcore/ptr/const_ptr.rs @@ -0,0 +1,755 @@ +use crate::cmp::Ordering::{self, Less, Equal, Greater}; +use crate::intrinsics; +use crate::mem; +use super::*; + +// ignore-tidy-undocumented-unsafe + +#[lang = "const_ptr"] +impl *const T { + /// Returns `true` if the pointer is null. + /// + /// Note that unsized types have many possible null pointers, as only the + /// raw data pointer is considered, not their length, vtable, etc. + /// Therefore, two pointers that are null may still not compare equal to + /// each other. + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// let s: &str = "Follow the rabbit"; + /// let ptr: *const u8 = s.as_ptr(); + /// assert!(!ptr.is_null()); + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] + #[inline] + pub fn is_null(self) -> bool { + // Compare via a cast to a thin pointer, so fat pointers are only + // considering their "data" part for null-ness. + (self as *const u8) == null() + } + + /// Casts to a pointer of another type. + #[stable(feature = "ptr_cast", since = "1.38.0")] + #[rustc_const_stable(feature = "const_ptr_cast", since = "1.38.0")] + #[inline] + pub const fn cast(self) -> *const U { + self as _ + } + + /// Returns `None` if the pointer is null, or else returns a reference to + /// the value wrapped in `Some`. + /// + /// # Safety + /// + /// While this method and its mutable counterpart are useful for + /// null-safety, it is important to note that this is still an unsafe + /// operation because the returned value could be pointing to invalid + /// memory. + /// + /// When calling this method, you have to ensure that *either* the pointer is NULL *or* + /// all of the following is true: + /// - it is properly aligned + /// - it must point to an initialized instance of T; in particular, the pointer must be + /// "dereferencable" in the sense defined [here]. + /// + /// This applies even if the result of this method is unused! + /// (The part about being initialized is not yet fully decided, but until + /// it is, the only safe approach is to ensure that they are indeed initialized.) + /// + /// Additionally, the lifetime `'a` returned is arbitrarily chosen and does + /// not necessarily reflect the actual lifetime of the data. *You* must enforce + /// Rust's aliasing rules. In particular, for the duration of this lifetime, + /// the memory the pointer points to must not get mutated (except inside `UnsafeCell`). + /// + /// [here]: crate::ptr#safety + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// let ptr: *const u8 = &10u8 as *const u8; + /// + /// unsafe { + /// if let Some(val_back) = ptr.as_ref() { + /// println!("We got back the value: {}!", val_back); + /// } + /// } + /// ``` + /// + /// # Null-unchecked version + /// + /// If you are sure the pointer can never be null and are looking for some kind of + /// `as_ref_unchecked` that returns the `&T` instead of `Option<&T>`, know that you can + /// dereference the pointer directly. + /// + /// ``` + /// let ptr: *const u8 = &10u8 as *const u8; + /// + /// unsafe { + /// let val_back = &*ptr; + /// println!("We got back the value: {}!", val_back); + /// } + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "ptr_as_ref", since = "1.9.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn as_ref<'a>(self) -> Option<&'a T> { + if self.is_null() { None } else { Some(&*self) } + } + + /// Calculates the offset from a pointer. + /// + /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer + /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. + /// + /// # Safety + /// + /// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined + /// Behavior: + /// + /// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one + /// byte past the end of the same allocated object. Note that in Rust, + /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. + /// + /// * The computed offset, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`. + /// + /// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address + /// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum, **in bytes** must fit in a usize. + /// + /// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations + /// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec` + /// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so + /// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len())` is always safe. + /// + /// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation. + /// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request + /// for 263 bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space. + /// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for + /// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address + /// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory + /// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function. + /// + /// Consider using [`wrapping_offset`] instead if these constraints are + /// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it + /// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations. + /// + /// [`wrapping_offset`]: #method.wrapping_offset + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// let s: &str = "123"; + /// let ptr: *const u8 = s.as_ptr(); + /// + /// unsafe { + /// println!("{}", *ptr.offset(1) as char); + /// println!("{}", *ptr.offset(2) as char); + /// } + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn offset(self, count: isize) -> *const T + where + T: Sized, + { + intrinsics::offset(self, count) + } + + /// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic. + /// + /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer + /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. + /// + /// # Safety + /// + /// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is + /// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`). + /// + /// In particular, the resulting pointer remains attached to the same allocated + /// object that `self` points to. It may *not* be used to access a + /// different allocated object. Note that in Rust, + /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. + /// + /// In other words, `x.wrapping_offset(y.wrapping_offset_from(x))` is + /// *not* the same as `y`, and dereferencing it is undefined behavior + /// unless `x` and `y` point into the same allocated object. + /// + /// Compared to [`offset`], this method basically delays the requirement of staying + /// within the same allocated object: [`offset`] is immediate Undefined Behavior when + /// crossing object boundaries; `wrapping_offset` produces a pointer but still leads + /// to Undefined Behavior if that pointer is dereferenced. [`offset`] can be optimized + /// better and is thus preferrable in performance-sensitive code. + /// + /// If you need to cross object boundaries, cast the pointer to an integer and + /// do the arithmetic there. + /// + /// [`offset`]: #method.offset + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements + /// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5]; + /// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr(); + /// let step = 2; + /// let end_rounded_up = ptr.wrapping_offset(6); + /// + /// // This loop prints "1, 3, 5, " + /// while ptr != end_rounded_up { + /// unsafe { + /// print!("{}, ", *ptr); + /// } + /// ptr = ptr.wrapping_offset(step); + /// } + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "ptr_wrapping_offset", since = "1.16.0")] + #[inline] + pub fn wrapping_offset(self, count: isize) -> *const T + where + T: Sized, + { + unsafe { intrinsics::arith_offset(self, count) } + } + + /// Calculates the distance between two pointers. The returned value is in + /// units of T: the distance in bytes is divided by `mem::size_of::()`. + /// + /// This function is the inverse of [`offset`]. + /// + /// [`offset`]: #method.offset + /// [`wrapping_offset_from`]: #method.wrapping_offset_from + /// + /// # Safety + /// + /// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined + /// Behavior: + /// + /// * Both the starting and other pointer must be either in bounds or one + /// byte past the end of the same allocated object. Note that in Rust, + /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. + /// + /// * The distance between the pointers, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`. + /// + /// * The distance between the pointers, in bytes, must be an exact multiple + /// of the size of `T`. + /// + /// * The distance being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address space. + /// + /// The compiler and standard library generally try to ensure allocations + /// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec` + /// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so + /// `ptr_into_vec.offset_from(vec.as_ptr())` is always safe. + /// + /// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation. + /// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request + /// for 263 bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space. + /// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for + /// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address + /// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory + /// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function. + /// + /// Consider using [`wrapping_offset_from`] instead if these constraints are + /// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it + /// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations. + /// + /// # Panics + /// + /// This function panics if `T` is a Zero-Sized Type ("ZST"). + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// #![feature(ptr_offset_from)] + /// + /// let a = [0; 5]; + /// let ptr1: *const i32 = &a[1]; + /// let ptr2: *const i32 = &a[3]; + /// unsafe { + /// assert_eq!(ptr2.offset_from(ptr1), 2); + /// assert_eq!(ptr1.offset_from(ptr2), -2); + /// assert_eq!(ptr1.offset(2), ptr2); + /// assert_eq!(ptr2.offset(-2), ptr1); + /// } + /// ``` + #[unstable(feature = "ptr_offset_from", issue = "41079")] + #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_ptr_offset_from", issue = "41079")] + #[inline] + pub const unsafe fn offset_from(self, origin: *const T) -> isize + where + T: Sized, + { + let pointee_size = mem::size_of::(); + let ok = 0 < pointee_size && pointee_size <= isize::max_value() as usize; + // assert that the pointee size is valid in a const eval compatible way + // FIXME: do this with a real assert at some point + [()][(!ok) as usize]; + intrinsics::ptr_offset_from(self, origin) + } + + /// Calculates the distance between two pointers. The returned value is in + /// units of T: the distance in bytes is divided by `mem::size_of::()`. + /// + /// If the address different between the two pointers is not a multiple of + /// `mem::size_of::()` then the result of the division is rounded towards + /// zero. + /// + /// Though this method is safe for any two pointers, note that its result + /// will be mostly useless if the two pointers aren't into the same allocated + /// object, for example if they point to two different local variables. + /// + /// # Panics + /// + /// This function panics if `T` is a zero-sized type. + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// #![feature(ptr_wrapping_offset_from)] + /// + /// let a = [0; 5]; + /// let ptr1: *const i32 = &a[1]; + /// let ptr2: *const i32 = &a[3]; + /// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset_from(ptr1), 2); + /// assert_eq!(ptr1.wrapping_offset_from(ptr2), -2); + /// assert_eq!(ptr1.wrapping_offset(2), ptr2); + /// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset(-2), ptr1); + /// + /// let ptr1: *const i32 = 3 as _; + /// let ptr2: *const i32 = 13 as _; + /// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset_from(ptr1), 2); + /// ``` + #[unstable(feature = "ptr_wrapping_offset_from", issue = "41079")] + #[inline] + pub fn wrapping_offset_from(self, origin: *const T) -> isize + where + T: Sized, + { + let pointee_size = mem::size_of::(); + assert!(0 < pointee_size && pointee_size <= isize::max_value() as usize); + + let d = isize::wrapping_sub(self as _, origin as _); + d.wrapping_div(pointee_size as _) + } + + /// Calculates the offset from a pointer (convenience for `.offset(count as isize)`). + /// + /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer + /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. + /// + /// # Safety + /// + /// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined + /// Behavior: + /// + /// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one + /// byte past the end of the same allocated object. Note that in Rust, + /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. + /// + /// * The computed offset, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`. + /// + /// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address + /// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum must fit in a `usize`. + /// + /// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations + /// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec` + /// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so + /// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len())` is always safe. + /// + /// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation. + /// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request + /// for 263 bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space. + /// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for + /// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address + /// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory + /// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function. + /// + /// Consider using [`wrapping_add`] instead if these constraints are + /// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it + /// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations. + /// + /// [`wrapping_add`]: #method.wrapping_add + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// let s: &str = "123"; + /// let ptr: *const u8 = s.as_ptr(); + /// + /// unsafe { + /// println!("{}", *ptr.add(1) as char); + /// println!("{}", *ptr.add(2) as char); + /// } + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn add(self, count: usize) -> Self + where + T: Sized, + { + self.offset(count as isize) + } + + /// Calculates the offset from a pointer (convenience for + /// `.offset((count as isize).wrapping_neg())`). + /// + /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer + /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. + /// + /// # Safety + /// + /// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined + /// Behavior: + /// + /// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one + /// byte past the end of the same allocated object. Note that in Rust, + /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. + /// + /// * The computed offset cannot exceed `isize::MAX` **bytes**. + /// + /// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address + /// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum must fit in a usize. + /// + /// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations + /// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec` + /// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so + /// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len()).sub(vec.len())` is always safe. + /// + /// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation. + /// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request + /// for 263 bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space. + /// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for + /// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address + /// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory + /// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function. + /// + /// Consider using [`wrapping_sub`] instead if these constraints are + /// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it + /// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations. + /// + /// [`wrapping_sub`]: #method.wrapping_sub + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// let s: &str = "123"; + /// + /// unsafe { + /// let end: *const u8 = s.as_ptr().add(3); + /// println!("{}", *end.sub(1) as char); + /// println!("{}", *end.sub(2) as char); + /// } + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn sub(self, count: usize) -> Self + where + T: Sized, + { + self.offset((count as isize).wrapping_neg()) + } + + /// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic. + /// (convenience for `.wrapping_offset(count as isize)`) + /// + /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer + /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. + /// + /// # Safety + /// + /// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is + /// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`). + /// + /// In particular, the resulting pointer remains attached to the same allocated + /// object that `self` points to. It may *not* be used to access a + /// different allocated object. Note that in Rust, + /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. + /// + /// Compared to [`add`], this method basically delays the requirement of staying + /// within the same allocated object: [`add`] is immediate Undefined Behavior when + /// crossing object boundaries; `wrapping_add` produces a pointer but still leads + /// to Undefined Behavior if that pointer is dereferenced. [`add`] can be optimized + /// better and is thus preferrable in performance-sensitive code. + /// + /// If you need to cross object boundaries, cast the pointer to an integer and + /// do the arithmetic there. + /// + /// [`add`]: #method.add + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements + /// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5]; + /// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr(); + /// let step = 2; + /// let end_rounded_up = ptr.wrapping_add(6); + /// + /// // This loop prints "1, 3, 5, " + /// while ptr != end_rounded_up { + /// unsafe { + /// print!("{}, ", *ptr); + /// } + /// ptr = ptr.wrapping_add(step); + /// } + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub fn wrapping_add(self, count: usize) -> Self + where + T: Sized, + { + self.wrapping_offset(count as isize) + } + + /// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic. + /// (convenience for `.wrapping_offset((count as isize).wrapping_sub())`) + /// + /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer + /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. + /// + /// # Safety + /// + /// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is + /// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`). + /// + /// In particular, the resulting pointer remains attached to the same allocated + /// object that `self` points to. It may *not* be used to access a + /// different allocated object. Note that in Rust, + /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. + /// + /// Compared to [`sub`], this method basically delays the requirement of staying + /// within the same allocated object: [`sub`] is immediate Undefined Behavior when + /// crossing object boundaries; `wrapping_sub` produces a pointer but still leads + /// to Undefined Behavior if that pointer is dereferenced. [`sub`] can be optimized + /// better and is thus preferrable in performance-sensitive code. + /// + /// If you need to cross object boundaries, cast the pointer to an integer and + /// do the arithmetic there. + /// + /// [`sub`]: #method.sub + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements (backwards) + /// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5]; + /// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr(); + /// let start_rounded_down = ptr.wrapping_sub(2); + /// ptr = ptr.wrapping_add(4); + /// let step = 2; + /// // This loop prints "5, 3, 1, " + /// while ptr != start_rounded_down { + /// unsafe { + /// print!("{}, ", *ptr); + /// } + /// ptr = ptr.wrapping_sub(step); + /// } + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub fn wrapping_sub(self, count: usize) -> Self + where + T: Sized, + { + self.wrapping_offset((count as isize).wrapping_neg()) + } + + /// Reads the value from `self` without moving it. This leaves the + /// memory in `self` unchanged. + /// + /// See [`ptr::read`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::read`]: ./ptr/fn.read.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn read(self) -> T + where + T: Sized, + { + read(self) + } + + /// Performs a volatile read of the value from `self` without moving it. This + /// leaves the memory in `self` unchanged. + /// + /// Volatile operations are intended to act on I/O memory, and are guaranteed + /// to not be elided or reordered by the compiler across other volatile + /// operations. + /// + /// See [`ptr::read_volatile`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::read_volatile`]: ./ptr/fn.read_volatile.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn read_volatile(self) -> T + where + T: Sized, + { + read_volatile(self) + } + + /// Reads the value from `self` without moving it. This leaves the + /// memory in `self` unchanged. + /// + /// Unlike `read`, the pointer may be unaligned. + /// + /// See [`ptr::read_unaligned`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::read_unaligned`]: ./ptr/fn.read_unaligned.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn read_unaligned(self) -> T + where + T: Sized, + { + read_unaligned(self) + } + + /// Copies `count * size_of` bytes from `self` to `dest`. The source + /// and destination may overlap. + /// + /// NOTE: this has the *same* argument order as [`ptr::copy`]. + /// + /// See [`ptr::copy`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::copy`]: ./ptr/fn.copy.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn copy_to(self, dest: *mut T, count: usize) + where + T: Sized, + { + copy(self, dest, count) + } + + /// Copies `count * size_of` bytes from `self` to `dest`. The source + /// and destination may *not* overlap. + /// + /// NOTE: this has the *same* argument order as [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`]. + /// + /// See [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`]: ./ptr/fn.copy_nonoverlapping.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn copy_to_nonoverlapping(self, dest: *mut T, count: usize) + where + T: Sized, + { + copy_nonoverlapping(self, dest, count) + } + + /// Computes the offset that needs to be applied to the pointer in order to make it aligned to + /// `align`. + /// + /// If it is not possible to align the pointer, the implementation returns + /// `usize::max_value()`. It is permissible for the implementation to *always* + /// return `usize::max_value()`. Only your algorithm's performance can depend + /// on getting a usable offset here, not its correctness. + /// + /// The offset is expressed in number of `T` elements, and not bytes. The value returned can be + /// used with the `wrapping_add` method. + /// + /// There are no guarantees whatsoever that offsetting the pointer will not overflow or go + /// beyond the allocation that the pointer points into. It is up to the caller to ensure that + /// the returned offset is correct in all terms other than alignment. + /// + /// # Panics + /// + /// The function panics if `align` is not a power-of-two. + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Accessing adjacent `u8` as `u16` + /// + /// ``` + /// # fn foo(n: usize) { + /// # use std::mem::align_of; + /// # unsafe { + /// let x = [5u8, 6u8, 7u8, 8u8, 9u8]; + /// let ptr = &x[n] as *const u8; + /// let offset = ptr.align_offset(align_of::()); + /// if offset < x.len() - n - 1 { + /// let u16_ptr = ptr.add(offset) as *const u16; + /// assert_ne!(*u16_ptr, 500); + /// } else { + /// // while the pointer can be aligned via `offset`, it would point + /// // outside the allocation + /// } + /// # } } + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "align_offset", since = "1.36.0")] + pub fn align_offset(self, align: usize) -> usize + where + T: Sized, + { + if !align.is_power_of_two() { + panic!("align_offset: align is not a power-of-two"); + } + unsafe { align_offset(self, align) } + } +} + +// Equality for pointers +#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] +impl PartialEq for *const T { + #[inline] + fn eq(&self, other: &*const T) -> bool { *self == *other } +} + +#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] +impl Eq for *const T {} + +// Comparison for pointers +#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] +impl Ord for *const T { + #[inline] + fn cmp(&self, other: &*const T) -> Ordering { + if self < other { + Less + } else if self == other { + Equal + } else { + Greater + } + } +} + +#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] +impl PartialOrd for *const T { + #[inline] + fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &*const T) -> Option { + Some(self.cmp(other)) + } + + #[inline] + fn lt(&self, other: &*const T) -> bool { *self < *other } + + #[inline] + fn le(&self, other: &*const T) -> bool { *self <= *other } + + #[inline] + fn gt(&self, other: &*const T) -> bool { *self > *other } + + #[inline] + fn ge(&self, other: &*const T) -> bool { *self >= *other } +} diff --git a/src/libcore/ptr/mod.rs b/src/libcore/ptr/mod.rs index 776165e7bd70c..a3a73ff6c6cf6 100644 --- a/src/libcore/ptr/mod.rs +++ b/src/libcore/ptr/mod.rs @@ -65,16 +65,15 @@ //! [`write_volatile`]: ./fn.write_volatile.html //! [`NonNull::dangling`]: ./struct.NonNull.html#method.dangling -// ignore-tidy-filelength // ignore-tidy-undocumented-unsafe #![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] -use crate::cmp::Ordering::{self, Equal, Greater, Less}; +use crate::intrinsics; use crate::fmt; use crate::hash; -use crate::intrinsics; use crate::mem::{self, MaybeUninit}; +use crate::cmp::Ordering; #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] pub use crate::intrinsics::copy_nonoverlapping; @@ -93,6 +92,9 @@ mod unique; #[unstable(feature = "ptr_internals", issue = "0")] pub use unique::Unique; +mod const_ptr; +mod mut_ptr; + /// Executes the destructor (if any) of the pointed-to value. /// /// This is semantically equivalent to calling [`ptr::read`] and discarding @@ -1034,1586 +1036,6 @@ pub unsafe fn write_volatile(dst: *mut T, src: T) { intrinsics::volatile_store(dst, src); } -#[lang = "const_ptr"] -impl *const T { - /// Returns `true` if the pointer is null. - /// - /// Note that unsized types have many possible null pointers, as only the - /// raw data pointer is considered, not their length, vtable, etc. - /// Therefore, two pointers that are null may still not compare equal to - /// each other. - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// let s: &str = "Follow the rabbit"; - /// let ptr: *const u8 = s.as_ptr(); - /// assert!(!ptr.is_null()); - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] - #[inline] - pub fn is_null(self) -> bool { - // Compare via a cast to a thin pointer, so fat pointers are only - // considering their "data" part for null-ness. - (self as *const u8) == null() - } - - /// Casts to a pointer of another type. - #[stable(feature = "ptr_cast", since = "1.38.0")] - #[rustc_const_stable(feature = "const_ptr_cast", since = "1.38.0")] - #[inline] - pub const fn cast(self) -> *const U { - self as _ - } - - /// Returns `None` if the pointer is null, or else returns a reference to - /// the value wrapped in `Some`. - /// - /// # Safety - /// - /// While this method and its mutable counterpart are useful for - /// null-safety, it is important to note that this is still an unsafe - /// operation because the returned value could be pointing to invalid - /// memory. - /// - /// When calling this method, you have to ensure that *either* the pointer is NULL *or* - /// all of the following is true: - /// - it is properly aligned - /// - it must point to an initialized instance of T; in particular, the pointer must be - /// "dereferencable" in the sense defined [here]. - /// - /// This applies even if the result of this method is unused! - /// (The part about being initialized is not yet fully decided, but until - /// it is, the only safe approach is to ensure that they are indeed initialized.) - /// - /// Additionally, the lifetime `'a` returned is arbitrarily chosen and does - /// not necessarily reflect the actual lifetime of the data. *You* must enforce - /// Rust's aliasing rules. In particular, for the duration of this lifetime, - /// the memory the pointer points to must not get mutated (except inside `UnsafeCell`). - /// - /// [here]: crate::ptr#safety - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// let ptr: *const u8 = &10u8 as *const u8; - /// - /// unsafe { - /// if let Some(val_back) = ptr.as_ref() { - /// println!("We got back the value: {}!", val_back); - /// } - /// } - /// ``` - /// - /// # Null-unchecked version - /// - /// If you are sure the pointer can never be null and are looking for some kind of - /// `as_ref_unchecked` that returns the `&T` instead of `Option<&T>`, know that you can - /// dereference the pointer directly. - /// - /// ``` - /// let ptr: *const u8 = &10u8 as *const u8; - /// - /// unsafe { - /// let val_back = &*ptr; - /// println!("We got back the value: {}!", val_back); - /// } - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "ptr_as_ref", since = "1.9.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn as_ref<'a>(self) -> Option<&'a T> { - if self.is_null() { None } else { Some(&*self) } - } - - /// Calculates the offset from a pointer. - /// - /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer - /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. - /// - /// # Safety - /// - /// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined - /// Behavior: - /// - /// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one - /// byte past the end of the same allocated object. Note that in Rust, - /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. - /// - /// * The computed offset, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`. - /// - /// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address - /// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum, **in bytes** must fit in a usize. - /// - /// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations - /// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec` - /// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so - /// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len())` is always safe. - /// - /// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation. - /// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request - /// for 263 bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space. - /// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for - /// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address - /// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory - /// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function. - /// - /// Consider using [`wrapping_offset`] instead if these constraints are - /// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it - /// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations. - /// - /// [`wrapping_offset`]: #method.wrapping_offset - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// let s: &str = "123"; - /// let ptr: *const u8 = s.as_ptr(); - /// - /// unsafe { - /// println!("{}", *ptr.offset(1) as char); - /// println!("{}", *ptr.offset(2) as char); - /// } - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn offset(self, count: isize) -> *const T - where - T: Sized, - { - intrinsics::offset(self, count) - } - - /// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic. - /// - /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer - /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. - /// - /// # Safety - /// - /// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is - /// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`). - /// - /// In particular, the resulting pointer remains attached to the same allocated - /// object that `self` points to. It may *not* be used to access a - /// different allocated object. Note that in Rust, - /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. - /// - /// In other words, `x.wrapping_offset(y.wrapping_offset_from(x))` is - /// *not* the same as `y`, and dereferencing it is undefined behavior - /// unless `x` and `y` point into the same allocated object. - /// - /// Compared to [`offset`], this method basically delays the requirement of staying - /// within the same allocated object: [`offset`] is immediate Undefined Behavior when - /// crossing object boundaries; `wrapping_offset` produces a pointer but still leads - /// to Undefined Behavior if that pointer is dereferenced. [`offset`] can be optimized - /// better and is thus preferrable in performance-sensitive code. - /// - /// If you need to cross object boundaries, cast the pointer to an integer and - /// do the arithmetic there. - /// - /// [`offset`]: #method.offset - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements - /// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5]; - /// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr(); - /// let step = 2; - /// let end_rounded_up = ptr.wrapping_offset(6); - /// - /// // This loop prints "1, 3, 5, " - /// while ptr != end_rounded_up { - /// unsafe { - /// print!("{}, ", *ptr); - /// } - /// ptr = ptr.wrapping_offset(step); - /// } - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "ptr_wrapping_offset", since = "1.16.0")] - #[inline] - pub fn wrapping_offset(self, count: isize) -> *const T - where - T: Sized, - { - unsafe { intrinsics::arith_offset(self, count) } - } - - /// Calculates the distance between two pointers. The returned value is in - /// units of T: the distance in bytes is divided by `mem::size_of::()`. - /// - /// This function is the inverse of [`offset`]. - /// - /// [`offset`]: #method.offset - /// [`wrapping_offset_from`]: #method.wrapping_offset_from - /// - /// # Safety - /// - /// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined - /// Behavior: - /// - /// * Both the starting and other pointer must be either in bounds or one - /// byte past the end of the same allocated object. Note that in Rust, - /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. - /// - /// * The distance between the pointers, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`. - /// - /// * The distance between the pointers, in bytes, must be an exact multiple - /// of the size of `T`. - /// - /// * The distance being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address space. - /// - /// The compiler and standard library generally try to ensure allocations - /// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec` - /// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so - /// `ptr_into_vec.offset_from(vec.as_ptr())` is always safe. - /// - /// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation. - /// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request - /// for 263 bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space. - /// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for - /// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address - /// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory - /// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function. - /// - /// Consider using [`wrapping_offset_from`] instead if these constraints are - /// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it - /// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations. - /// - /// # Panics - /// - /// This function panics if `T` is a Zero-Sized Type ("ZST"). - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// #![feature(ptr_offset_from)] - /// - /// let a = [0; 5]; - /// let ptr1: *const i32 = &a[1]; - /// let ptr2: *const i32 = &a[3]; - /// unsafe { - /// assert_eq!(ptr2.offset_from(ptr1), 2); - /// assert_eq!(ptr1.offset_from(ptr2), -2); - /// assert_eq!(ptr1.offset(2), ptr2); - /// assert_eq!(ptr2.offset(-2), ptr1); - /// } - /// ``` - #[unstable(feature = "ptr_offset_from", issue = "41079")] - #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_ptr_offset_from", issue = "41079")] - #[inline] - pub const unsafe fn offset_from(self, origin: *const T) -> isize - where - T: Sized, - { - let pointee_size = mem::size_of::(); - let ok = 0 < pointee_size && pointee_size <= isize::max_value() as usize; - // assert that the pointee size is valid in a const eval compatible way - // FIXME: do this with a real assert at some point - [()][(!ok) as usize]; - intrinsics::ptr_offset_from(self, origin) - } - - /// Calculates the distance between two pointers. The returned value is in - /// units of T: the distance in bytes is divided by `mem::size_of::()`. - /// - /// If the address different between the two pointers is not a multiple of - /// `mem::size_of::()` then the result of the division is rounded towards - /// zero. - /// - /// Though this method is safe for any two pointers, note that its result - /// will be mostly useless if the two pointers aren't into the same allocated - /// object, for example if they point to two different local variables. - /// - /// # Panics - /// - /// This function panics if `T` is a zero-sized type. - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// #![feature(ptr_wrapping_offset_from)] - /// - /// let a = [0; 5]; - /// let ptr1: *const i32 = &a[1]; - /// let ptr2: *const i32 = &a[3]; - /// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset_from(ptr1), 2); - /// assert_eq!(ptr1.wrapping_offset_from(ptr2), -2); - /// assert_eq!(ptr1.wrapping_offset(2), ptr2); - /// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset(-2), ptr1); - /// - /// let ptr1: *const i32 = 3 as _; - /// let ptr2: *const i32 = 13 as _; - /// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset_from(ptr1), 2); - /// ``` - #[unstable(feature = "ptr_wrapping_offset_from", issue = "41079")] - #[inline] - pub fn wrapping_offset_from(self, origin: *const T) -> isize - where - T: Sized, - { - let pointee_size = mem::size_of::(); - assert!(0 < pointee_size && pointee_size <= isize::max_value() as usize); - - let d = isize::wrapping_sub(self as _, origin as _); - d.wrapping_div(pointee_size as _) - } - - /// Calculates the offset from a pointer (convenience for `.offset(count as isize)`). - /// - /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer - /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. - /// - /// # Safety - /// - /// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined - /// Behavior: - /// - /// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one - /// byte past the end of the same allocated object. Note that in Rust, - /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. - /// - /// * The computed offset, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`. - /// - /// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address - /// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum must fit in a `usize`. - /// - /// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations - /// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec` - /// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so - /// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len())` is always safe. - /// - /// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation. - /// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request - /// for 263 bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space. - /// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for - /// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address - /// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory - /// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function. - /// - /// Consider using [`wrapping_add`] instead if these constraints are - /// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it - /// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations. - /// - /// [`wrapping_add`]: #method.wrapping_add - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// let s: &str = "123"; - /// let ptr: *const u8 = s.as_ptr(); - /// - /// unsafe { - /// println!("{}", *ptr.add(1) as char); - /// println!("{}", *ptr.add(2) as char); - /// } - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn add(self, count: usize) -> Self - where - T: Sized, - { - self.offset(count as isize) - } - - /// Calculates the offset from a pointer (convenience for - /// `.offset((count as isize).wrapping_neg())`). - /// - /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer - /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. - /// - /// # Safety - /// - /// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined - /// Behavior: - /// - /// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one - /// byte past the end of the same allocated object. Note that in Rust, - /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. - /// - /// * The computed offset cannot exceed `isize::MAX` **bytes**. - /// - /// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address - /// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum must fit in a usize. - /// - /// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations - /// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec` - /// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so - /// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len()).sub(vec.len())` is always safe. - /// - /// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation. - /// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request - /// for 263 bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space. - /// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for - /// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address - /// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory - /// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function. - /// - /// Consider using [`wrapping_sub`] instead if these constraints are - /// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it - /// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations. - /// - /// [`wrapping_sub`]: #method.wrapping_sub - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// let s: &str = "123"; - /// - /// unsafe { - /// let end: *const u8 = s.as_ptr().add(3); - /// println!("{}", *end.sub(1) as char); - /// println!("{}", *end.sub(2) as char); - /// } - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn sub(self, count: usize) -> Self - where - T: Sized, - { - self.offset((count as isize).wrapping_neg()) - } - - /// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic. - /// (convenience for `.wrapping_offset(count as isize)`) - /// - /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer - /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. - /// - /// # Safety - /// - /// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is - /// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`). - /// - /// In particular, the resulting pointer remains attached to the same allocated - /// object that `self` points to. It may *not* be used to access a - /// different allocated object. Note that in Rust, - /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. - /// - /// Compared to [`add`], this method basically delays the requirement of staying - /// within the same allocated object: [`add`] is immediate Undefined Behavior when - /// crossing object boundaries; `wrapping_add` produces a pointer but still leads - /// to Undefined Behavior if that pointer is dereferenced. [`add`] can be optimized - /// better and is thus preferrable in performance-sensitive code. - /// - /// If you need to cross object boundaries, cast the pointer to an integer and - /// do the arithmetic there. - /// - /// [`add`]: #method.add - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements - /// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5]; - /// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr(); - /// let step = 2; - /// let end_rounded_up = ptr.wrapping_add(6); - /// - /// // This loop prints "1, 3, 5, " - /// while ptr != end_rounded_up { - /// unsafe { - /// print!("{}, ", *ptr); - /// } - /// ptr = ptr.wrapping_add(step); - /// } - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub fn wrapping_add(self, count: usize) -> Self - where - T: Sized, - { - self.wrapping_offset(count as isize) - } - - /// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic. - /// (convenience for `.wrapping_offset((count as isize).wrapping_sub())`) - /// - /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer - /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. - /// - /// # Safety - /// - /// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is - /// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`). - /// - /// In particular, the resulting pointer remains attached to the same allocated - /// object that `self` points to. It may *not* be used to access a - /// different allocated object. Note that in Rust, - /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. - /// - /// Compared to [`sub`], this method basically delays the requirement of staying - /// within the same allocated object: [`sub`] is immediate Undefined Behavior when - /// crossing object boundaries; `wrapping_sub` produces a pointer but still leads - /// to Undefined Behavior if that pointer is dereferenced. [`sub`] can be optimized - /// better and is thus preferrable in performance-sensitive code. - /// - /// If you need to cross object boundaries, cast the pointer to an integer and - /// do the arithmetic there. - /// - /// [`sub`]: #method.sub - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements (backwards) - /// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5]; - /// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr(); - /// let start_rounded_down = ptr.wrapping_sub(2); - /// ptr = ptr.wrapping_add(4); - /// let step = 2; - /// // This loop prints "5, 3, 1, " - /// while ptr != start_rounded_down { - /// unsafe { - /// print!("{}, ", *ptr); - /// } - /// ptr = ptr.wrapping_sub(step); - /// } - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub fn wrapping_sub(self, count: usize) -> Self - where - T: Sized, - { - self.wrapping_offset((count as isize).wrapping_neg()) - } - - /// Reads the value from `self` without moving it. This leaves the - /// memory in `self` unchanged. - /// - /// See [`ptr::read`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::read`]: ./ptr/fn.read.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn read(self) -> T - where - T: Sized, - { - read(self) - } - - /// Performs a volatile read of the value from `self` without moving it. This - /// leaves the memory in `self` unchanged. - /// - /// Volatile operations are intended to act on I/O memory, and are guaranteed - /// to not be elided or reordered by the compiler across other volatile - /// operations. - /// - /// See [`ptr::read_volatile`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::read_volatile`]: ./ptr/fn.read_volatile.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn read_volatile(self) -> T - where - T: Sized, - { - read_volatile(self) - } - - /// Reads the value from `self` without moving it. This leaves the - /// memory in `self` unchanged. - /// - /// Unlike `read`, the pointer may be unaligned. - /// - /// See [`ptr::read_unaligned`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::read_unaligned`]: ./ptr/fn.read_unaligned.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn read_unaligned(self) -> T - where - T: Sized, - { - read_unaligned(self) - } - - /// Copies `count * size_of` bytes from `self` to `dest`. The source - /// and destination may overlap. - /// - /// NOTE: this has the *same* argument order as [`ptr::copy`]. - /// - /// See [`ptr::copy`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::copy`]: ./ptr/fn.copy.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn copy_to(self, dest: *mut T, count: usize) - where - T: Sized, - { - copy(self, dest, count) - } - - /// Copies `count * size_of` bytes from `self` to `dest`. The source - /// and destination may *not* overlap. - /// - /// NOTE: this has the *same* argument order as [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`]. - /// - /// See [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`]: ./ptr/fn.copy_nonoverlapping.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn copy_to_nonoverlapping(self, dest: *mut T, count: usize) - where - T: Sized, - { - copy_nonoverlapping(self, dest, count) - } - - /// Computes the offset that needs to be applied to the pointer in order to make it aligned to - /// `align`. - /// - /// If it is not possible to align the pointer, the implementation returns - /// `usize::max_value()`. It is permissible for the implementation to *always* - /// return `usize::max_value()`. Only your algorithm's performance can depend - /// on getting a usable offset here, not its correctness. - /// - /// The offset is expressed in number of `T` elements, and not bytes. The value returned can be - /// used with the `wrapping_add` method. - /// - /// There are no guarantees whatsoever that offsetting the pointer will not overflow or go - /// beyond the allocation that the pointer points into. It is up to the caller to ensure that - /// the returned offset is correct in all terms other than alignment. - /// - /// # Panics - /// - /// The function panics if `align` is not a power-of-two. - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Accessing adjacent `u8` as `u16` - /// - /// ``` - /// # fn foo(n: usize) { - /// # use std::mem::align_of; - /// # unsafe { - /// let x = [5u8, 6u8, 7u8, 8u8, 9u8]; - /// let ptr = &x[n] as *const u8; - /// let offset = ptr.align_offset(align_of::()); - /// if offset < x.len() - n - 1 { - /// let u16_ptr = ptr.add(offset) as *const u16; - /// assert_ne!(*u16_ptr, 500); - /// } else { - /// // while the pointer can be aligned via `offset`, it would point - /// // outside the allocation - /// } - /// # } } - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "align_offset", since = "1.36.0")] - pub fn align_offset(self, align: usize) -> usize - where - T: Sized, - { - if !align.is_power_of_two() { - panic!("align_offset: align is not a power-of-two"); - } - unsafe { align_offset(self, align) } - } -} - -#[lang = "mut_ptr"] -impl *mut T { - /// Returns `true` if the pointer is null. - /// - /// Note that unsized types have many possible null pointers, as only the - /// raw data pointer is considered, not their length, vtable, etc. - /// Therefore, two pointers that are null may still not compare equal to - /// each other. - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// let mut s = [1, 2, 3]; - /// let ptr: *mut u32 = s.as_mut_ptr(); - /// assert!(!ptr.is_null()); - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] - #[inline] - pub fn is_null(self) -> bool { - // Compare via a cast to a thin pointer, so fat pointers are only - // considering their "data" part for null-ness. - (self as *mut u8) == null_mut() - } - - /// Casts to a pointer of another type. - #[stable(feature = "ptr_cast", since = "1.38.0")] - #[rustc_const_stable(feature = "const_ptr_cast", since = "1.38.0")] - #[inline] - pub const fn cast(self) -> *mut U { - self as _ - } - - /// Returns `None` if the pointer is null, or else returns a reference to - /// the value wrapped in `Some`. - /// - /// # Safety - /// - /// While this method and its mutable counterpart are useful for - /// null-safety, it is important to note that this is still an unsafe - /// operation because the returned value could be pointing to invalid - /// memory. - /// - /// When calling this method, you have to ensure that if the pointer is - /// non-NULL, then it is properly aligned, dereferencable (for the whole - /// size of `T`) and points to an initialized instance of `T`. This applies - /// even if the result of this method is unused! - /// (The part about being initialized is not yet fully decided, but until - /// it is, the only safe approach is to ensure that they are indeed initialized.) - /// - /// Additionally, the lifetime `'a` returned is arbitrarily chosen and does - /// not necessarily reflect the actual lifetime of the data. It is up to the - /// caller to ensure that for the duration of this lifetime, the memory this - /// pointer points to does not get written to outside of `UnsafeCell`. - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// let ptr: *mut u8 = &mut 10u8 as *mut u8; - /// - /// unsafe { - /// if let Some(val_back) = ptr.as_ref() { - /// println!("We got back the value: {}!", val_back); - /// } - /// } - /// ``` - /// - /// # Null-unchecked version - /// - /// If you are sure the pointer can never be null and are looking for some kind of - /// `as_ref_unchecked` that returns the `&T` instead of `Option<&T>`, know that you can - /// dereference the pointer directly. - /// - /// ``` - /// let ptr: *mut u8 = &mut 10u8 as *mut u8; - /// - /// unsafe { - /// let val_back = &*ptr; - /// println!("We got back the value: {}!", val_back); - /// } - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "ptr_as_ref", since = "1.9.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn as_ref<'a>(self) -> Option<&'a T> { - if self.is_null() { None } else { Some(&*self) } - } - - /// Calculates the offset from a pointer. - /// - /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer - /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. - /// - /// # Safety - /// - /// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined - /// Behavior: - /// - /// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one - /// byte past the end of the same allocated object. Note that in Rust, - /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. - /// - /// * The computed offset, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`. - /// - /// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address - /// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum, **in bytes** must fit in a usize. - /// - /// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations - /// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec` - /// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so - /// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len())` is always safe. - /// - /// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation. - /// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request - /// for 263 bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space. - /// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for - /// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address - /// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory - /// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function. - /// - /// Consider using [`wrapping_offset`] instead if these constraints are - /// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it - /// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations. - /// - /// [`wrapping_offset`]: #method.wrapping_offset - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// let mut s = [1, 2, 3]; - /// let ptr: *mut u32 = s.as_mut_ptr(); - /// - /// unsafe { - /// println!("{}", *ptr.offset(1)); - /// println!("{}", *ptr.offset(2)); - /// } - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn offset(self, count: isize) -> *mut T - where - T: Sized, - { - intrinsics::offset(self, count) as *mut T - } - - /// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic. - /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer - /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. - /// - /// # Safety - /// - /// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is - /// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`). - /// - /// In particular, the resulting pointer remains attached to the same allocated - /// object that `self` points to. It may *not* be used to access a - /// different allocated object. Note that in Rust, - /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. - /// - /// In other words, `x.wrapping_offset(y.wrapping_offset_from(x))` is - /// *not* the same as `y`, and dereferencing it is undefined behavior - /// unless `x` and `y` point into the same allocated object. - /// - /// Compared to [`offset`], this method basically delays the requirement of staying - /// within the same allocated object: [`offset`] is immediate Undefined Behavior when - /// crossing object boundaries; `wrapping_offset` produces a pointer but still leads - /// to Undefined Behavior if that pointer is dereferenced. [`offset`] can be optimized - /// better and is thus preferrable in performance-sensitive code. - /// - /// If you need to cross object boundaries, cast the pointer to an integer and - /// do the arithmetic there. - /// - /// [`offset`]: #method.offset - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements - /// let mut data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5]; - /// let mut ptr: *mut u8 = data.as_mut_ptr(); - /// let step = 2; - /// let end_rounded_up = ptr.wrapping_offset(6); - /// - /// while ptr != end_rounded_up { - /// unsafe { - /// *ptr = 0; - /// } - /// ptr = ptr.wrapping_offset(step); - /// } - /// assert_eq!(&data, &[0, 2, 0, 4, 0]); - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "ptr_wrapping_offset", since = "1.16.0")] - #[inline] - pub fn wrapping_offset(self, count: isize) -> *mut T - where - T: Sized, - { - unsafe { intrinsics::arith_offset(self, count) as *mut T } - } - - /// Returns `None` if the pointer is null, or else returns a mutable - /// reference to the value wrapped in `Some`. - /// - /// # Safety - /// - /// As with [`as_ref`], this is unsafe because it cannot verify the validity - /// of the returned pointer, nor can it ensure that the lifetime `'a` - /// returned is indeed a valid lifetime for the contained data. - /// - /// When calling this method, you have to ensure that *either* the pointer is NULL *or* - /// all of the following is true: - /// - it is properly aligned - /// - it must point to an initialized instance of T; in particular, the pointer must be - /// "dereferencable" in the sense defined [here]. - /// - /// This applies even if the result of this method is unused! - /// (The part about being initialized is not yet fully decided, but until - /// it is the only safe approach is to ensure that they are indeed initialized.) - /// - /// Additionally, the lifetime `'a` returned is arbitrarily chosen and does - /// not necessarily reflect the actual lifetime of the data. *You* must enforce - /// Rust's aliasing rules. In particular, for the duration of this lifetime, - /// the memory this pointer points to must not get accessed (read or written) - /// through any other pointer. - /// - /// [here]: crate::ptr#safety - /// [`as_ref`]: #method.as_ref - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// let mut s = [1, 2, 3]; - /// let ptr: *mut u32 = s.as_mut_ptr(); - /// let first_value = unsafe { ptr.as_mut().unwrap() }; - /// *first_value = 4; - /// println!("{:?}", s); // It'll print: "[4, 2, 3]". - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "ptr_as_ref", since = "1.9.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn as_mut<'a>(self) -> Option<&'a mut T> { - if self.is_null() { None } else { Some(&mut *self) } - } - - /// Calculates the distance between two pointers. The returned value is in - /// units of T: the distance in bytes is divided by `mem::size_of::()`. - /// - /// This function is the inverse of [`offset`]. - /// - /// [`offset`]: #method.offset-1 - /// [`wrapping_offset_from`]: #method.wrapping_offset_from-1 - /// - /// # Safety - /// - /// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined - /// Behavior: - /// - /// * Both the starting and other pointer must be either in bounds or one - /// byte past the end of the same allocated object. Note that in Rust, - /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. - /// - /// * The distance between the pointers, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`. - /// - /// * The distance between the pointers, in bytes, must be an exact multiple - /// of the size of `T`. - /// - /// * The distance being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address space. - /// - /// The compiler and standard library generally try to ensure allocations - /// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec` - /// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so - /// `ptr_into_vec.offset_from(vec.as_ptr())` is always safe. - /// - /// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation. - /// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request - /// for 263 bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space. - /// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for - /// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address - /// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory - /// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function. - /// - /// Consider using [`wrapping_offset_from`] instead if these constraints are - /// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it - /// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations. - /// - /// # Panics - /// - /// This function panics if `T` is a Zero-Sized Type ("ZST"). - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// #![feature(ptr_offset_from)] - /// - /// let mut a = [0; 5]; - /// let ptr1: *mut i32 = &mut a[1]; - /// let ptr2: *mut i32 = &mut a[3]; - /// unsafe { - /// assert_eq!(ptr2.offset_from(ptr1), 2); - /// assert_eq!(ptr1.offset_from(ptr2), -2); - /// assert_eq!(ptr1.offset(2), ptr2); - /// assert_eq!(ptr2.offset(-2), ptr1); - /// } - /// ``` - #[unstable(feature = "ptr_offset_from", issue = "41079")] - #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_ptr_offset_from", issue = "41079")] - #[inline] - pub const unsafe fn offset_from(self, origin: *const T) -> isize - where - T: Sized, - { - (self as *const T).offset_from(origin) - } - - /// Calculates the distance between two pointers. The returned value is in - /// units of T: the distance in bytes is divided by `mem::size_of::()`. - /// - /// If the address different between the two pointers is not a multiple of - /// `mem::size_of::()` then the result of the division is rounded towards - /// zero. - /// - /// Though this method is safe for any two pointers, note that its result - /// will be mostly useless if the two pointers aren't into the same allocated - /// object, for example if they point to two different local variables. - /// - /// # Panics - /// - /// This function panics if `T` is a zero-sized type. - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// #![feature(ptr_wrapping_offset_from)] - /// - /// let mut a = [0; 5]; - /// let ptr1: *mut i32 = &mut a[1]; - /// let ptr2: *mut i32 = &mut a[3]; - /// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset_from(ptr1), 2); - /// assert_eq!(ptr1.wrapping_offset_from(ptr2), -2); - /// assert_eq!(ptr1.wrapping_offset(2), ptr2); - /// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset(-2), ptr1); - /// - /// let ptr1: *mut i32 = 3 as _; - /// let ptr2: *mut i32 = 13 as _; - /// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset_from(ptr1), 2); - /// ``` - #[unstable(feature = "ptr_wrapping_offset_from", issue = "41079")] - #[inline] - pub fn wrapping_offset_from(self, origin: *const T) -> isize - where - T: Sized, - { - (self as *const T).wrapping_offset_from(origin) - } - - /// Calculates the offset from a pointer (convenience for `.offset(count as isize)`). - /// - /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer - /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. - /// - /// # Safety - /// - /// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined - /// Behavior: - /// - /// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one - /// byte past the end of the same allocated object. Note that in Rust, - /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. - /// - /// * The computed offset, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`. - /// - /// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address - /// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum must fit in a `usize`. - /// - /// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations - /// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec` - /// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so - /// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len())` is always safe. - /// - /// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation. - /// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request - /// for 263 bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space. - /// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for - /// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address - /// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory - /// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function. - /// - /// Consider using [`wrapping_add`] instead if these constraints are - /// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it - /// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations. - /// - /// [`wrapping_add`]: #method.wrapping_add - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// let s: &str = "123"; - /// let ptr: *const u8 = s.as_ptr(); - /// - /// unsafe { - /// println!("{}", *ptr.add(1) as char); - /// println!("{}", *ptr.add(2) as char); - /// } - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn add(self, count: usize) -> Self - where - T: Sized, - { - self.offset(count as isize) - } - - /// Calculates the offset from a pointer (convenience for - /// `.offset((count as isize).wrapping_neg())`). - /// - /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer - /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. - /// - /// # Safety - /// - /// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined - /// Behavior: - /// - /// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one - /// byte past the end of the same allocated object. Note that in Rust, - /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. - /// - /// * The computed offset cannot exceed `isize::MAX` **bytes**. - /// - /// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address - /// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum must fit in a usize. - /// - /// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations - /// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec` - /// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so - /// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len()).sub(vec.len())` is always safe. - /// - /// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation. - /// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request - /// for 263 bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space. - /// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for - /// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address - /// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory - /// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function. - /// - /// Consider using [`wrapping_sub`] instead if these constraints are - /// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it - /// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations. - /// - /// [`wrapping_sub`]: #method.wrapping_sub - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// let s: &str = "123"; - /// - /// unsafe { - /// let end: *const u8 = s.as_ptr().add(3); - /// println!("{}", *end.sub(1) as char); - /// println!("{}", *end.sub(2) as char); - /// } - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn sub(self, count: usize) -> Self - where - T: Sized, - { - self.offset((count as isize).wrapping_neg()) - } - - /// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic. - /// (convenience for `.wrapping_offset(count as isize)`) - /// - /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer - /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. - /// - /// # Safety - /// - /// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is - /// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`). - /// - /// In particular, the resulting pointer remains attached to the same allocated - /// object that `self` points to. It may *not* be used to access a - /// different allocated object. Note that in Rust, - /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. - /// - /// Compared to [`add`], this method basically delays the requirement of staying - /// within the same allocated object: [`add`] is immediate Undefined Behavior when - /// crossing object boundaries; `wrapping_add` produces a pointer but still leads - /// to Undefined Behavior if that pointer is dereferenced. [`add`] can be optimized - /// better and is thus preferrable in performance-sensitive code. - /// - /// If you need to cross object boundaries, cast the pointer to an integer and - /// do the arithmetic there. - /// - /// [`add`]: #method.add - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements - /// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5]; - /// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr(); - /// let step = 2; - /// let end_rounded_up = ptr.wrapping_add(6); - /// - /// // This loop prints "1, 3, 5, " - /// while ptr != end_rounded_up { - /// unsafe { - /// print!("{}, ", *ptr); - /// } - /// ptr = ptr.wrapping_add(step); - /// } - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub fn wrapping_add(self, count: usize) -> Self - where - T: Sized, - { - self.wrapping_offset(count as isize) - } - - /// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic. - /// (convenience for `.wrapping_offset((count as isize).wrapping_sub())`) - /// - /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer - /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. - /// - /// # Safety - /// - /// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is - /// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`). - /// - /// In particular, the resulting pointer remains attached to the same allocated - /// object that `self` points to. It may *not* be used to access a - /// different allocated object. Note that in Rust, - /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. - /// - /// Compared to [`sub`], this method basically delays the requirement of staying - /// within the same allocated object: [`sub`] is immediate Undefined Behavior when - /// crossing object boundaries; `wrapping_sub` produces a pointer but still leads - /// to Undefined Behavior if that pointer is dereferenced. [`sub`] can be optimized - /// better and is thus preferrable in performance-sensitive code. - /// - /// If you need to cross object boundaries, cast the pointer to an integer and - /// do the arithmetic there. - /// - /// [`sub`]: #method.sub - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Basic usage: - /// - /// ``` - /// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements (backwards) - /// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5]; - /// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr(); - /// let start_rounded_down = ptr.wrapping_sub(2); - /// ptr = ptr.wrapping_add(4); - /// let step = 2; - /// // This loop prints "5, 3, 1, " - /// while ptr != start_rounded_down { - /// unsafe { - /// print!("{}, ", *ptr); - /// } - /// ptr = ptr.wrapping_sub(step); - /// } - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub fn wrapping_sub(self, count: usize) -> Self - where - T: Sized, - { - self.wrapping_offset((count as isize).wrapping_neg()) - } - - /// Reads the value from `self` without moving it. This leaves the - /// memory in `self` unchanged. - /// - /// See [`ptr::read`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::read`]: ./ptr/fn.read.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn read(self) -> T - where - T: Sized, - { - read(self) - } - - /// Performs a volatile read of the value from `self` without moving it. This - /// leaves the memory in `self` unchanged. - /// - /// Volatile operations are intended to act on I/O memory, and are guaranteed - /// to not be elided or reordered by the compiler across other volatile - /// operations. - /// - /// See [`ptr::read_volatile`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::read_volatile`]: ./ptr/fn.read_volatile.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn read_volatile(self) -> T - where - T: Sized, - { - read_volatile(self) - } - - /// Reads the value from `self` without moving it. This leaves the - /// memory in `self` unchanged. - /// - /// Unlike `read`, the pointer may be unaligned. - /// - /// See [`ptr::read_unaligned`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::read_unaligned`]: ./ptr/fn.read_unaligned.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn read_unaligned(self) -> T - where - T: Sized, - { - read_unaligned(self) - } - - /// Copies `count * size_of` bytes from `self` to `dest`. The source - /// and destination may overlap. - /// - /// NOTE: this has the *same* argument order as [`ptr::copy`]. - /// - /// See [`ptr::copy`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::copy`]: ./ptr/fn.copy.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn copy_to(self, dest: *mut T, count: usize) - where - T: Sized, - { - copy(self, dest, count) - } - - /// Copies `count * size_of` bytes from `self` to `dest`. The source - /// and destination may *not* overlap. - /// - /// NOTE: this has the *same* argument order as [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`]. - /// - /// See [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`]: ./ptr/fn.copy_nonoverlapping.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn copy_to_nonoverlapping(self, dest: *mut T, count: usize) - where - T: Sized, - { - copy_nonoverlapping(self, dest, count) - } - - /// Copies `count * size_of` bytes from `src` to `self`. The source - /// and destination may overlap. - /// - /// NOTE: this has the *opposite* argument order of [`ptr::copy`]. - /// - /// See [`ptr::copy`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::copy`]: ./ptr/fn.copy.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn copy_from(self, src: *const T, count: usize) - where - T: Sized, - { - copy(src, self, count) - } - - /// Copies `count * size_of` bytes from `src` to `self`. The source - /// and destination may *not* overlap. - /// - /// NOTE: this has the *opposite* argument order of [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`]. - /// - /// See [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`]: ./ptr/fn.copy_nonoverlapping.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn copy_from_nonoverlapping(self, src: *const T, count: usize) - where - T: Sized, - { - copy_nonoverlapping(src, self, count) - } - - /// Executes the destructor (if any) of the pointed-to value. - /// - /// See [`ptr::drop_in_place`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::drop_in_place`]: ./ptr/fn.drop_in_place.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn drop_in_place(self) { - drop_in_place(self) - } - - /// Overwrites a memory location with the given value without reading or - /// dropping the old value. - /// - /// See [`ptr::write`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::write`]: ./ptr/fn.write.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn write(self, val: T) - where - T: Sized, - { - write(self, val) - } - - /// Invokes memset on the specified pointer, setting `count * size_of::()` - /// bytes of memory starting at `self` to `val`. - /// - /// See [`ptr::write_bytes`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::write_bytes`]: ./ptr/fn.write_bytes.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn write_bytes(self, val: u8, count: usize) - where - T: Sized, - { - write_bytes(self, val, count) - } - - /// Performs a volatile write of a memory location with the given value without - /// reading or dropping the old value. - /// - /// Volatile operations are intended to act on I/O memory, and are guaranteed - /// to not be elided or reordered by the compiler across other volatile - /// operations. - /// - /// See [`ptr::write_volatile`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::write_volatile`]: ./ptr/fn.write_volatile.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn write_volatile(self, val: T) - where - T: Sized, - { - write_volatile(self, val) - } - - /// Overwrites a memory location with the given value without reading or - /// dropping the old value. - /// - /// Unlike `write`, the pointer may be unaligned. - /// - /// See [`ptr::write_unaligned`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::write_unaligned`]: ./ptr/fn.write_unaligned.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn write_unaligned(self, val: T) - where - T: Sized, - { - write_unaligned(self, val) - } - - /// Replaces the value at `self` with `src`, returning the old - /// value, without dropping either. - /// - /// See [`ptr::replace`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::replace`]: ./ptr/fn.replace.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn replace(self, src: T) -> T - where - T: Sized, - { - replace(self, src) - } - - /// Swaps the values at two mutable locations of the same type, without - /// deinitializing either. They may overlap, unlike `mem::swap` which is - /// otherwise equivalent. - /// - /// See [`ptr::swap`] for safety concerns and examples. - /// - /// [`ptr::swap`]: ./ptr/fn.swap.html - #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] - #[inline] - pub unsafe fn swap(self, with: *mut T) - where - T: Sized, - { - swap(self, with) - } - - /// Computes the offset that needs to be applied to the pointer in order to make it aligned to - /// `align`. - /// - /// If it is not possible to align the pointer, the implementation returns - /// `usize::max_value()`. It is permissible for the implementation to *always* - /// return `usize::max_value()`. Only your algorithm's performance can depend - /// on getting a usable offset here, not its correctness. - /// - /// The offset is expressed in number of `T` elements, and not bytes. The value returned can be - /// used with the `wrapping_add` method. - /// - /// There are no guarantees whatsoever that offsetting the pointer will not overflow or go - /// beyond the allocation that the pointer points into. It is up to the caller to ensure that - /// the returned offset is correct in all terms other than alignment. - /// - /// # Panics - /// - /// The function panics if `align` is not a power-of-two. - /// - /// # Examples - /// - /// Accessing adjacent `u8` as `u16` - /// - /// ``` - /// # fn foo(n: usize) { - /// # use std::mem::align_of; - /// # unsafe { - /// let x = [5u8, 6u8, 7u8, 8u8, 9u8]; - /// let ptr = &x[n] as *const u8; - /// let offset = ptr.align_offset(align_of::()); - /// if offset < x.len() - n - 1 { - /// let u16_ptr = ptr.add(offset) as *const u16; - /// assert_ne!(*u16_ptr, 500); - /// } else { - /// // while the pointer can be aligned via `offset`, it would point - /// // outside the allocation - /// } - /// # } } - /// ``` - #[stable(feature = "align_offset", since = "1.36.0")] - pub fn align_offset(self, align: usize) -> usize - where - T: Sized, - { - if !align.is_power_of_two() { - panic!("align_offset: align is not a power-of-two"); - } - unsafe { align_offset(self, align) } - } -} - /// Align pointer `p`. /// /// Calculate offset (in terms of elements of `stride` stride) that has to be applied @@ -2728,29 +1150,6 @@ pub(crate) unsafe fn align_offset(p: *const T, a: usize) -> usize { usize::max_value() } -// Equality for pointers -#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] -impl PartialEq for *const T { - #[inline] - fn eq(&self, other: &*const T) -> bool { - *self == *other - } -} - -#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] -impl Eq for *const T {} - -#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] -impl PartialEq for *mut T { - #[inline] - fn eq(&self, other: &*mut T) -> bool { - *self == *other - } -} - -#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] -impl Eq for *mut T {} - /// Compares raw pointers for equality. /// /// This is the same as using the `==` operator, but less generic: @@ -2944,88 +1343,3 @@ fnptr_impls_args! { A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I } fnptr_impls_args! { A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J } fnptr_impls_args! { A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K } fnptr_impls_args! { A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L } - -// Comparison for pointers -#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] -impl Ord for *const T { - #[inline] - fn cmp(&self, other: &*const T) -> Ordering { - if self < other { - Less - } else if self == other { - Equal - } else { - Greater - } - } -} - -#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] -impl PartialOrd for *const T { - #[inline] - fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &*const T) -> Option { - Some(self.cmp(other)) - } - - #[inline] - fn lt(&self, other: &*const T) -> bool { - *self < *other - } - - #[inline] - fn le(&self, other: &*const T) -> bool { - *self <= *other - } - - #[inline] - fn gt(&self, other: &*const T) -> bool { - *self > *other - } - - #[inline] - fn ge(&self, other: &*const T) -> bool { - *self >= *other - } -} - -#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] -impl Ord for *mut T { - #[inline] - fn cmp(&self, other: &*mut T) -> Ordering { - if self < other { - Less - } else if self == other { - Equal - } else { - Greater - } - } -} - -#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] -impl PartialOrd for *mut T { - #[inline] - fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &*mut T) -> Option { - Some(self.cmp(other)) - } - - #[inline] - fn lt(&self, other: &*mut T) -> bool { - *self < *other - } - - #[inline] - fn le(&self, other: &*mut T) -> bool { - *self <= *other - } - - #[inline] - fn gt(&self, other: &*mut T) -> bool { - *self > *other - } - - #[inline] - fn ge(&self, other: &*mut T) -> bool { - *self >= *other - } -} diff --git a/src/libcore/ptr/mut_ptr.rs b/src/libcore/ptr/mut_ptr.rs new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000..fd5decbd7eac5 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/libcore/ptr/mut_ptr.rs @@ -0,0 +1,925 @@ +use crate::cmp::Ordering::{self, Less, Equal, Greater}; +use crate::intrinsics; +use super::*; + +// ignore-tidy-undocumented-unsafe + +#[lang = "mut_ptr"] +impl *mut T { + /// Returns `true` if the pointer is null. + /// + /// Note that unsized types have many possible null pointers, as only the + /// raw data pointer is considered, not their length, vtable, etc. + /// Therefore, two pointers that are null may still not compare equal to + /// each other. + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// let mut s = [1, 2, 3]; + /// let ptr: *mut u32 = s.as_mut_ptr(); + /// assert!(!ptr.is_null()); + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] + #[inline] + pub fn is_null(self) -> bool { + // Compare via a cast to a thin pointer, so fat pointers are only + // considering their "data" part for null-ness. + (self as *mut u8) == null_mut() + } + + /// Casts to a pointer of another type. + #[stable(feature = "ptr_cast", since = "1.38.0")] + #[rustc_const_stable(feature = "const_ptr_cast", since = "1.38.0")] + #[inline] + pub const fn cast(self) -> *mut U { + self as _ + } + + /// Returns `None` if the pointer is null, or else returns a reference to + /// the value wrapped in `Some`. + /// + /// # Safety + /// + /// While this method and its mutable counterpart are useful for + /// null-safety, it is important to note that this is still an unsafe + /// operation because the returned value could be pointing to invalid + /// memory. + /// + /// When calling this method, you have to ensure that if the pointer is + /// non-NULL, then it is properly aligned, dereferencable (for the whole + /// size of `T`) and points to an initialized instance of `T`. This applies + /// even if the result of this method is unused! + /// (The part about being initialized is not yet fully decided, but until + /// it is, the only safe approach is to ensure that they are indeed initialized.) + /// + /// Additionally, the lifetime `'a` returned is arbitrarily chosen and does + /// not necessarily reflect the actual lifetime of the data. It is up to the + /// caller to ensure that for the duration of this lifetime, the memory this + /// pointer points to does not get written to outside of `UnsafeCell`. + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// let ptr: *mut u8 = &mut 10u8 as *mut u8; + /// + /// unsafe { + /// if let Some(val_back) = ptr.as_ref() { + /// println!("We got back the value: {}!", val_back); + /// } + /// } + /// ``` + /// + /// # Null-unchecked version + /// + /// If you are sure the pointer can never be null and are looking for some kind of + /// `as_ref_unchecked` that returns the `&T` instead of `Option<&T>`, know that you can + /// dereference the pointer directly. + /// + /// ``` + /// let ptr: *mut u8 = &mut 10u8 as *mut u8; + /// + /// unsafe { + /// let val_back = &*ptr; + /// println!("We got back the value: {}!", val_back); + /// } + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "ptr_as_ref", since = "1.9.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn as_ref<'a>(self) -> Option<&'a T> { + if self.is_null() { None } else { Some(&*self) } + } + + /// Calculates the offset from a pointer. + /// + /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer + /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. + /// + /// # Safety + /// + /// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined + /// Behavior: + /// + /// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one + /// byte past the end of the same allocated object. Note that in Rust, + /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. + /// + /// * The computed offset, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`. + /// + /// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address + /// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum, **in bytes** must fit in a usize. + /// + /// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations + /// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec` + /// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so + /// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len())` is always safe. + /// + /// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation. + /// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request + /// for 263 bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space. + /// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for + /// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address + /// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory + /// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function. + /// + /// Consider using [`wrapping_offset`] instead if these constraints are + /// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it + /// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations. + /// + /// [`wrapping_offset`]: #method.wrapping_offset + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// let mut s = [1, 2, 3]; + /// let ptr: *mut u32 = s.as_mut_ptr(); + /// + /// unsafe { + /// println!("{}", *ptr.offset(1)); + /// println!("{}", *ptr.offset(2)); + /// } + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn offset(self, count: isize) -> *mut T + where + T: Sized, + { + intrinsics::offset(self, count) as *mut T + } + + /// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic. + /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer + /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. + /// + /// # Safety + /// + /// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is + /// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`). + /// + /// In particular, the resulting pointer remains attached to the same allocated + /// object that `self` points to. It may *not* be used to access a + /// different allocated object. Note that in Rust, + /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. + /// + /// In other words, `x.wrapping_offset(y.wrapping_offset_from(x))` is + /// *not* the same as `y`, and dereferencing it is undefined behavior + /// unless `x` and `y` point into the same allocated object. + /// + /// Compared to [`offset`], this method basically delays the requirement of staying + /// within the same allocated object: [`offset`] is immediate Undefined Behavior when + /// crossing object boundaries; `wrapping_offset` produces a pointer but still leads + /// to Undefined Behavior if that pointer is dereferenced. [`offset`] can be optimized + /// better and is thus preferrable in performance-sensitive code. + /// + /// If you need to cross object boundaries, cast the pointer to an integer and + /// do the arithmetic there. + /// + /// [`offset`]: #method.offset + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements + /// let mut data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5]; + /// let mut ptr: *mut u8 = data.as_mut_ptr(); + /// let step = 2; + /// let end_rounded_up = ptr.wrapping_offset(6); + /// + /// while ptr != end_rounded_up { + /// unsafe { + /// *ptr = 0; + /// } + /// ptr = ptr.wrapping_offset(step); + /// } + /// assert_eq!(&data, &[0, 2, 0, 4, 0]); + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "ptr_wrapping_offset", since = "1.16.0")] + #[inline] + pub fn wrapping_offset(self, count: isize) -> *mut T + where + T: Sized, + { + unsafe { intrinsics::arith_offset(self, count) as *mut T } + } + + /// Returns `None` if the pointer is null, or else returns a mutable + /// reference to the value wrapped in `Some`. + /// + /// # Safety + /// + /// As with [`as_ref`], this is unsafe because it cannot verify the validity + /// of the returned pointer, nor can it ensure that the lifetime `'a` + /// returned is indeed a valid lifetime for the contained data. + /// + /// When calling this method, you have to ensure that *either* the pointer is NULL *or* + /// all of the following is true: + /// - it is properly aligned + /// - it must point to an initialized instance of T; in particular, the pointer must be + /// "dereferencable" in the sense defined [here]. + /// + /// This applies even if the result of this method is unused! + /// (The part about being initialized is not yet fully decided, but until + /// it is the only safe approach is to ensure that they are indeed initialized.) + /// + /// Additionally, the lifetime `'a` returned is arbitrarily chosen and does + /// not necessarily reflect the actual lifetime of the data. *You* must enforce + /// Rust's aliasing rules. In particular, for the duration of this lifetime, + /// the memory this pointer points to must not get accessed (read or written) + /// through any other pointer. + /// + /// [here]: crate::ptr#safety + /// [`as_ref`]: #method.as_ref + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// let mut s = [1, 2, 3]; + /// let ptr: *mut u32 = s.as_mut_ptr(); + /// let first_value = unsafe { ptr.as_mut().unwrap() }; + /// *first_value = 4; + /// println!("{:?}", s); // It'll print: "[4, 2, 3]". + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "ptr_as_ref", since = "1.9.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn as_mut<'a>(self) -> Option<&'a mut T> { + if self.is_null() { None } else { Some(&mut *self) } + } + + /// Calculates the distance between two pointers. The returned value is in + /// units of T: the distance in bytes is divided by `mem::size_of::()`. + /// + /// This function is the inverse of [`offset`]. + /// + /// [`offset`]: #method.offset-1 + /// [`wrapping_offset_from`]: #method.wrapping_offset_from-1 + /// + /// # Safety + /// + /// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined + /// Behavior: + /// + /// * Both the starting and other pointer must be either in bounds or one + /// byte past the end of the same allocated object. Note that in Rust, + /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. + /// + /// * The distance between the pointers, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`. + /// + /// * The distance between the pointers, in bytes, must be an exact multiple + /// of the size of `T`. + /// + /// * The distance being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address space. + /// + /// The compiler and standard library generally try to ensure allocations + /// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec` + /// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so + /// `ptr_into_vec.offset_from(vec.as_ptr())` is always safe. + /// + /// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation. + /// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request + /// for 263 bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space. + /// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for + /// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address + /// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory + /// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function. + /// + /// Consider using [`wrapping_offset_from`] instead if these constraints are + /// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it + /// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations. + /// + /// # Panics + /// + /// This function panics if `T` is a Zero-Sized Type ("ZST"). + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// #![feature(ptr_offset_from)] + /// + /// let mut a = [0; 5]; + /// let ptr1: *mut i32 = &mut a[1]; + /// let ptr2: *mut i32 = &mut a[3]; + /// unsafe { + /// assert_eq!(ptr2.offset_from(ptr1), 2); + /// assert_eq!(ptr1.offset_from(ptr2), -2); + /// assert_eq!(ptr1.offset(2), ptr2); + /// assert_eq!(ptr2.offset(-2), ptr1); + /// } + /// ``` + #[unstable(feature = "ptr_offset_from", issue = "41079")] + #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_ptr_offset_from", issue = "41079")] + #[inline] + pub const unsafe fn offset_from(self, origin: *const T) -> isize + where + T: Sized, + { + (self as *const T).offset_from(origin) + } + + /// Calculates the distance between two pointers. The returned value is in + /// units of T: the distance in bytes is divided by `mem::size_of::()`. + /// + /// If the address different between the two pointers is not a multiple of + /// `mem::size_of::()` then the result of the division is rounded towards + /// zero. + /// + /// Though this method is safe for any two pointers, note that its result + /// will be mostly useless if the two pointers aren't into the same allocated + /// object, for example if they point to two different local variables. + /// + /// # Panics + /// + /// This function panics if `T` is a zero-sized type. + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// #![feature(ptr_wrapping_offset_from)] + /// + /// let mut a = [0; 5]; + /// let ptr1: *mut i32 = &mut a[1]; + /// let ptr2: *mut i32 = &mut a[3]; + /// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset_from(ptr1), 2); + /// assert_eq!(ptr1.wrapping_offset_from(ptr2), -2); + /// assert_eq!(ptr1.wrapping_offset(2), ptr2); + /// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset(-2), ptr1); + /// + /// let ptr1: *mut i32 = 3 as _; + /// let ptr2: *mut i32 = 13 as _; + /// assert_eq!(ptr2.wrapping_offset_from(ptr1), 2); + /// ``` + #[unstable(feature = "ptr_wrapping_offset_from", issue = "41079")] + #[inline] + pub fn wrapping_offset_from(self, origin: *const T) -> isize + where + T: Sized, + { + (self as *const T).wrapping_offset_from(origin) + } + + /// Calculates the offset from a pointer (convenience for `.offset(count as isize)`). + /// + /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer + /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. + /// + /// # Safety + /// + /// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined + /// Behavior: + /// + /// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one + /// byte past the end of the same allocated object. Note that in Rust, + /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. + /// + /// * The computed offset, **in bytes**, cannot overflow an `isize`. + /// + /// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address + /// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum must fit in a `usize`. + /// + /// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations + /// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec` + /// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so + /// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len())` is always safe. + /// + /// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation. + /// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request + /// for 263 bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space. + /// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for + /// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address + /// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory + /// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function. + /// + /// Consider using [`wrapping_add`] instead if these constraints are + /// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it + /// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations. + /// + /// [`wrapping_add`]: #method.wrapping_add + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// let s: &str = "123"; + /// let ptr: *const u8 = s.as_ptr(); + /// + /// unsafe { + /// println!("{}", *ptr.add(1) as char); + /// println!("{}", *ptr.add(2) as char); + /// } + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn add(self, count: usize) -> Self + where + T: Sized, + { + self.offset(count as isize) + } + + /// Calculates the offset from a pointer (convenience for + /// `.offset((count as isize).wrapping_neg())`). + /// + /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer + /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. + /// + /// # Safety + /// + /// If any of the following conditions are violated, the result is Undefined + /// Behavior: + /// + /// * Both the starting and resulting pointer must be either in bounds or one + /// byte past the end of the same allocated object. Note that in Rust, + /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. + /// + /// * The computed offset cannot exceed `isize::MAX` **bytes**. + /// + /// * The offset being in bounds cannot rely on "wrapping around" the address + /// space. That is, the infinite-precision sum must fit in a usize. + /// + /// The compiler and standard library generally tries to ensure allocations + /// never reach a size where an offset is a concern. For instance, `Vec` + /// and `Box` ensure they never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes, so + /// `vec.as_ptr().add(vec.len()).sub(vec.len())` is always safe. + /// + /// Most platforms fundamentally can't even construct such an allocation. + /// For instance, no known 64-bit platform can ever serve a request + /// for 263 bytes due to page-table limitations or splitting the address space. + /// However, some 32-bit and 16-bit platforms may successfully serve a request for + /// more than `isize::MAX` bytes with things like Physical Address + /// Extension. As such, memory acquired directly from allocators or memory + /// mapped files *may* be too large to handle with this function. + /// + /// Consider using [`wrapping_sub`] instead if these constraints are + /// difficult to satisfy. The only advantage of this method is that it + /// enables more aggressive compiler optimizations. + /// + /// [`wrapping_sub`]: #method.wrapping_sub + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// let s: &str = "123"; + /// + /// unsafe { + /// let end: *const u8 = s.as_ptr().add(3); + /// println!("{}", *end.sub(1) as char); + /// println!("{}", *end.sub(2) as char); + /// } + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn sub(self, count: usize) -> Self + where + T: Sized, + { + self.offset((count as isize).wrapping_neg()) + } + + /// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic. + /// (convenience for `.wrapping_offset(count as isize)`) + /// + /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer + /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. + /// + /// # Safety + /// + /// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is + /// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`). + /// + /// In particular, the resulting pointer remains attached to the same allocated + /// object that `self` points to. It may *not* be used to access a + /// different allocated object. Note that in Rust, + /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. + /// + /// Compared to [`add`], this method basically delays the requirement of staying + /// within the same allocated object: [`add`] is immediate Undefined Behavior when + /// crossing object boundaries; `wrapping_add` produces a pointer but still leads + /// to Undefined Behavior if that pointer is dereferenced. [`add`] can be optimized + /// better and is thus preferrable in performance-sensitive code. + /// + /// If you need to cross object boundaries, cast the pointer to an integer and + /// do the arithmetic there. + /// + /// [`add`]: #method.add + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements + /// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5]; + /// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr(); + /// let step = 2; + /// let end_rounded_up = ptr.wrapping_add(6); + /// + /// // This loop prints "1, 3, 5, " + /// while ptr != end_rounded_up { + /// unsafe { + /// print!("{}, ", *ptr); + /// } + /// ptr = ptr.wrapping_add(step); + /// } + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub fn wrapping_add(self, count: usize) -> Self + where + T: Sized, + { + self.wrapping_offset(count as isize) + } + + /// Calculates the offset from a pointer using wrapping arithmetic. + /// (convenience for `.wrapping_offset((count as isize).wrapping_sub())`) + /// + /// `count` is in units of T; e.g., a `count` of 3 represents a pointer + /// offset of `3 * size_of::()` bytes. + /// + /// # Safety + /// + /// The resulting pointer does not need to be in bounds, but it is + /// potentially hazardous to dereference (which requires `unsafe`). + /// + /// In particular, the resulting pointer remains attached to the same allocated + /// object that `self` points to. It may *not* be used to access a + /// different allocated object. Note that in Rust, + /// every (stack-allocated) variable is considered a separate allocated object. + /// + /// Compared to [`sub`], this method basically delays the requirement of staying + /// within the same allocated object: [`sub`] is immediate Undefined Behavior when + /// crossing object boundaries; `wrapping_sub` produces a pointer but still leads + /// to Undefined Behavior if that pointer is dereferenced. [`sub`] can be optimized + /// better and is thus preferrable in performance-sensitive code. + /// + /// If you need to cross object boundaries, cast the pointer to an integer and + /// do the arithmetic there. + /// + /// [`sub`]: #method.sub + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Basic usage: + /// + /// ``` + /// // Iterate using a raw pointer in increments of two elements (backwards) + /// let data = [1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5]; + /// let mut ptr: *const u8 = data.as_ptr(); + /// let start_rounded_down = ptr.wrapping_sub(2); + /// ptr = ptr.wrapping_add(4); + /// let step = 2; + /// // This loop prints "5, 3, 1, " + /// while ptr != start_rounded_down { + /// unsafe { + /// print!("{}, ", *ptr); + /// } + /// ptr = ptr.wrapping_sub(step); + /// } + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub fn wrapping_sub(self, count: usize) -> Self + where + T: Sized, + { + self.wrapping_offset((count as isize).wrapping_neg()) + } + + /// Reads the value from `self` without moving it. This leaves the + /// memory in `self` unchanged. + /// + /// See [`ptr::read`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::read`]: ./ptr/fn.read.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn read(self) -> T + where + T: Sized, + { + read(self) + } + + /// Performs a volatile read of the value from `self` without moving it. This + /// leaves the memory in `self` unchanged. + /// + /// Volatile operations are intended to act on I/O memory, and are guaranteed + /// to not be elided or reordered by the compiler across other volatile + /// operations. + /// + /// See [`ptr::read_volatile`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::read_volatile`]: ./ptr/fn.read_volatile.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn read_volatile(self) -> T + where + T: Sized, + { + read_volatile(self) + } + + /// Reads the value from `self` without moving it. This leaves the + /// memory in `self` unchanged. + /// + /// Unlike `read`, the pointer may be unaligned. + /// + /// See [`ptr::read_unaligned`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::read_unaligned`]: ./ptr/fn.read_unaligned.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn read_unaligned(self) -> T + where + T: Sized, + { + read_unaligned(self) + } + + /// Copies `count * size_of` bytes from `self` to `dest`. The source + /// and destination may overlap. + /// + /// NOTE: this has the *same* argument order as [`ptr::copy`]. + /// + /// See [`ptr::copy`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::copy`]: ./ptr/fn.copy.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn copy_to(self, dest: *mut T, count: usize) + where + T: Sized, + { + copy(self, dest, count) + } + + /// Copies `count * size_of` bytes from `self` to `dest`. The source + /// and destination may *not* overlap. + /// + /// NOTE: this has the *same* argument order as [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`]. + /// + /// See [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`]: ./ptr/fn.copy_nonoverlapping.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn copy_to_nonoverlapping(self, dest: *mut T, count: usize) + where + T: Sized, + { + copy_nonoverlapping(self, dest, count) + } + + /// Copies `count * size_of` bytes from `src` to `self`. The source + /// and destination may overlap. + /// + /// NOTE: this has the *opposite* argument order of [`ptr::copy`]. + /// + /// See [`ptr::copy`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::copy`]: ./ptr/fn.copy.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn copy_from(self, src: *const T, count: usize) + where + T: Sized, + { + copy(src, self, count) + } + + /// Copies `count * size_of` bytes from `src` to `self`. The source + /// and destination may *not* overlap. + /// + /// NOTE: this has the *opposite* argument order of [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`]. + /// + /// See [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::copy_nonoverlapping`]: ./ptr/fn.copy_nonoverlapping.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn copy_from_nonoverlapping(self, src: *const T, count: usize) + where + T: Sized, + { + copy_nonoverlapping(src, self, count) + } + + /// Executes the destructor (if any) of the pointed-to value. + /// + /// See [`ptr::drop_in_place`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::drop_in_place`]: ./ptr/fn.drop_in_place.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn drop_in_place(self) { + drop_in_place(self) + } + + /// Overwrites a memory location with the given value without reading or + /// dropping the old value. + /// + /// See [`ptr::write`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::write`]: ./ptr/fn.write.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn write(self, val: T) + where + T: Sized, + { + write(self, val) + } + + /// Invokes memset on the specified pointer, setting `count * size_of::()` + /// bytes of memory starting at `self` to `val`. + /// + /// See [`ptr::write_bytes`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::write_bytes`]: ./ptr/fn.write_bytes.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn write_bytes(self, val: u8, count: usize) + where + T: Sized, + { + write_bytes(self, val, count) + } + + /// Performs a volatile write of a memory location with the given value without + /// reading or dropping the old value. + /// + /// Volatile operations are intended to act on I/O memory, and are guaranteed + /// to not be elided or reordered by the compiler across other volatile + /// operations. + /// + /// See [`ptr::write_volatile`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::write_volatile`]: ./ptr/fn.write_volatile.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn write_volatile(self, val: T) + where + T: Sized, + { + write_volatile(self, val) + } + + /// Overwrites a memory location with the given value without reading or + /// dropping the old value. + /// + /// Unlike `write`, the pointer may be unaligned. + /// + /// See [`ptr::write_unaligned`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::write_unaligned`]: ./ptr/fn.write_unaligned.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn write_unaligned(self, val: T) + where + T: Sized, + { + write_unaligned(self, val) + } + + /// Replaces the value at `self` with `src`, returning the old + /// value, without dropping either. + /// + /// See [`ptr::replace`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::replace`]: ./ptr/fn.replace.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn replace(self, src: T) -> T + where + T: Sized, + { + replace(self, src) + } + + /// Swaps the values at two mutable locations of the same type, without + /// deinitializing either. They may overlap, unlike `mem::swap` which is + /// otherwise equivalent. + /// + /// See [`ptr::swap`] for safety concerns and examples. + /// + /// [`ptr::swap`]: ./ptr/fn.swap.html + #[stable(feature = "pointer_methods", since = "1.26.0")] + #[inline] + pub unsafe fn swap(self, with: *mut T) + where + T: Sized, + { + swap(self, with) + } + + /// Computes the offset that needs to be applied to the pointer in order to make it aligned to + /// `align`. + /// + /// If it is not possible to align the pointer, the implementation returns + /// `usize::max_value()`. It is permissible for the implementation to *always* + /// return `usize::max_value()`. Only your algorithm's performance can depend + /// on getting a usable offset here, not its correctness. + /// + /// The offset is expressed in number of `T` elements, and not bytes. The value returned can be + /// used with the `wrapping_add` method. + /// + /// There are no guarantees whatsoever that offsetting the pointer will not overflow or go + /// beyond the allocation that the pointer points into. It is up to the caller to ensure that + /// the returned offset is correct in all terms other than alignment. + /// + /// # Panics + /// + /// The function panics if `align` is not a power-of-two. + /// + /// # Examples + /// + /// Accessing adjacent `u8` as `u16` + /// + /// ``` + /// # fn foo(n: usize) { + /// # use std::mem::align_of; + /// # unsafe { + /// let x = [5u8, 6u8, 7u8, 8u8, 9u8]; + /// let ptr = &x[n] as *const u8; + /// let offset = ptr.align_offset(align_of::()); + /// if offset < x.len() - n - 1 { + /// let u16_ptr = ptr.add(offset) as *const u16; + /// assert_ne!(*u16_ptr, 500); + /// } else { + /// // while the pointer can be aligned via `offset`, it would point + /// // outside the allocation + /// } + /// # } } + /// ``` + #[stable(feature = "align_offset", since = "1.36.0")] + pub fn align_offset(self, align: usize) -> usize + where + T: Sized, + { + if !align.is_power_of_two() { + panic!("align_offset: align is not a power-of-two"); + } + unsafe { align_offset(self, align) } + } +} + +// Equality for pointers +#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] +impl PartialEq for *mut T { + #[inline] + fn eq(&self, other: &*mut T) -> bool { *self == *other } +} + +#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] +impl Eq for *mut T {} + +#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] +impl Ord for *mut T { + #[inline] + fn cmp(&self, other: &*mut T) -> Ordering { + if self < other { + Less + } else if self == other { + Equal + } else { + Greater + } + } +} + +#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] +impl PartialOrd for *mut T { + #[inline] + fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &*mut T) -> Option { + Some(self.cmp(other)) + } + + #[inline] + fn lt(&self, other: &*mut T) -> bool { *self < *other } + + #[inline] + fn le(&self, other: &*mut T) -> bool { *self <= *other } + + #[inline] + fn gt(&self, other: &*mut T) -> bool { *self > *other } + + #[inline] + fn ge(&self, other: &*mut T) -> bool { *self >= *other } +} diff --git a/src/test/ui/consts/offset_from_ub.stderr b/src/test/ui/consts/offset_from_ub.stderr index 1bd09034bfc91..ac08b2f2427c7 100644 --- a/src/test/ui/consts/offset_from_ub.stderr +++ b/src/test/ui/consts/offset_from_ub.stderr @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ error: any use of this value will cause an error - --> $SRC_DIR/libcore/ptr/mod.rs:LL:COL + --> $SRC_DIR/libcore/ptr/const_ptr.rs:LL:COL | LL | intrinsics::ptr_offset_from(self, origin) | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | | | ptr_offset_from cannot compute offset of pointers into different allocations. - | inside call to `std::ptr::::offset_from` at $DIR/offset_from_ub.rs:19:27 + | inside call to `std::ptr::const_ptr::::offset_from` at $DIR/offset_from_ub.rs:19:27 | ::: $DIR/offset_from_ub.rs:13:1 | @@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ LL | | }; = note: `#[deny(const_err)]` on by default error: any use of this value will cause an error - --> $SRC_DIR/libcore/ptr/mod.rs:LL:COL + --> $SRC_DIR/libcore/ptr/const_ptr.rs:LL:COL | LL | intrinsics::ptr_offset_from(self, origin) | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | | | a memory access tried to interpret some bytes as a pointer - | inside call to `std::ptr::::offset_from` at $DIR/offset_from_ub.rs:25:14 + | inside call to `std::ptr::const_ptr::::offset_from` at $DIR/offset_from_ub.rs:25:14 | ::: $DIR/offset_from_ub.rs:23:1 | @@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ LL | | }; | |__- error: any use of this value will cause an error - --> $SRC_DIR/libcore/ptr/mod.rs:LL:COL + --> $SRC_DIR/libcore/ptr/const_ptr.rs:LL:COL | LL | intrinsics::ptr_offset_from(self, origin) | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | | | exact_div: 1 cannot be divided by 2 without remainder - | inside call to `std::ptr::::offset_from` at $DIR/offset_from_ub.rs:33:14 + | inside call to `std::ptr::const_ptr::::offset_from` at $DIR/offset_from_ub.rs:33:14 | ::: $DIR/offset_from_ub.rs:28:1 | @@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ LL | | }; | |__- error: any use of this value will cause an error - --> $SRC_DIR/libcore/ptr/mod.rs:LL:COL + --> $SRC_DIR/libcore/ptr/const_ptr.rs:LL:COL | LL | intrinsics::ptr_offset_from(self, origin) | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | | | invalid use of NULL pointer - | inside call to `std::ptr::::offset_from` at $DIR/offset_from_ub.rs:39:14 + | inside call to `std::ptr::const_ptr::::offset_from` at $DIR/offset_from_ub.rs:39:14 | ::: $DIR/offset_from_ub.rs:36:1 | @@ -76,13 +76,13 @@ LL | | }; | |__- error: any use of this value will cause an error - --> $SRC_DIR/libcore/ptr/mod.rs:LL:COL + --> $SRC_DIR/libcore/ptr/const_ptr.rs:LL:COL | LL | intrinsics::ptr_offset_from(self, origin) | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | | | a memory access tried to interpret some bytes as a pointer - | inside call to `std::ptr::::offset_from` at $DIR/offset_from_ub.rs:46:14 + | inside call to `std::ptr::const_ptr::::offset_from` at $DIR/offset_from_ub.rs:46:14 | ::: $DIR/offset_from_ub.rs:42:1 |