blockstore.rs

//! The `blockstore` module provides functions for parallel verification of the
//! Proof of History ledger as well as iterative read, append write, and random
//! access read to a persistent file-based ledger.

use {
    crate::{
        ancestor_iterator::AncestorIterator,
        blockstore_db::{
            columns as cf, Column, Database, IteratorDirection, IteratorMode, LedgerColumn, Result,
            WriteBatch,
        },
        blockstore_meta::*,
        blockstore_options::{
            AccessType, BlockstoreOptions, LedgerColumnOptions, BLOCKSTORE_DIRECTORY_ROCKS_FIFO,
            BLOCKSTORE_DIRECTORY_ROCKS_LEVEL,
        },
        leader_schedule_cache::LeaderScheduleCache,
        next_slots_iterator::NextSlotsIterator,
        shred::{
            self, max_ticks_per_n_shreds, ErasureSetId, ProcessShredsStats, ReedSolomonCache,
            Shred, ShredData, ShredId, ShredType, Shredder,
        },
        slot_stats::{ShredSource, SlotsStats},
    },
    assert_matches::debug_assert_matches,
    bincode::{deserialize, serialize},
    crossbeam_channel::{bounded, Receiver, Sender, TrySendError},
    dashmap::DashSet,
    log::*,
    rayon::{
        iter::{IntoParallelIterator, IntoParallelRefIterator, ParallelIterator},
        ThreadPool,
    },
    rocksdb::{DBRawIterator, LiveFile},
    solana_accounts_db::hardened_unpack::{
        unpack_genesis_archive, MAX_GENESIS_ARCHIVE_UNPACKED_SIZE,
    },
    solana_entry::entry::{create_ticks, Entry},
    solana_measure::measure::Measure,
    solana_metrics::{
        datapoint_debug, datapoint_error,
        poh_timing_point::{send_poh_timing_point, PohTimingSender, SlotPohTimingInfo},
    },
    solana_rayon_threadlimit::get_max_thread_count,
    solana_runtime::bank::Bank,
    solana_sdk::{
        clock::{Slot, UnixTimestamp, DEFAULT_TICKS_PER_SECOND},
        genesis_config::{GenesisConfig, DEFAULT_GENESIS_ARCHIVE, DEFAULT_GENESIS_FILE},
        hash::Hash,
        pubkey::Pubkey,
        signature::{Keypair, Signature, Signer},
        timing::timestamp,
        transaction::VersionedTransaction,
    },
    solana_storage_proto::{StoredExtendedRewards, StoredTransactionStatusMeta},
    solana_transaction_status::{
        ConfirmedTransactionStatusWithSignature, ConfirmedTransactionWithStatusMeta, Rewards,
        TransactionStatusMeta, TransactionWithStatusMeta, VersionedConfirmedBlock,
        VersionedTransactionWithStatusMeta,
    },
    std::{
        borrow::Cow,
        cell::RefCell,
        cmp,
        collections::{hash_map::Entry as HashMapEntry, BTreeSet, HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque},
        convert::TryInto,
        fmt::Write,
        fs,
        io::{Error as IoError, ErrorKind},
        path::{Path, PathBuf},
        rc::Rc,
        sync::{
            atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
            Arc, Mutex, RwLock, RwLockWriteGuard,
        },
    },
    tempfile::{Builder, TempDir},
    thiserror::Error,
    trees::{Tree, TreeWalk},
};
pub mod blockstore_purge;
pub use {
    crate::{
        blockstore_db::BlockstoreError,
        blockstore_meta::{OptimisticSlotMetaVersioned, SlotMeta},
        blockstore_metrics::BlockstoreInsertionMetrics,
    },
    blockstore_purge::PurgeType,
    rocksdb::properties as RocksProperties,
};

// get_max_thread_count to match number of threads in the old code.
// see: https://github.com/solana-labs/solana/pull/24853
lazy_static! {
    static ref PAR_THREAD_POOL: ThreadPool = rayon::ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
        .num_threads(get_max_thread_count())
        .thread_name(|i| format!("solBstore{i:02}"))
        .build()
        .unwrap();
    static ref PAR_THREAD_POOL_ALL_CPUS: ThreadPool = rayon::ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
        .num_threads(num_cpus::get())
        .thread_name(|i| format!("solBstoreAll{i:02}"))
        .build()
        .unwrap();
}

pub const MAX_REPLAY_WAKE_UP_SIGNALS: usize = 1;
pub const MAX_COMPLETED_SLOTS_IN_CHANNEL: usize = 100_000;

// An upper bound on maximum number of data shreds we can handle in a slot
// 32K shreds would allow ~320K peak TPS
// (32K shreds per slot * 4 TX per shred * 2.5 slots per sec)
pub const MAX_DATA_SHREDS_PER_SLOT: usize = 32_768;

pub type CompletedSlotsSender = Sender<Vec<Slot>>;
pub type CompletedSlotsReceiver = Receiver<Vec<Slot>>;
type CompletedRanges = Vec<(u32, u32)>;

#[derive(Default)]
pub struct SignatureInfosForAddress {
    pub infos: Vec<ConfirmedTransactionStatusWithSignature>,
    pub found_before: bool,
}

#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub enum InsertDataShredError {
    Exists,
    InvalidShred,
    BlockstoreError(#[from] BlockstoreError),
}

impl std::fmt::Display for InsertDataShredError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "insert data shred error")
    }
}

pub struct InsertResults {
    completed_data_set_infos: Vec<CompletedDataSetInfo>,
    duplicate_shreds: Vec<Shred>,
}

/// A "complete data set" is a range of [`Shred`]s that combined in sequence carry a single
/// serialized [`Vec<Entry>`].
///
/// Services such as the `WindowService` for a TVU, and `ReplayStage` for a TPU, piece together
/// these sets by inserting shreds via direct or indirect calls to
/// [`Blockstore::insert_shreds_handle_duplicate()`].
///
/// `solana_core::completed_data_sets_service::CompletedDataSetsService` is the main receiver of
/// `CompletedDataSetInfo`.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct CompletedDataSetInfo {
    /// [`Slot`] to which the [`Shred`]s in this set belong.
    pub slot: Slot,

    /// Index of the first [`Shred`] in the range of shreds that belong to this set.
    /// Range is inclusive, `start_index..=end_index`.
    pub start_index: u32,

    /// Index of the last [`Shred`] in the range of shreds that belong to this set.
    /// Range is inclusive, `start_index..=end_index`.
    pub end_index: u32,
}

pub struct BlockstoreSignals {
    pub blockstore: Blockstore,
    pub ledger_signal_receiver: Receiver<bool>,
    pub completed_slots_receiver: CompletedSlotsReceiver,
}

// ledger window
pub struct Blockstore {
    ledger_path: PathBuf,
    db: Arc<Database>,
    meta_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::SlotMeta>,
    dead_slots_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::DeadSlots>,
    duplicate_slots_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::DuplicateSlots>,
    roots_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::Root>,
    erasure_meta_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::ErasureMeta>,
    orphans_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::Orphans>,
    index_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::Index>,
    data_shred_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::ShredData>,
    code_shred_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::ShredCode>,
    transaction_status_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::TransactionStatus>,
    address_signatures_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::AddressSignatures>,
    transaction_memos_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::TransactionMemos>,
    transaction_status_index_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::TransactionStatusIndex>,
    active_transaction_status_index: RwLock<u64>,
    rewards_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::Rewards>,
    blocktime_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::Blocktime>,
    perf_samples_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::PerfSamples>,
    block_height_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::BlockHeight>,
    program_costs_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::ProgramCosts>,
    bank_hash_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::BankHash>,
    optimistic_slots_cf: LedgerColumn<cf::OptimisticSlots>,
    last_root: RwLock<Slot>,
    insert_shreds_lock: Mutex<()>,
    new_shreds_signals: Mutex<Vec<Sender<bool>>>,
    completed_slots_senders: Mutex<Vec<CompletedSlotsSender>>,
    pub shred_timing_point_sender: Option<PohTimingSender>,
    pub lowest_cleanup_slot: RwLock<Slot>,
    pub slots_stats: SlotsStats,
}

pub struct IndexMetaWorkingSetEntry {
    index: Index,
    // true only if at least one shred for this Index was inserted since the time this
    // struct was created
    did_insert_occur: bool,
}

/// The in-memory data structure for updating entries in the column family
/// [`cf::SlotMeta`].
pub struct SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry {
    /// The dirty version of the `SlotMeta` which might not be persisted
    /// to the blockstore yet.
    new_slot_meta: Rc<RefCell<SlotMeta>>,
    /// The latest version of the `SlotMeta` that was persisted in the
    /// blockstore.  If None, it means the current slot is new to the
    /// blockstore.
    old_slot_meta: Option<SlotMeta>,
    /// True only if at least one shred for this SlotMeta was inserted since
    /// this struct was created.
    did_insert_occur: bool,
}

impl SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry {
    /// Construct a new SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry with the specified `new_slot_meta`
    /// and `old_slot_meta`.  `did_insert_occur` is set to false.
    fn new(new_slot_meta: Rc<RefCell<SlotMeta>>, old_slot_meta: Option<SlotMeta>) -> Self {
        Self {
            new_slot_meta,
            old_slot_meta,
            did_insert_occur: false,
        }
    }
}

impl Blockstore {
    pub fn db(self) -> Arc<Database> {
        self.db
    }

    pub fn ledger_path(&self) -> &PathBuf {
        &self.ledger_path
    }

    pub fn banking_trace_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
        self.ledger_path.join("banking_trace")
    }

    /// Opens a Ledger in directory, provides "infinite" window of shreds
    pub fn open(ledger_path: &Path) -> Result<Blockstore> {
        Self::do_open(ledger_path, BlockstoreOptions::default())
    }

    pub fn open_with_options(ledger_path: &Path, options: BlockstoreOptions) -> Result<Blockstore> {
        Self::do_open(ledger_path, options)
    }

    fn do_open(ledger_path: &Path, options: BlockstoreOptions) -> Result<Blockstore> {
        fs::create_dir_all(ledger_path)?;
        let blockstore_path = ledger_path.join(
            options
                .column_options
                .shred_storage_type
                .blockstore_directory(),
        );

        adjust_ulimit_nofile(options.enforce_ulimit_nofile)?;

        // Open the database
        let mut measure = Measure::start("open");
        info!("Opening database at {:?}", blockstore_path);
        let db = Database::open(&blockstore_path, options)?;

        let meta_cf = db.column();
        let dead_slots_cf = db.column();
        let duplicate_slots_cf = db.column();
        let roots_cf = db.column();
        let erasure_meta_cf = db.column();
        let orphans_cf = db.column();
        let index_cf = db.column();
        let data_shred_cf = db.column();
        let code_shred_cf = db.column();
        let transaction_status_cf = db.column();
        let address_signatures_cf = db.column();
        let transaction_memos_cf = db.column();
        let transaction_status_index_cf = db.column();
        let rewards_cf = db.column();
        let blocktime_cf = db.column();
        let perf_samples_cf = db.column();
        let block_height_cf = db.column();
        let program_costs_cf = db.column();
        let bank_hash_cf = db.column();
        let optimistic_slots_cf = db.column();

        let db = Arc::new(db);

        // Get max root or 0 if it doesn't exist
        let max_root = db
            .iter::<cf::Root>(IteratorMode::End)?
            .next()
            .map(|(slot, _)| slot)
            .unwrap_or(0);
        let last_root = RwLock::new(max_root);

        // Get active transaction-status index or 0
        let active_transaction_status_index = db
            .iter::<cf::TransactionStatusIndex>(IteratorMode::Start)?
            .next();
        let initialize_transaction_status_index = active_transaction_status_index.is_none();
        let active_transaction_status_index = active_transaction_status_index
            .and_then(|(_, data)| {
                let index0: TransactionStatusIndexMeta = deserialize(&data).unwrap();
                if index0.frozen {
                    Some(1)
                } else {
                    None
                }
            })
            .unwrap_or(0);

        measure.stop();
        info!("{:?} {}", blockstore_path, measure);
        let blockstore = Blockstore {
            ledger_path: ledger_path.to_path_buf(),
            db,
            meta_cf,
            dead_slots_cf,
            duplicate_slots_cf,
            roots_cf,
            erasure_meta_cf,
            orphans_cf,
            index_cf,
            data_shred_cf,
            code_shred_cf,
            transaction_status_cf,
            address_signatures_cf,
            transaction_memos_cf,
            transaction_status_index_cf,
            active_transaction_status_index: RwLock::new(active_transaction_status_index),
            rewards_cf,
            blocktime_cf,
            perf_samples_cf,
            block_height_cf,
            program_costs_cf,
            bank_hash_cf,
            optimistic_slots_cf,
            new_shreds_signals: Mutex::default(),
            completed_slots_senders: Mutex::default(),
            shred_timing_point_sender: None,
            insert_shreds_lock: Mutex::<()>::default(),
            last_root,
            lowest_cleanup_slot: RwLock::<Slot>::default(),
            slots_stats: SlotsStats::default(),
        };
        if initialize_transaction_status_index {
            blockstore.initialize_transaction_status_index()?;
        }
        Ok(blockstore)
    }

    pub fn open_with_signal(
        ledger_path: &Path,
        options: BlockstoreOptions,
    ) -> Result<BlockstoreSignals> {
        let blockstore = Self::open_with_options(ledger_path, options)?;
        let (ledger_signal_sender, ledger_signal_receiver) = bounded(MAX_REPLAY_WAKE_UP_SIGNALS);
        let (completed_slots_sender, completed_slots_receiver) =
            bounded(MAX_COMPLETED_SLOTS_IN_CHANNEL);

        blockstore.add_new_shred_signal(ledger_signal_sender);
        blockstore.add_completed_slots_signal(completed_slots_sender);

        Ok(BlockstoreSignals {
            blockstore,
            ledger_signal_receiver,
            completed_slots_receiver,
        })
    }

    pub fn add_tree(
        &self,
        forks: Tree<Slot>,
        is_orphan: bool,
        is_slot_complete: bool,
        num_ticks: u64,
        starting_hash: Hash,
    ) {
        let mut walk = TreeWalk::from(forks);
        let mut blockhashes = HashMap::new();
        while let Some(visit) = walk.get() {
            let slot = *visit.node().data();
            if self.meta(slot).unwrap().is_some() && self.orphan(slot).unwrap().is_none() {
                // If slot exists in blockstore and is not an orphan, then skip it
                walk.forward();
                continue;
            }
            let parent = walk.get_parent().map(|n| *n.data());
            if parent.is_some() || !is_orphan {
                let parent_hash = parent
                    // parent won't exist for first node in a tree where
                    // `is_orphan == true`
                    .and_then(|parent| blockhashes.get(&parent))
                    .unwrap_or(&starting_hash);
                let mut entries = create_ticks(
                    num_ticks * (std::cmp::max(1, slot - parent.unwrap_or(slot))),
                    0,
                    *parent_hash,
                );
                blockhashes.insert(slot, entries.last().unwrap().hash);
                if !is_slot_complete {
                    entries.pop().unwrap();
                }
                let shreds = entries_to_test_shreds(
                    &entries,
                    slot,
                    parent.unwrap_or(slot),
                    is_slot_complete,
                    0,
                    true, // merkle_variant
                );
                self.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
            }
            walk.forward();
        }
    }

    /// Deletes the blockstore at the specified path.
    ///
    /// Note that if the `ledger_path` has multiple rocksdb instances, this
    /// function will destroy all.
    pub fn destroy(ledger_path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
        // Database::destroy() fails if the root directory doesn't exist
        fs::create_dir_all(ledger_path)?;
        Database::destroy(&Path::new(ledger_path).join(BLOCKSTORE_DIRECTORY_ROCKS_LEVEL)).and(
            Database::destroy(&Path::new(ledger_path).join(BLOCKSTORE_DIRECTORY_ROCKS_FIFO)),
        )
    }

    /// Returns the SlotMeta of the specified slot.
    pub fn meta(&self, slot: Slot) -> Result<Option<SlotMeta>> {
        self.meta_cf.get(slot)
    }

    /// Returns true if the specified slot is full.
    pub fn is_full(&self, slot: Slot) -> bool {
        if let Ok(Some(meta)) = self.meta_cf.get(slot) {
            return meta.is_full();
        }
        false
    }

    fn erasure_meta(&self, erasure_set: ErasureSetId) -> Result<Option<ErasureMeta>> {
        self.erasure_meta_cf.get(erasure_set.store_key())
    }

    /// Check whether the specified slot is an orphan slot which does not
    /// have a parent slot.
    ///
    /// Returns true if the specified slot does not have a parent slot.
    /// For other return values, it means either the slot is not in the
    /// blockstore or the slot isn't an orphan slot.
    pub fn orphan(&self, slot: Slot) -> Result<Option<bool>> {
        self.orphans_cf.get(slot)
    }

    /// Returns the max root or 0 if it does not exist.
    pub fn max_root(&self) -> Slot {
        self.db
            .iter::<cf::Root>(IteratorMode::End)
            .expect("Couldn't get rooted iterator for max_root()")
            .next()
            .map(|(slot, _)| slot)
            .unwrap_or(0)
    }

    pub fn slot_meta_iterator(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = (Slot, SlotMeta)> + '_> {
        let meta_iter = self
            .db
            .iter::<cf::SlotMeta>(IteratorMode::From(slot, IteratorDirection::Forward))?;
        Ok(meta_iter.map(|(slot, slot_meta_bytes)| {
            (
                slot,
                deserialize(&slot_meta_bytes).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                    panic!("Could not deserialize SlotMeta for slot {slot}: {e:?}")
                }),
            )
        }))
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    pub fn live_slots_iterator(&self, root: Slot) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Slot, SlotMeta)> + '_ {
        let root_forks = NextSlotsIterator::new(root, self);

        let orphans_iter = self.orphans_iterator(root + 1).unwrap();
        root_forks.chain(orphans_iter.flat_map(move |orphan| NextSlotsIterator::new(orphan, self)))
    }

    pub fn live_files_metadata(&self) -> Result<Vec<LiveFile>> {
        self.db.live_files_metadata()
    }

    pub fn slot_data_iterator(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        index: u64,
    ) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = ((u64, u64), Box<[u8]>)> + '_> {
        let slot_iterator = self.db.iter::<cf::ShredData>(IteratorMode::From(
            (slot, index),
            IteratorDirection::Forward,
        ))?;
        Ok(slot_iterator.take_while(move |((shred_slot, _), _)| *shred_slot == slot))
    }

    pub fn slot_coding_iterator(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        index: u64,
    ) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = ((u64, u64), Box<[u8]>)> + '_> {
        let slot_iterator = self.db.iter::<cf::ShredCode>(IteratorMode::From(
            (slot, index),
            IteratorDirection::Forward,
        ))?;
        Ok(slot_iterator.take_while(move |((shred_slot, _), _)| *shred_slot == slot))
    }

    fn prepare_rooted_slot_iterator(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        direction: IteratorDirection,
    ) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = Slot> + '_> {
        let slot_iterator = self
            .db
            .iter::<cf::Root>(IteratorMode::From(slot, direction))?;
        Ok(slot_iterator.map(move |(rooted_slot, _)| rooted_slot))
    }

    pub fn rooted_slot_iterator(&self, slot: Slot) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = Slot> + '_> {
        self.prepare_rooted_slot_iterator(slot, IteratorDirection::Forward)
    }

    pub fn reversed_rooted_slot_iterator(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = Slot> + '_> {
        self.prepare_rooted_slot_iterator(slot, IteratorDirection::Reverse)
    }

    pub fn reversed_optimistic_slots_iterator(
        &self,
    ) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = (Slot, Hash, UnixTimestamp)> + '_> {
        let iter = self.db.iter::<cf::OptimisticSlots>(IteratorMode::End)?;
        Ok(iter.map(|(slot, bytes)| {
            let meta: OptimisticSlotMetaVersioned = deserialize(&bytes).unwrap();
            (slot, meta.hash(), meta.timestamp())
        }))
    }

    /// Determines if we can iterate from `starting_slot` to >= `ending_slot` by full slots
    /// `starting_slot` is excluded from the `is_full()` check
    pub fn slot_range_connected(&self, starting_slot: Slot, ending_slot: Slot) -> bool {
        if starting_slot == ending_slot {
            return true;
        }

        let mut next_slots: VecDeque<_> = match self.meta(starting_slot) {
            Ok(Some(starting_slot_meta)) => starting_slot_meta.next_slots.into(),
            _ => return false,
        };
        while let Some(slot) = next_slots.pop_front() {
            if let Ok(Some(slot_meta)) = self.meta(slot) {
                if slot_meta.is_full() {
                    match slot.cmp(&ending_slot) {
                        cmp::Ordering::Less => next_slots.extend(slot_meta.next_slots),
                        _ => return true,
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        false
    }

    fn get_recovery_data_shreds<'a>(
        index: &'a Index,
        slot: Slot,
        erasure_meta: &'a ErasureMeta,
        prev_inserted_shreds: &'a HashMap<ShredId, Shred>,
        data_cf: &'a LedgerColumn<cf::ShredData>,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Shred> + 'a {
        erasure_meta.data_shreds_indices().filter_map(move |i| {
            let key = ShredId::new(slot, u32::try_from(i).unwrap(), ShredType::Data);
            if let Some(shred) = prev_inserted_shreds.get(&key) {
                return Some(shred.clone());
            }
            if !index.data().contains(i) {
                return None;
            }
            match data_cf.get_bytes((slot, i)).unwrap() {
                None => {
                    warn!("Data shred deleted while reading for recovery");
                    None
                }
                Some(data) => Shred::new_from_serialized_shred(data).ok(),
            }
        })
    }

    fn get_recovery_coding_shreds<'a>(
        index: &'a Index,
        slot: Slot,
        erasure_meta: &'a ErasureMeta,
        prev_inserted_shreds: &'a HashMap<ShredId, Shred>,
        code_cf: &'a LedgerColumn<cf::ShredCode>,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Shred> + 'a {
        erasure_meta.coding_shreds_indices().filter_map(move |i| {
            let key = ShredId::new(slot, u32::try_from(i).unwrap(), ShredType::Code);
            if let Some(shred) = prev_inserted_shreds.get(&key) {
                return Some(shred.clone());
            }
            if !index.coding().contains(i) {
                return None;
            }
            match code_cf.get_bytes((slot, i)).unwrap() {
                None => {
                    warn!("Code shred deleted while reading for recovery");
                    None
                }
                Some(code) => Shred::new_from_serialized_shred(code).ok(),
            }
        })
    }

    fn recover_shreds(
        index: &mut Index,
        erasure_meta: &ErasureMeta,
        prev_inserted_shreds: &HashMap<ShredId, Shred>,
        recovered_shreds: &mut Vec<Shred>,
        data_cf: &LedgerColumn<cf::ShredData>,
        code_cf: &LedgerColumn<cf::ShredCode>,
        reed_solomon_cache: &ReedSolomonCache,
    ) {
        // Find shreds for this erasure set and try recovery
        let slot = index.slot;
        let available_shreds: Vec<_> = Self::get_recovery_data_shreds(
            index,
            slot,
            erasure_meta,
            prev_inserted_shreds,
            data_cf,
        )
        .chain(Self::get_recovery_coding_shreds(
            index,
            slot,
            erasure_meta,
            prev_inserted_shreds,
            code_cf,
        ))
        .collect();
        if let Ok(mut result) = shred::recover(available_shreds, reed_solomon_cache) {
            Self::submit_metrics(slot, erasure_meta, true, "complete".into(), result.len());
            recovered_shreds.append(&mut result);
        } else {
            Self::submit_metrics(slot, erasure_meta, true, "incomplete".into(), 0);
        }
    }

    fn submit_metrics(
        slot: Slot,
        erasure_meta: &ErasureMeta,
        attempted: bool,
        status: String,
        recovered: usize,
    ) {
        let mut data_shreds_indices = erasure_meta.data_shreds_indices();
        let start_index = data_shreds_indices.next().unwrap_or_default();
        let end_index = data_shreds_indices.last().unwrap_or(start_index);
        datapoint_debug!(
            "blockstore-erasure",
            ("slot", slot as i64, i64),
            ("start_index", start_index, i64),
            ("end_index", end_index + 1, i64),
            ("recovery_attempted", attempted, bool),
            ("recovery_status", status, String),
            ("recovered", recovered as i64, i64),
        );
    }

    /// Collects and reports [`BlockstoreRocksDbColumnFamilyMetrics`] for the
    /// all the column families.
    ///
    /// [`BlockstoreRocksDbColumnFamilyMetrics`]: crate::blockstore_metrics::BlockstoreRocksDbColumnFamilyMetrics
    pub fn submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics_for_all_cfs(&self) {
        self.meta_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.dead_slots_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.duplicate_slots_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.roots_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.erasure_meta_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.orphans_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.index_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.data_shred_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.code_shred_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.transaction_status_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.address_signatures_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.transaction_memos_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.transaction_status_index_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.rewards_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.blocktime_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.perf_samples_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.block_height_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.program_costs_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.bank_hash_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
        self.optimistic_slots_cf.submit_rocksdb_cf_metrics();
    }

    fn try_shred_recovery(
        &self,
        erasure_metas: &HashMap<ErasureSetId, ErasureMeta>,
        index_working_set: &mut HashMap<u64, IndexMetaWorkingSetEntry>,
        prev_inserted_shreds: &HashMap<ShredId, Shred>,
        reed_solomon_cache: &ReedSolomonCache,
    ) -> Vec<Shred> {
        let mut recovered_shreds = vec![];
        // Recovery rules:
        // 1. Only try recovery around indexes for which new data or coding shreds are received
        // 2. For new data shreds, check if an erasure set exists. If not, don't try recovery
        // 3. Before trying recovery, check if enough number of shreds have been received
        // 3a. Enough number of shreds = (#data + #coding shreds) > erasure.num_data
        for (erasure_set, erasure_meta) in erasure_metas.iter() {
            let slot = erasure_set.slot();
            let index_meta_entry = index_working_set.get_mut(&slot).expect("Index");
            let index = &mut index_meta_entry.index;
            match erasure_meta.status(index) {
                ErasureMetaStatus::CanRecover => {
                    Self::recover_shreds(
                        index,
                        erasure_meta,
                        prev_inserted_shreds,
                        &mut recovered_shreds,
                        &self.data_shred_cf,
                        &self.code_shred_cf,
                        reed_solomon_cache,
                    );
                }
                ErasureMetaStatus::DataFull => {
                    Self::submit_metrics(slot, erasure_meta, false, "complete".into(), 0);
                }
                ErasureMetaStatus::StillNeed(needed) => {
                    Self::submit_metrics(
                        slot,
                        erasure_meta,
                        false,
                        format!("still need: {needed}"),
                        0,
                    );
                }
            };
        }
        recovered_shreds
    }

    /// The main helper function that performs the shred insertion logic
    /// and updates corresponding meta-data.
    ///
    /// This function updates the following column families:
    ///   - [`cf::DeadSlots`]: mark a shred as "dead" if its meta-data indicates
    ///     there is no need to replay this shred.  Specifically when both the
    ///     following conditions satisfy,
    ///     - We get a new shred N marked as the last shred in the slot S,
    ///       but N.index() is less than the current slot_meta.received
    ///       for slot S.
    ///     - The slot is not currently full
    ///     It means there's an alternate version of this slot. See
    ///     `check_insert_data_shred` for more details.
    ///   - [`cf::ShredData`]: stores data shreds (in check_insert_data_shreds).
    ///   - [`cf::ShredCode`]: stores coding shreds (in check_insert_coding_shreds).
    ///   - [`cf::SlotMeta`]: the SlotMeta of the input `shreds` and their related
    ///     shreds are updated.  Specifically:
    ///     - `handle_chaining()` updates `cf::SlotMeta` in two ways.  First, it
    ///       updates the in-memory slot_meta_working_set, which will later be
    ///       persisted in commit_slot_meta_working_set().  Second, for the newly
    ///       chained slots (updated inside handle_chaining_for_slot()), it will
    ///       directly persist their slot-meta into `cf::SlotMeta`.
    ///     - In `commit_slot_meta_working_set()`, persists everything stored
    ///       in the in-memory structure slot_meta_working_set, which is updated
    ///       by both `check_insert_data_shred()` and `handle_chaining()`.
    ///   - [`cf::Orphans`]: add or remove the ID of a slot to `cf::Orphans`
    ///     if it becomes / is no longer an orphan slot in `handle_chaining()`.
    ///   - [`cf::ErasureMeta`]: the associated ErasureMeta of the coding and data
    ///     shreds inside `shreds` will be updated and committed to
    ///     `cf::ErasureMeta`.
    ///   - [`cf::Index`]: stores (slot id, index to the index_working_set_entry)
    ///     pair to the `cf::Index` column family for each index_working_set_entry
    ///     which insert did occur in this function call.
    ///
    /// Arguments:
    ///  - `shreds`: the shreds to be inserted.
    ///  - `is_repaired`: a boolean vector aligned with `shreds` where each
    ///    boolean indicates whether the corresponding shred is repaired or not.
    ///  - `leader_schedule`: the leader schedule
    ///  - `is_trusted`: whether the shreds come from a trusted source. If this
    ///    is set to true, then the function will skip the shred duplication and
    ///    integrity checks.
    ///  - `retransmit_sender`: the sender for transmitting any recovered
    ///    data shreds.
    ///  - `handle_duplicate`: a function for handling shreds that have the same slot
    ///    and index.
    ///  - `metrics`: the metric for reporting detailed stats
    ///
    /// On success, the function returns an Ok result with a vector of
    /// `CompletedDataSetInfo` and a vector of its corresponding index in the
    /// input `shreds` vector.
    fn do_insert_shreds(
        &self,
        shreds: Vec<Shred>,
        is_repaired: Vec<bool>,
        leader_schedule: Option<&LeaderScheduleCache>,
        is_trusted: bool,
        retransmit_sender: Option<&Sender<Vec</*shred:*/ Vec<u8>>>>,
        reed_solomon_cache: &ReedSolomonCache,
        metrics: &mut BlockstoreInsertionMetrics,
    ) -> Result<InsertResults> {
        assert_eq!(shreds.len(), is_repaired.len());
        let mut total_start = Measure::start("Total elapsed");
        let mut start = Measure::start("Blockstore lock");
        let _lock = self.insert_shreds_lock.lock().unwrap();
        start.stop();
        metrics.insert_lock_elapsed_us += start.as_us();

        let mut write_batch = self.db.batch()?;

        let mut just_inserted_shreds = HashMap::with_capacity(shreds.len());
        let mut erasure_metas = HashMap::new();
        let mut slot_meta_working_set = HashMap::new();
        let mut index_working_set = HashMap::new();
        let mut duplicate_shreds = vec![];

        metrics.num_shreds += shreds.len();
        let mut start = Measure::start("Shred insertion");
        let mut index_meta_time_us = 0;
        let mut newly_completed_data_sets: Vec<CompletedDataSetInfo> = vec![];
        for (shred, is_repaired) in shreds.into_iter().zip(is_repaired) {
            let shred_source = if is_repaired {
                ShredSource::Repaired
            } else {
                ShredSource::Turbine
            };
            match shred.shred_type() {
                ShredType::Data => {
                    match self.check_insert_data_shred(
                        shred,
                        &mut erasure_metas,
                        &mut index_working_set,
                        &mut slot_meta_working_set,
                        &mut write_batch,
                        &mut just_inserted_shreds,
                        &mut index_meta_time_us,
                        is_trusted,
                        &mut duplicate_shreds,
                        leader_schedule,
                        shred_source,
                    ) {
                        Err(InsertDataShredError::Exists) => {
                            if is_repaired {
                                metrics.num_repaired_data_shreds_exists += 1;
                            } else {
                                metrics.num_turbine_data_shreds_exists += 1;
                            }
                        }
                        Err(InsertDataShredError::InvalidShred) => {
                            metrics.num_data_shreds_invalid += 1
                        }
                        Err(InsertDataShredError::BlockstoreError(err)) => {
                            metrics.num_data_shreds_blockstore_error += 1;
                            error!("blockstore error: {}", err);
                        }
                        Ok(completed_data_sets) => {
                            if is_repaired {
                                metrics.num_repair += 1;
                            }
                            newly_completed_data_sets.extend(completed_data_sets);
                            metrics.num_inserted += 1;
                        }
                    };
                }
                ShredType::Code => {
                    self.check_insert_coding_shred(
                        shred,
                        &mut erasure_metas,
                        &mut index_working_set,
                        &mut write_batch,
                        &mut just_inserted_shreds,
                        &mut index_meta_time_us,
                        &mut duplicate_shreds,
                        is_trusted,
                        shred_source,
                        metrics,
                    );
                }
            };
        }
        start.stop();

        metrics.insert_shreds_elapsed_us += start.as_us();
        let mut start = Measure::start("Shred recovery");
        if let Some(leader_schedule_cache) = leader_schedule {
            let recovered_shreds = self.try_shred_recovery(
                &erasure_metas,
                &mut index_working_set,
                &just_inserted_shreds,
                reed_solomon_cache,
            );

            metrics.num_recovered += recovered_shreds
                .iter()
                .filter(|shred| shred.is_data())
                .count();
            let recovered_shreds: Vec<_> = recovered_shreds
                .into_iter()
                .filter_map(|shred| {
                    let leader =
                        leader_schedule_cache.slot_leader_at(shred.slot(), /*bank=*/ None)?;
                    if !shred.verify(&leader) {
                        metrics.num_recovered_failed_sig += 1;
                        return None;
                    }
                    // Since the data shreds are fully recovered from the
                    // erasure batch, no need to store coding shreds in
                    // blockstore.
                    if shred.is_code() {
                        return Some(shred);
                    }
                    match self.check_insert_data_shred(
                        shred.clone(),
                        &mut erasure_metas,
                        &mut index_working_set,
                        &mut slot_meta_working_set,
                        &mut write_batch,
                        &mut just_inserted_shreds,
                        &mut index_meta_time_us,
                        is_trusted,
                        &mut duplicate_shreds,
                        leader_schedule,
                        ShredSource::Recovered,
                    ) {
                        Err(InsertDataShredError::Exists) => {
                            metrics.num_recovered_exists += 1;
                            None
                        }
                        Err(InsertDataShredError::InvalidShred) => {
                            metrics.num_recovered_failed_invalid += 1;
                            None
                        }
                        Err(InsertDataShredError::BlockstoreError(err)) => {
                            metrics.num_recovered_blockstore_error += 1;
                            error!("blockstore error: {}", err);
                            None
                        }
                        Ok(completed_data_sets) => {
                            newly_completed_data_sets.extend(completed_data_sets);
                            metrics.num_recovered_inserted += 1;
                            Some(shred)
                        }
                    }
                })
                // Always collect recovered-shreds so that above insert code is
                // executed even if retransmit-sender is None.
                .collect();
            if !recovered_shreds.is_empty() {
                if let Some(retransmit_sender) = retransmit_sender {
                    let _ = retransmit_sender.send(
                        recovered_shreds
                            .into_iter()
                            .map(Shred::into_payload)
                            .collect(),
                    );
                }
            }
        }
        start.stop();
        metrics.shred_recovery_elapsed_us += start.as_us();

        let mut start = Measure::start("Shred recovery");
        // Handle chaining for the members of the slot_meta_working_set that were inserted into,
        // drop the others
        self.handle_chaining(&mut write_batch, &mut slot_meta_working_set)?;
        start.stop();
        metrics.chaining_elapsed_us += start.as_us();

        let mut start = Measure::start("Commit Working Sets");
        let (should_signal, newly_completed_slots) = commit_slot_meta_working_set(
            &slot_meta_working_set,
            &self.completed_slots_senders.lock().unwrap(),
            &mut write_batch,
        )?;

        for (erasure_set, erasure_meta) in erasure_metas {
            write_batch.put::<cf::ErasureMeta>(erasure_set.store_key(), &erasure_meta)?;
        }

        for (&slot, index_working_set_entry) in index_working_set.iter() {
            if index_working_set_entry.did_insert_occur {
                write_batch.put::<cf::Index>(slot, &index_working_set_entry.index)?;
            }
        }
        start.stop();
        metrics.commit_working_sets_elapsed_us += start.as_us();

        let mut start = Measure::start("Write Batch");
        self.db.write(write_batch)?;
        start.stop();
        metrics.write_batch_elapsed_us += start.as_us();

        send_signals(
            &self.new_shreds_signals.lock().unwrap(),
            &self.completed_slots_senders.lock().unwrap(),
            should_signal,
            newly_completed_slots,
        );

        total_start.stop();

        metrics.total_elapsed_us += total_start.as_us();
        metrics.index_meta_time_us += index_meta_time_us;

        Ok(InsertResults {
            completed_data_set_infos: newly_completed_data_sets,
            duplicate_shreds,
        })
    }

    pub fn insert_shreds_handle_duplicate<F>(
        &self,
        shreds: Vec<Shred>,
        is_repaired: Vec<bool>,
        leader_schedule: Option<&LeaderScheduleCache>,
        is_trusted: bool,
        retransmit_sender: Option<&Sender<Vec</*shred:*/ Vec<u8>>>>,
        handle_duplicate: &F,
        reed_solomon_cache: &ReedSolomonCache,
        metrics: &mut BlockstoreInsertionMetrics,
    ) -> Result<Vec<CompletedDataSetInfo>>
    where
        F: Fn(Shred),
    {
        let InsertResults {
            completed_data_set_infos,
            duplicate_shreds,
        } = self.do_insert_shreds(
            shreds,
            is_repaired,
            leader_schedule,
            is_trusted,
            retransmit_sender,
            reed_solomon_cache,
            metrics,
        )?;

        for shred in duplicate_shreds {
            handle_duplicate(shred);
        }

        Ok(completed_data_set_infos)
    }

    pub fn add_new_shred_signal(&self, s: Sender<bool>) {
        self.new_shreds_signals.lock().unwrap().push(s);
    }

    pub fn add_completed_slots_signal(&self, s: CompletedSlotsSender) {
        self.completed_slots_senders.lock().unwrap().push(s);
    }

    pub fn get_new_shred_signals_len(&self) -> usize {
        self.new_shreds_signals.lock().unwrap().len()
    }

    pub fn get_new_shred_signal(&self, index: usize) -> Option<Sender<bool>> {
        self.new_shreds_signals.lock().unwrap().get(index).cloned()
    }

    pub fn drop_signal(&self) {
        self.new_shreds_signals.lock().unwrap().clear();
        self.completed_slots_senders.lock().unwrap().clear();
    }

    /// Range-delete all entries which prefix matches the specified `slot`,
    /// remove `slot` its' parents SlotMeta next_slots list, and
    /// clear `slot`'s SlotMeta (except for next_slots).
    ///
    /// This function currently requires `insert_shreds_lock`, as both
    /// `clear_unconfirmed_slot()` and `insert_shreds_handle_duplicate()`
    /// try to perform read-modify-write operation on [`cf::SlotMeta`] column
    /// family.
    pub fn clear_unconfirmed_slot(&self, slot: Slot) {
        let _lock = self.insert_shreds_lock.lock().unwrap();
        if let Some(mut slot_meta) = self
            .meta(slot)
            .expect("Couldn't fetch from SlotMeta column family")
        {
            // Clear all slot related information
            self.run_purge(slot, slot, PurgeType::PrimaryIndex)
                .expect("Purge database operations failed");

            // Clear this slot as a next slot from parent
            if let Some(parent_slot) = slot_meta.parent_slot {
                let mut parent_slot_meta = self
                    .meta(parent_slot)
                    .expect("Couldn't fetch from SlotMeta column family")
                    .expect("Unconfirmed slot should have had parent slot set");
                // .retain() is a linear scan; however, next_slots should
                // only contain several elements so this isn't so bad
                parent_slot_meta
                    .next_slots
                    .retain(|&next_slot| next_slot != slot);
                self.meta_cf
                    .put(parent_slot, &parent_slot_meta)
                    .expect("Couldn't insert into SlotMeta column family");
            }
            // Reinsert parts of `slot_meta` that are important to retain, like the `next_slots`
            // field.
            slot_meta.clear_unconfirmed_slot();
            self.meta_cf
                .put(slot, &slot_meta)
                .expect("Couldn't insert into SlotMeta column family");
        } else {
            error!(
                "clear_unconfirmed_slot() called on slot {} with no SlotMeta",
                slot
            );
        }
    }

    pub fn insert_shreds(
        &self,
        shreds: Vec<Shred>,
        leader_schedule: Option<&LeaderScheduleCache>,
        is_trusted: bool,
    ) -> Result<Vec<CompletedDataSetInfo>> {
        let shreds_len = shreds.len();
        let insert_results = self.do_insert_shreds(
            shreds,
            vec![false; shreds_len],
            leader_schedule,
            is_trusted,
            None, // retransmit-sender
            &ReedSolomonCache::default(),
            &mut BlockstoreInsertionMetrics::default(),
        )?;
        Ok(insert_results.completed_data_set_infos)
    }

    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    fn check_insert_coding_shred(
        &self,
        shred: Shred,
        erasure_metas: &mut HashMap<ErasureSetId, ErasureMeta>,
        index_working_set: &mut HashMap<u64, IndexMetaWorkingSetEntry>,
        write_batch: &mut WriteBatch,
        just_received_shreds: &mut HashMap<ShredId, Shred>,
        index_meta_time_us: &mut u64,
        duplicate_shreds: &mut Vec<Shred>,
        is_trusted: bool,
        shred_source: ShredSource,
        metrics: &mut BlockstoreInsertionMetrics,
    ) -> bool {
        let slot = shred.slot();
        let shred_index = u64::from(shred.index());

        let index_meta_working_set_entry =
            self.get_index_meta_entry(slot, index_working_set, index_meta_time_us);

        let index_meta = &mut index_meta_working_set_entry.index;

        // This gives the index of first coding shred in this FEC block
        // So, all coding shreds in a given FEC block will have the same set index

        if !is_trusted {
            if index_meta.coding().contains(shred_index) {
                metrics.num_coding_shreds_exists += 1;
                duplicate_shreds.push(shred);
                return false;
            }

            if !Blockstore::should_insert_coding_shred(&shred, &self.last_root) {
                metrics.num_coding_shreds_invalid += 1;
                return false;
            }
        }

        let erasure_set = shred.erasure_set();
        let erasure_meta = erasure_metas.entry(erasure_set).or_insert_with(|| {
            self.erasure_meta(erasure_set)
                .expect("Expect database get to succeed")
                .unwrap_or_else(|| ErasureMeta::from_coding_shred(&shred).unwrap())
        });

        // TODO: handle_duplicate is not invoked and so duplicate shreds are
        // not gossiped to the rest of cluster.
        if !erasure_meta.check_coding_shred(&shred) {
            metrics.num_coding_shreds_invalid_erasure_config += 1;
            let conflicting_shred = self.find_conflicting_coding_shred(
                &shred,
                slot,
                erasure_meta,
                just_received_shreds,
            );
            if let Some(conflicting_shred) = conflicting_shred {
                if self
                    .store_duplicate_if_not_existing(
                        slot,
                        conflicting_shred,
                        shred.payload().clone(),
                    )
                    .is_err()
                {
                    warn!("bad duplicate store..");
                }
            } else {
                datapoint_info!("bad-conflict-shred", ("slot", slot, i64));
            }

            // ToDo: This is a potential slashing condition
            warn!("Received multiple erasure configs for the same erasure set!!!");
            warn!(
                "Slot: {}, shred index: {}, erasure_set: {:?}, \
                is_duplicate: {}, stored config: {:#?}, new shred: {:#?}",
                slot,
                shred.index(),
                erasure_set,
                self.has_duplicate_shreds_in_slot(slot),
                erasure_meta.config(),
                shred,
            );
            return false;
        }

        self.slots_stats
            .record_shred(shred.slot(), shred.fec_set_index(), shred_source, None);

        // insert coding shred into rocks
        let result = self
            .insert_coding_shred(index_meta, &shred, write_batch)
            .is_ok();

        if result {
            index_meta_working_set_entry.did_insert_occur = true;
            metrics.num_inserted += 1;
        }

        if let HashMapEntry::Vacant(entry) = just_received_shreds.entry(shred.id()) {
            metrics.num_coding_shreds_inserted += 1;
            entry.insert(shred);
        }

        result
    }

    fn find_conflicting_coding_shred(
        &self,
        shred: &Shred,
        slot: Slot,
        erasure_meta: &ErasureMeta,
        just_received_shreds: &HashMap<ShredId, Shred>,
    ) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
        // Search for the shred which set the initial erasure config, either inserted,
        // or in the current batch in just_received_shreds.
        for coding_index in erasure_meta.coding_shreds_indices() {
            let maybe_shred = self.get_coding_shred(slot, coding_index);
            if let Ok(Some(shred_data)) = maybe_shred {
                let potential_shred = Shred::new_from_serialized_shred(shred_data).unwrap();
                if shred.erasure_mismatch(&potential_shred).unwrap() {
                    return Some(potential_shred.into_payload());
                }
            } else if let Some(potential_shred) = {
                let key = ShredId::new(slot, u32::try_from(coding_index).unwrap(), ShredType::Code);
                just_received_shreds.get(&key)
            } {
                if shred.erasure_mismatch(potential_shred).unwrap() {
                    return Some(potential_shred.payload().clone());
                }
            }
        }
        None
    }

    /// Create an entry to the specified `write_batch` that performs shred
    /// insertion and associated metadata update.  The function also updates
    /// its in-memory copy of the associated metadata.
    ///
    /// Currently, this function must be invoked while holding
    /// `insert_shreds_lock` as it performs read-modify-write operations
    /// on multiple column families.
    ///
    /// The resulting `write_batch` may include updates to [`cf::DeadSlots`]
    /// and [`cf::ShredData`].  Note that it will also update the in-memory copy
    /// of `erasure_metas` and `index_working_set`, which will later be
    /// used to update other column families such as [`cf::ErasureMeta`] and
    /// [`cf::Index`].
    ///
    /// Arguments:
    /// - `shred`: the shred to be inserted
    /// - `erasure_metas`: the in-memory hash-map that maintains the dirty
    ///     copy of the erasure meta.  It will later be written to
    ///     `cf::ErasureMeta` in insert_shreds_handle_duplicate().
    /// - `index_working_set`: the in-memory hash-map that maintains the
    ///     dirty copy of the index meta.  It will later be written to
    ///     `cf::Index` in insert_shreds_handle_duplicate().
    /// - `slot_meta_working_set`: the in-memory hash-map that maintains
    ///     the dirty copy of the index meta.  It will later be written to
    ///     `cf::SlotMeta` in insert_shreds_handle_duplicate().
    /// - `write_batch`: the collection of the current writes which will
    ///     be committed atomically.
    /// - `just_inserted_data_shreds`: a (slot, shred index within the slot)
    ///     to shred map which maintains which data shreds have been inserted.
    /// - `index_meta_time_us`: the time spent on loading or creating the
    ///     index meta entry from the db.
    /// - `is_trusted`: if false, this function will check whether the
    ///     input shred is duplicate.
    /// - `handle_duplicate`: the function that handles duplication.
    /// - `leader_schedule`: the leader schedule will be used to check
    ///     whether it is okay to insert the input shred.
    /// - `shred_source`: the source of the shred.
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    fn check_insert_data_shred(
        &self,
        shred: Shred,
        erasure_metas: &mut HashMap<ErasureSetId, ErasureMeta>,
        index_working_set: &mut HashMap<u64, IndexMetaWorkingSetEntry>,
        slot_meta_working_set: &mut HashMap<u64, SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry>,
        write_batch: &mut WriteBatch,
        just_inserted_shreds: &mut HashMap<ShredId, Shred>,
        index_meta_time_us: &mut u64,
        is_trusted: bool,
        duplicate_shreds: &mut Vec<Shred>,
        leader_schedule: Option<&LeaderScheduleCache>,
        shred_source: ShredSource,
    ) -> std::result::Result<Vec<CompletedDataSetInfo>, InsertDataShredError> {
        let slot = shred.slot();
        let shred_index = u64::from(shred.index());

        let index_meta_working_set_entry =
            self.get_index_meta_entry(slot, index_working_set, index_meta_time_us);
        let index_meta = &mut index_meta_working_set_entry.index;
        let slot_meta_entry = self.get_slot_meta_entry(
            slot_meta_working_set,
            slot,
            shred
                .parent()
                .map_err(|_| InsertDataShredError::InvalidShred)?,
        );

        let slot_meta = &mut slot_meta_entry.new_slot_meta.borrow_mut();

        if !is_trusted {
            if Self::is_data_shred_present(&shred, slot_meta, index_meta.data()) {
                duplicate_shreds.push(shred);
                return Err(InsertDataShredError::Exists);
            }

            if shred.last_in_slot() && shred_index < slot_meta.received && !slot_meta.is_full() {
                // We got a last shred < slot_meta.received, which signals there's an alternative,
                // shorter version of the slot. Because also `!slot_meta.is_full()`, then this
                // means, for the current version of the slot, we might never get all the
                // shreds < the current last index, never replay this slot, and make no
                // progress (for instance if a leader sends an additional detached "last index"
                // shred with a very high index, but none of the intermediate shreds). Ideally, we would
                // just purge all shreds > the new last index slot, but because replay may have already
                // replayed entries past the newly detected "last" shred, then mark the slot as dead
                // and wait for replay to dump and repair the correct version.
                warn!("Received *last* shred index {} less than previous shred index {}, and slot {} is not full, marking slot dead", shred_index, slot_meta.received, slot);
                write_batch.put::<cf::DeadSlots>(slot, &true).unwrap();
            }

            if !self.should_insert_data_shred(
                &shred,
                slot_meta,
                just_inserted_shreds,
                &self.last_root,
                leader_schedule,
                shred_source,
            ) {
                return Err(InsertDataShredError::InvalidShred);
            }
        }

        let erasure_set = shred.erasure_set();
        let newly_completed_data_sets = self.insert_data_shred(
            slot_meta,
            index_meta.data_mut(),
            &shred,
            write_batch,
            shred_source,
        )?;
        just_inserted_shreds.insert(shred.id(), shred);
        index_meta_working_set_entry.did_insert_occur = true;
        slot_meta_entry.did_insert_occur = true;
        if let HashMapEntry::Vacant(entry) = erasure_metas.entry(erasure_set) {
            if let Some(meta) = self.erasure_meta(erasure_set).unwrap() {
                entry.insert(meta);
            }
        }
        Ok(newly_completed_data_sets)
    }

    fn should_insert_coding_shred(shred: &Shred, last_root: &RwLock<u64>) -> bool {
        debug_assert_matches!(shred.sanitize(), Ok(()));
        shred.is_code() && shred.slot() > *last_root.read().unwrap()
    }

    fn insert_coding_shred(
        &self,
        index_meta: &mut Index,
        shred: &Shred,
        write_batch: &mut WriteBatch,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let slot = shred.slot();
        let shred_index = u64::from(shred.index());

        // Assert guaranteed by integrity checks on the shred that happen before
        // `insert_coding_shred` is called
        debug_assert_matches!(shred.sanitize(), Ok(()));
        assert!(shred.is_code());

        // Commit step: commit all changes to the mutable structures at once, or none at all.
        // We don't want only a subset of these changes going through.
        write_batch.put_bytes::<cf::ShredCode>((slot, shred_index), shred.payload())?;
        index_meta.coding_mut().insert(shred_index);

        Ok(())
    }

    fn is_data_shred_present(shred: &Shred, slot_meta: &SlotMeta, data_index: &ShredIndex) -> bool {
        let shred_index = u64::from(shred.index());
        // Check that the shred doesn't already exist in blockstore
        shred_index < slot_meta.consumed || data_index.contains(shred_index)
    }

    fn get_data_shred_from_just_inserted_or_db<'a>(
        &'a self,
        just_inserted_shreds: &'a HashMap<ShredId, Shred>,
        slot: Slot,
        index: u64,
    ) -> Cow<'a, Vec<u8>> {
        let key = ShredId::new(slot, u32::try_from(index).unwrap(), ShredType::Data);
        if let Some(shred) = just_inserted_shreds.get(&key) {
            Cow::Borrowed(shred.payload())
        } else {
            // If it doesn't exist in the just inserted set, it must exist in
            // the backing store
            Cow::Owned(self.get_data_shred(slot, index).unwrap().unwrap())
        }
    }

    fn should_insert_data_shred(
        &self,
        shred: &Shred,
        slot_meta: &SlotMeta,
        just_inserted_shreds: &HashMap<ShredId, Shred>,
        last_root: &RwLock<u64>,
        leader_schedule: Option<&LeaderScheduleCache>,
        shred_source: ShredSource,
    ) -> bool {
        let shred_index = u64::from(shred.index());
        let slot = shred.slot();
        let last_in_slot = if shred.last_in_slot() {
            debug!("got last in slot");
            true
        } else {
            false
        };
        debug_assert_matches!(shred.sanitize(), Ok(()));
        // Check that we do not receive shred_index >= than the last_index
        // for the slot
        let last_index = slot_meta.last_index;
        if last_index.map(|ix| shred_index >= ix).unwrap_or_default() {
            let leader_pubkey = leader_schedule
                .and_then(|leader_schedule| leader_schedule.slot_leader_at(slot, None));

            let ending_shred: Cow<Vec<u8>> = self.get_data_shred_from_just_inserted_or_db(
                just_inserted_shreds,
                slot,
                last_index.unwrap(),
            );

            if self
                .store_duplicate_if_not_existing(
                    slot,
                    ending_shred.into_owned(),
                    shred.payload().clone(),
                )
                .is_err()
            {
                warn!("store duplicate error");
            }

            datapoint_error!(
                "blockstore_error",
                (
                    "error",
                    format!(
                        "Leader {leader_pubkey:?}, slot {slot}: received index {shred_index} >= slot.last_index {last_index:?}, shred_source: {shred_source:?}"
                    ),
                    String
                )
            );
            return false;
        }
        // Check that we do not receive a shred with "last_index" true, but shred_index
        // less than our current received
        if last_in_slot && shred_index < slot_meta.received {
            let leader_pubkey = leader_schedule
                .and_then(|leader_schedule| leader_schedule.slot_leader_at(slot, None));

            let ending_shred: Cow<Vec<u8>> = self.get_data_shred_from_just_inserted_or_db(
                just_inserted_shreds,
                slot,
                slot_meta.received - 1,
            );

            if self
                .store_duplicate_if_not_existing(
                    slot,
                    ending_shred.into_owned(),
                    shred.payload().clone(),
                )
                .is_err()
            {
                warn!("store duplicate error");
            }

            datapoint_error!(
                "blockstore_error",
                (
                    "error",
                    format!(
                        "Leader {:?}, slot {}: received shred_index {} < slot.received {}, shred_source: {:?}",
                        leader_pubkey, slot, shred_index, slot_meta.received, shred_source
                    ),
                    String
                )
            );
            return false;
        }

        let last_root = *last_root.read().unwrap();
        // TODO Shouldn't this use shred.parent() instead and update
        // slot_meta.parent_slot accordingly?
        slot_meta
            .parent_slot
            .map(|parent_slot| verify_shred_slots(slot, parent_slot, last_root))
            .unwrap_or_default()
    }

    /// send slot full timing point to poh_timing_report service
    fn send_slot_full_timing(&self, slot: Slot) {
        if let Some(ref sender) = self.shred_timing_point_sender {
            send_poh_timing_point(
                sender,
                SlotPohTimingInfo::new_slot_full_poh_time_point(
                    slot,
                    Some(self.last_root()),
                    solana_sdk::timing::timestamp(),
                ),
            );
        }
    }

    fn insert_data_shred(
        &self,
        slot_meta: &mut SlotMeta,
        data_index: &mut ShredIndex,
        shred: &Shred,
        write_batch: &mut WriteBatch,
        shred_source: ShredSource,
    ) -> Result<Vec<CompletedDataSetInfo>> {
        let slot = shred.slot();
        let index = u64::from(shred.index());

        let last_in_slot = if shred.last_in_slot() {
            debug!("got last in slot");
            true
        } else {
            false
        };

        let last_in_data = if shred.data_complete() {
            debug!("got last in data");
            true
        } else {
            false
        };

        // Parent for slot meta should have been set by this point
        assert!(!is_orphan(slot_meta));

        let new_consumed = if slot_meta.consumed == index {
            let mut current_index = index + 1;

            while data_index.contains(current_index) {
                current_index += 1;
            }
            current_index
        } else {
            slot_meta.consumed
        };

        // Commit step: commit all changes to the mutable structures at once, or none at all.
        // We don't want only a subset of these changes going through.
        write_batch.put_bytes::<cf::ShredData>((slot, index), shred.bytes_to_store())?;
        data_index.insert(index);
        let newly_completed_data_sets = update_slot_meta(
            last_in_slot,
            last_in_data,
            slot_meta,
            index as u32,
            new_consumed,
            shred.reference_tick(),
            data_index,
        )
        .into_iter()
        .map(|(start_index, end_index)| CompletedDataSetInfo {
            slot,
            start_index,
            end_index,
        })
        .collect();

        self.slots_stats.record_shred(
            shred.slot(),
            shred.fec_set_index(),
            shred_source,
            Some(slot_meta),
        );

        // slot is full, send slot full timing to poh_timing_report service.
        if slot_meta.is_full() {
            self.send_slot_full_timing(slot);
        }

        trace!("inserted shred into slot {:?} and index {:?}", slot, index);

        Ok(newly_completed_data_sets)
    }

    pub fn get_data_shred(&self, slot: Slot, index: u64) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
        let shred = self.data_shred_cf.get_bytes((slot, index))?;
        let shred = shred.map(ShredData::resize_stored_shred).transpose();
        shred.map_err(|err| {
            let err = format!("Invalid stored shred: {err}");
            let err = Box::new(bincode::ErrorKind::Custom(err));
            BlockstoreError::InvalidShredData(err)
        })
    }

    pub fn get_data_shreds_for_slot(&self, slot: Slot, start_index: u64) -> Result<Vec<Shred>> {
        self.slot_data_iterator(slot, start_index)
            .expect("blockstore couldn't fetch iterator")
            .map(|(_, bytes)| {
                Shred::new_from_serialized_shred(bytes.to_vec()).map_err(|err| {
                    BlockstoreError::InvalidShredData(Box::new(bincode::ErrorKind::Custom(
                        format!("Could not reconstruct shred from shred payload: {err:?}"),
                    )))
                })
            })
            .collect()
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    fn get_data_shreds(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        from_index: u64,
        to_index: u64,
        buffer: &mut [u8],
    ) -> Result<(u64, usize)> {
        let _lock = self.check_lowest_cleanup_slot(slot)?;
        let mut buffer_offset = 0;
        let mut last_index = 0;
        if let Some(meta) = self.meta_cf.get(slot)? {
            if !meta.is_full() {
                warn!("The slot is not yet full. Will not return any shreds");
                return Ok((last_index, buffer_offset));
            }
            let to_index = cmp::min(to_index, meta.consumed);
            for index in from_index..to_index {
                if let Some(shred_data) = self.get_data_shred(slot, index)? {
                    let shred_len = shred_data.len();
                    if buffer.len().saturating_sub(buffer_offset) >= shred_len {
                        buffer[buffer_offset..buffer_offset + shred_len]
                            .copy_from_slice(&shred_data[..shred_len]);
                        buffer_offset += shred_len;
                        last_index = index;
                        // All shreds are of the same length.
                        // Let's check if we have scope to accommodate another shred
                        // If not, let's break right away, as it'll save on 1 DB read
                        if buffer.len().saturating_sub(buffer_offset) < shred_len {
                            break;
                        }
                    } else {
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        Ok((last_index, buffer_offset))
    }

    pub fn get_coding_shred(&self, slot: Slot, index: u64) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
        self.code_shred_cf.get_bytes((slot, index))
    }

    pub fn get_coding_shreds_for_slot(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        start_index: u64,
    ) -> std::result::Result<Vec<Shred>, shred::Error> {
        self.slot_coding_iterator(slot, start_index)
            .expect("blockstore couldn't fetch iterator")
            .map(|code| Shred::new_from_serialized_shred(code.1.to_vec()))
            .collect()
    }

    // Only used by tests
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub(crate) fn write_entries(
        &self,
        start_slot: Slot,
        num_ticks_in_start_slot: u64,
        start_index: u32,
        ticks_per_slot: u64,
        parent: Option<u64>,
        is_full_slot: bool,
        keypair: &Keypair,
        entries: Vec<Entry>,
        version: u16,
    ) -> Result<usize /*num of data shreds*/> {
        let mut parent_slot = parent.map_or(start_slot.saturating_sub(1), |v| v);
        let num_slots = (start_slot - parent_slot).max(1); // Note: slot 0 has parent slot 0
        assert!(num_ticks_in_start_slot < num_slots * ticks_per_slot);
        let mut remaining_ticks_in_slot = num_slots * ticks_per_slot - num_ticks_in_start_slot;

        let mut current_slot = start_slot;
        let mut shredder = Shredder::new(current_slot, parent_slot, 0, version).unwrap();
        let mut all_shreds = vec![];
        let mut slot_entries = vec![];
        let reed_solomon_cache = ReedSolomonCache::default();
        // Find all the entries for start_slot
        for entry in entries.into_iter() {
            if remaining_ticks_in_slot == 0 {
                current_slot += 1;
                parent_slot = current_slot - 1;
                remaining_ticks_in_slot = ticks_per_slot;
                let current_entries = std::mem::take(&mut slot_entries);
                let start_index = {
                    if all_shreds.is_empty() {
                        start_index
                    } else {
                        0
                    }
                };
                let (mut data_shreds, mut coding_shreds) = shredder.entries_to_shreds(
                    keypair,
                    &current_entries,
                    true,        // is_last_in_slot
                    start_index, // next_shred_index
                    start_index, // next_code_index
                    true,        // merkle_variant
                    &reed_solomon_cache,
                    &mut ProcessShredsStats::default(),
                );
                all_shreds.append(&mut data_shreds);
                all_shreds.append(&mut coding_shreds);
                shredder = Shredder::new(
                    current_slot,
                    parent_slot,
                    (ticks_per_slot - remaining_ticks_in_slot) as u8,
                    version,
                )
                .unwrap();
            }

            if entry.is_tick() {
                remaining_ticks_in_slot -= 1;
            }
            slot_entries.push(entry);
        }

        if !slot_entries.is_empty() {
            let (mut data_shreds, mut coding_shreds) = shredder.entries_to_shreds(
                keypair,
                &slot_entries,
                is_full_slot,
                0,    // next_shred_index
                0,    // next_code_index
                true, // merkle_variant
                &reed_solomon_cache,
                &mut ProcessShredsStats::default(),
            );
            all_shreds.append(&mut data_shreds);
            all_shreds.append(&mut coding_shreds);
        }
        let num_data = all_shreds.iter().filter(|shred| shred.is_data()).count();
        self.insert_shreds(all_shreds, None, false)?;
        Ok(num_data)
    }

    pub fn get_index(&self, slot: Slot) -> Result<Option<Index>> {
        self.index_cf.get(slot)
    }

    /// Manually update the meta for a slot.
    /// Can interfere with automatic meta update and potentially break chaining.
    /// Dangerous. Use with care.
    pub fn put_meta_bytes(&self, slot: Slot, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
        self.meta_cf.put_bytes(slot, bytes)
    }

    /// Manually update the meta for a slot.
    /// Can interfere with automatic meta update and potentially break chaining.
    /// Dangerous. Use with care.
    pub fn put_meta(&self, slot: Slot, meta: &SlotMeta) -> Result<()> {
        self.put_meta_bytes(slot, &bincode::serialize(meta)?)
    }

    /// Find missing shred indices for a given `slot` within the range
    /// [`start_index`, `end_index`]. Missing shreds will only be reported as
    /// missing if they should be present by the time this function is called,
    /// as controlled by`first_timestamp` and `defer_threshold_ticks`.
    ///
    /// Arguments:
    ///  - `db_iterator`: Iterator to run search over.
    ///  - `slot`: The slot to search for missing shreds for.
    ///  - 'first_timestamp`: Timestamp (ms) for slot's first shred insertion.
    ///  - `defer_threshold_ticks`: A grace period to allow shreds that are
    ///    missing to be excluded from the reported missing list. This allows
    ///    tuning on how aggressively missing shreds should be reported and
    ///    acted upon.
    ///  - `start_index`: Begin search (inclusively) at this shred index.
    ///  - `end_index`: Finish search (exclusively) at this shred index.
    ///  - `max_missing`: Limit result to this many indices.
    fn find_missing_indexes<C>(
        db_iterator: &mut DBRawIterator,
        slot: Slot,
        first_timestamp: u64,
        defer_threshold_ticks: u64,
        start_index: u64,
        end_index: u64,
        max_missing: usize,
    ) -> Vec<u64>
    where
        C: Column<Index = (u64, u64)>,
    {
        if start_index >= end_index || max_missing == 0 {
            return vec![];
        }

        let mut missing_indexes = vec![];
        // System time is not monotonic
        let ticks_since_first_insert =
            DEFAULT_TICKS_PER_SECOND * timestamp().saturating_sub(first_timestamp) / 1000;

        // Seek to the first shred with index >= start_index
        db_iterator.seek(&C::key((slot, start_index)));

        // The index of the first missing shred in the slot
        let mut prev_index = start_index;
        loop {
            if !db_iterator.valid() {
                let num_to_take = max_missing - missing_indexes.len();
                missing_indexes.extend((prev_index..end_index).take(num_to_take));
                break;
            }
            let (current_slot, index) = C::index(db_iterator.key().expect("Expect a valid key"));

            let current_index = {
                if current_slot > slot {
                    end_index
                } else {
                    index
                }
            };

            let upper_index = cmp::min(current_index, end_index);
            // the tick that will be used to figure out the timeout for this hole
            let data = db_iterator.value().expect("couldn't read value");
            let reference_tick = u64::from(shred::layout::get_reference_tick(data).unwrap());
            if ticks_since_first_insert < reference_tick + defer_threshold_ticks {
                // The higher index holes have not timed out yet
                break;
            }

            let num_to_take = max_missing - missing_indexes.len();
            missing_indexes.extend((prev_index..upper_index).take(num_to_take));

            if missing_indexes.len() == max_missing
                || current_slot > slot
                || current_index >= end_index
            {
                break;
            }

            prev_index = current_index + 1;
            db_iterator.next();
        }

        missing_indexes
    }

    /// Find missing data shreds for the given `slot`.
    ///
    /// For more details on the arguments, see [`find_missing_indexes`].
    pub fn find_missing_data_indexes(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        first_timestamp: u64,
        defer_threshold_ticks: u64,
        start_index: u64,
        end_index: u64,
        max_missing: usize,
    ) -> Vec<u64> {
        if let Ok(mut db_iterator) = self
            .db
            .raw_iterator_cf(self.db.cf_handle::<cf::ShredData>())
        {
            Self::find_missing_indexes::<cf::ShredData>(
                &mut db_iterator,
                slot,
                first_timestamp,
                defer_threshold_ticks,
                start_index,
                end_index,
                max_missing,
            )
        } else {
            vec![]
        }
    }

    pub fn get_block_time(&self, slot: Slot) -> Result<Option<UnixTimestamp>> {
        datapoint_info!("blockstore-rpc-api", ("method", "get_block_time", String));
        let _lock = self.check_lowest_cleanup_slot(slot)?;
        self.blocktime_cf.get(slot)
    }

    pub fn cache_block_time(&self, slot: Slot, timestamp: UnixTimestamp) -> Result<()> {
        self.blocktime_cf.put(slot, &timestamp)
    }

    pub fn get_block_height(&self, slot: Slot) -> Result<Option<u64>> {
        datapoint_info!("blockstore-rpc-api", ("method", "get_block_height", String));
        let _lock = self.check_lowest_cleanup_slot(slot)?;
        self.block_height_cf.get(slot)
    }

    pub fn cache_block_height(&self, slot: Slot, block_height: u64) -> Result<()> {
        self.block_height_cf.put(slot, &block_height)
    }

    /// The first complete block that is available in the Blockstore ledger
    pub fn get_first_available_block(&self) -> Result<Slot> {
        let mut root_iterator = self.rooted_slot_iterator(self.lowest_slot_with_genesis())?;
        let first_root = root_iterator.next().unwrap_or_default();
        // If the first root is slot 0, it is genesis. Genesis is always complete, so it is correct
        // to return it as first-available.
        if first_root == 0 {
            return Ok(first_root);
        }
        // Otherwise, the block at root-index 0 cannot ever be complete, because it is missing its
        // parent blockhash. A parent blockhash must be calculated from the entries of the previous
        // block. Therefore, the first available complete block is that at root-index 1.
        Ok(root_iterator.next().unwrap_or_default())
    }

    pub fn get_rooted_block(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        require_previous_blockhash: bool,
    ) -> Result<VersionedConfirmedBlock> {
        datapoint_info!("blockstore-rpc-api", ("method", "get_rooted_block", String));
        let _lock = self.check_lowest_cleanup_slot(slot)?;

        if self.is_root(slot) {
            return self.get_complete_block(slot, require_previous_blockhash);
        }
        Err(BlockstoreError::SlotNotRooted)
    }

    pub fn get_complete_block(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        require_previous_blockhash: bool,
    ) -> Result<VersionedConfirmedBlock> {
        let Some(slot_meta) = self.meta_cf.get(slot)? else {
            info!("SlotMeta not found for slot {}", slot);
            return Err(BlockstoreError::SlotUnavailable);
        };
        if slot_meta.is_full() {
            let slot_entries = self.get_slot_entries(slot, 0)?;
            if !slot_entries.is_empty() {
                let blockhash = slot_entries
                    .last()
                    .map(|entry| entry.hash)
                    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Rooted slot {slot:?} must have blockhash"));
                let slot_transaction_iterator = slot_entries
                    .into_iter()
                    .flat_map(|entry| entry.transactions)
                    .map(|transaction| {
                        if let Err(err) = transaction.sanitize() {
                            warn!(
                                "Blockstore::get_block sanitize failed: {:?}, \
                                slot: {:?}, \
                                {:?}",
                                err, slot, transaction,
                            );
                        }
                        transaction
                    });
                let parent_slot_entries = slot_meta
                    .parent_slot
                    .and_then(|parent_slot| {
                        self.get_slot_entries(parent_slot, /*shred_start_index:*/ 0)
                            .ok()
                    })
                    .unwrap_or_default();
                if parent_slot_entries.is_empty() && require_previous_blockhash {
                    return Err(BlockstoreError::ParentEntriesUnavailable);
                }
                let previous_blockhash = if !parent_slot_entries.is_empty() {
                    get_last_hash(parent_slot_entries.iter()).unwrap()
                } else {
                    Hash::default()
                };

                let rewards = self
                    .rewards_cf
                    .get_protobuf_or_bincode::<StoredExtendedRewards>(slot)?
                    .unwrap_or_default()
                    .into();

                // The Blocktime and BlockHeight column families are updated asynchronously; they
                // may not be written by the time the complete slot entries are available. In this
                // case, these fields will be `None`.
                let block_time = self.blocktime_cf.get(slot)?;
                let block_height = self.block_height_cf.get(slot)?;

                let block = VersionedConfirmedBlock {
                    previous_blockhash: previous_blockhash.to_string(),
                    blockhash: blockhash.to_string(),
                    // If the slot is full it should have parent_slot populated
                    // from shreds received.
                    parent_slot: slot_meta.parent_slot.unwrap(),
                    transactions: self
                        .map_transactions_to_statuses(slot, slot_transaction_iterator)?,
                    rewards,
                    block_time,
                    block_height,
                };
                return Ok(block);
            }
        }
        Err(BlockstoreError::SlotUnavailable)
    }

    pub fn map_transactions_to_statuses(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        iterator: impl Iterator<Item = VersionedTransaction>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<VersionedTransactionWithStatusMeta>> {
        iterator
            .map(|transaction| {
                let signature = transaction.signatures[0];
                Ok(VersionedTransactionWithStatusMeta {
                    transaction,
                    meta: self
                        .read_transaction_status((signature, slot))?
                        .ok_or(BlockstoreError::MissingTransactionMetadata)?,
                })
            })
            .collect()
    }

    /// Initializes the TransactionStatusIndex column family with two records, `0` and `1`,
    /// which are used as the primary index for entries in the TransactionStatus and
    /// AddressSignatures columns. At any given time, one primary index is active (ie. new records
    /// are stored under this index), the other is frozen.
    fn initialize_transaction_status_index(&self) -> Result<()> {
        self.transaction_status_index_cf
            .put(0, &TransactionStatusIndexMeta::default())?;
        self.transaction_status_index_cf
            .put(1, &TransactionStatusIndexMeta::default())?;
        // This dummy status improves compaction performance
        let default_status = TransactionStatusMeta::default().into();
        self.transaction_status_cf
            .put_protobuf(cf::TransactionStatus::as_index(2), &default_status)?;
        self.address_signatures_cf.put(
            cf::AddressSignatures::as_index(2),
            &AddressSignatureMeta::default(),
        )
    }

    /// Toggles the active primary index between `0` and `1`, and clears the
    /// stored max-slot of the frozen index in preparation for pruning.
    fn toggle_transaction_status_index(
        &self,
        batch: &mut WriteBatch,
        w_active_transaction_status_index: &mut u64,
        to_slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<Option<u64>> {
        let index0 = self.transaction_status_index_cf.get(0)?;
        if index0.is_none() {
            return Ok(None);
        }
        let mut index0 = index0.unwrap();
        let mut index1 = self.transaction_status_index_cf.get(1)?.unwrap();

        if !index0.frozen && !index1.frozen {
            index0.frozen = true;
            *w_active_transaction_status_index = 1;
            batch.put::<cf::TransactionStatusIndex>(0, &index0)?;
            Ok(None)
        } else {
            let purge_target_primary_index = if index0.frozen && to_slot > index0.max_slot {
                info!(
                    "Pruning expired primary index 0 up to slot {} (max requested: {})",
                    index0.max_slot, to_slot
                );
                Some(0)
            } else if index1.frozen && to_slot > index1.max_slot {
                info!(
                    "Pruning expired primary index 1 up to slot {} (max requested: {})",
                    index1.max_slot, to_slot
                );
                Some(1)
            } else {
                None
            };

            if let Some(purge_target_primary_index) = purge_target_primary_index {
                *w_active_transaction_status_index = purge_target_primary_index;
                if index0.frozen {
                    index0.max_slot = 0
                };
                index0.frozen = !index0.frozen;
                batch.put::<cf::TransactionStatusIndex>(0, &index0)?;
                if index1.frozen {
                    index1.max_slot = 0
                };
                index1.frozen = !index1.frozen;
                batch.put::<cf::TransactionStatusIndex>(1, &index1)?;
            }

            Ok(purge_target_primary_index)
        }
    }

    fn get_primary_index_to_write(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        // take WriteGuard to require critical section semantics at call site
        w_active_transaction_status_index: &RwLockWriteGuard<Slot>,
    ) -> Result<u64> {
        let i = **w_active_transaction_status_index;
        let mut index_meta = self.transaction_status_index_cf.get(i)?.unwrap();
        if slot > index_meta.max_slot {
            assert!(!index_meta.frozen);
            index_meta.max_slot = slot;
            self.transaction_status_index_cf.put(i, &index_meta)?;
        }
        Ok(i)
    }

    pub fn read_transaction_status(
        &self,
        index: (Signature, Slot),
    ) -> Result<Option<TransactionStatusMeta>> {
        let (signature, slot) = index;
        let result = self
            .transaction_status_cf
            .get_protobuf_or_bincode::<StoredTransactionStatusMeta>((0, signature, slot))?;
        if result.is_none() {
            Ok(self
                .transaction_status_cf
                .get_protobuf_or_bincode::<StoredTransactionStatusMeta>((1, signature, slot))?
                .and_then(|meta| meta.try_into().ok()))
        } else {
            Ok(result.and_then(|meta| meta.try_into().ok()))
        }
    }

    pub fn write_transaction_status(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        signature: Signature,
        writable_keys: Vec<&Pubkey>,
        readonly_keys: Vec<&Pubkey>,
        status: TransactionStatusMeta,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let status = status.into();
        // This write lock prevents interleaving issues with the transaction_status_index_cf by gating
        // writes to that column
        let w_active_transaction_status_index =
            self.active_transaction_status_index.write().unwrap();
        let primary_index =
            self.get_primary_index_to_write(slot, &w_active_transaction_status_index)?;
        self.transaction_status_cf
            .put_protobuf((primary_index, signature, slot), &status)?;
        for address in writable_keys {
            self.address_signatures_cf.put(
                (primary_index, *address, slot, signature),
                &AddressSignatureMeta { writeable: true },
            )?;
        }
        for address in readonly_keys {
            self.address_signatures_cf.put(
                (primary_index, *address, slot, signature),
                &AddressSignatureMeta { writeable: false },
            )?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn read_transaction_memos(&self, signature: Signature) -> Result<Option<String>> {
        self.transaction_memos_cf.get(signature)
    }

    pub fn write_transaction_memos(&self, signature: &Signature, memos: String) -> Result<()> {
        self.transaction_memos_cf.put(*signature, &memos)
    }

    /// Acquires the `lowest_cleanup_slot` lock and returns a tuple of the held lock
    /// and lowest available slot.
    ///
    /// The function will return BlockstoreError::SlotCleanedUp if the input
    /// `slot` has already been cleaned-up.
    fn check_lowest_cleanup_slot(&self, slot: Slot) -> Result<std::sync::RwLockReadGuard<Slot>> {
        // lowest_cleanup_slot is the last slot that was not cleaned up by LedgerCleanupService
        let lowest_cleanup_slot = self.lowest_cleanup_slot.read().unwrap();
        if *lowest_cleanup_slot > 0 && *lowest_cleanup_slot >= slot {
            return Err(BlockstoreError::SlotCleanedUp);
        }
        // Make caller hold this lock properly; otherwise LedgerCleanupService can purge/compact
        // needed slots here at any given moment
        Ok(lowest_cleanup_slot)
    }

    /// Acquires the lock of `lowest_cleanup_slot` and returns the tuple of
    /// the held lock and the lowest available slot.
    ///
    /// This function ensures a consistent result by using lowest_cleanup_slot
    /// as the lower bound for reading columns that do not employ strong read
    /// consistency with slot-based delete_range.
    fn ensure_lowest_cleanup_slot(&self) -> (std::sync::RwLockReadGuard<Slot>, Slot) {
        let lowest_cleanup_slot = self.lowest_cleanup_slot.read().unwrap();
        let lowest_available_slot = (*lowest_cleanup_slot)
            .checked_add(1)
            .expect("overflow from trusted value");

        // Make caller hold this lock properly; otherwise LedgerCleanupService can purge/compact
        // needed slots here at any given moment.
        // Blockstore callers, like rpc, can process concurrent read queries
        (lowest_cleanup_slot, lowest_available_slot)
    }

    // Returns a transaction status, as well as a loop counter for unit testing
    fn get_transaction_status_with_counter(
        &self,
        signature: Signature,
        confirmed_unrooted_slots: &[Slot],
    ) -> Result<(Option<(Slot, TransactionStatusMeta)>, u64)> {
        let mut counter = 0;
        let (lock, lowest_available_slot) = self.ensure_lowest_cleanup_slot();

        for transaction_status_cf_primary_index in 0..=1 {
            let index_iterator = self.transaction_status_cf.iter(IteratorMode::From(
                (
                    transaction_status_cf_primary_index,
                    signature,
                    lowest_available_slot,
                ),
                IteratorDirection::Forward,
            ))?;
            for ((i, sig, slot), _data) in index_iterator {
                counter += 1;
                if i != transaction_status_cf_primary_index || sig != signature {
                    break;
                }
                if !self.is_root(slot) && !confirmed_unrooted_slots.contains(&slot) {
                    continue;
                }
                let status = self
                    .transaction_status_cf
                    .get_protobuf_or_bincode::<StoredTransactionStatusMeta>((i, sig, slot))?
                    .and_then(|status| status.try_into().ok())
                    .map(|status| (slot, status));
                return Ok((status, counter));
            }
        }
        drop(lock);

        Ok((None, counter))
    }

    /// Returns a transaction status
    pub fn get_rooted_transaction_status(
        &self,
        signature: Signature,
    ) -> Result<Option<(Slot, TransactionStatusMeta)>> {
        datapoint_info!(
            "blockstore-rpc-api",
            ("method", "get_rooted_transaction_status", String)
        );
        self.get_transaction_status(signature, &[])
    }

    /// Returns a transaction status
    pub fn get_transaction_status(
        &self,
        signature: Signature,
        confirmed_unrooted_slots: &[Slot],
    ) -> Result<Option<(Slot, TransactionStatusMeta)>> {
        datapoint_info!(
            "blockstore-rpc-api",
            ("method", "get_transaction_status", String)
        );
        self.get_transaction_status_with_counter(signature, confirmed_unrooted_slots)
            .map(|(status, _)| status)
    }

    /// Returns a complete transaction if it was processed in a root
    pub fn get_rooted_transaction(
        &self,
        signature: Signature,
    ) -> Result<Option<ConfirmedTransactionWithStatusMeta>> {
        datapoint_info!(
            "blockstore-rpc-api",
            ("method", "get_rooted_transaction", String)
        );
        self.get_transaction_with_status(signature, &[])
    }

    /// Returns a complete transaction
    pub fn get_complete_transaction(
        &self,
        signature: Signature,
        highest_confirmed_slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<Option<ConfirmedTransactionWithStatusMeta>> {
        datapoint_info!(
            "blockstore-rpc-api",
            ("method", "get_complete_transaction", String)
        );
        let last_root = self.last_root();
        let confirmed_unrooted_slots: Vec<_> =
            AncestorIterator::new_inclusive(highest_confirmed_slot, self)
                .take_while(|&slot| slot > last_root)
                .collect();
        self.get_transaction_with_status(signature, &confirmed_unrooted_slots)
    }

    fn get_transaction_with_status(
        &self,
        signature: Signature,
        confirmed_unrooted_slots: &[Slot],
    ) -> Result<Option<ConfirmedTransactionWithStatusMeta>> {
        if let Some((slot, meta)) =
            self.get_transaction_status(signature, confirmed_unrooted_slots)?
        {
            let transaction = self
                .find_transaction_in_slot(slot, signature)?
                .ok_or(BlockstoreError::TransactionStatusSlotMismatch)?; // Should not happen

            let block_time = self.get_block_time(slot)?;
            Ok(Some(ConfirmedTransactionWithStatusMeta {
                slot,
                tx_with_meta: TransactionWithStatusMeta::Complete(
                    VersionedTransactionWithStatusMeta { transaction, meta },
                ),
                block_time,
            }))
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
    }

    fn find_transaction_in_slot(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        signature: Signature,
    ) -> Result<Option<VersionedTransaction>> {
        let slot_entries = self.get_slot_entries(slot, 0)?;
        Ok(slot_entries
            .iter()
            .cloned()
            .flat_map(|entry| entry.transactions)
            .map(|transaction| {
                if let Err(err) = transaction.sanitize() {
                    warn!(
                        "Blockstore::find_transaction_in_slot sanitize failed: {:?}, \
                        slot: {:?}, \
                        {:?}",
                        err, slot, transaction,
                    );
                }
                transaction
            })
            .find(|transaction| transaction.signatures[0] == signature))
    }

    // Returns all rooted signatures for an address, ordered by slot that the transaction was
    // processed in. Within each slot the transactions will be ordered by signature, and NOT by
    // the order in which the transactions exist in the block
    //
    // DEPRECATED
    fn find_address_signatures(
        &self,
        pubkey: Pubkey,
        start_slot: Slot,
        end_slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<Vec<(Slot, Signature)>> {
        let (lock, lowest_available_slot) = self.ensure_lowest_cleanup_slot();

        let mut signatures: Vec<(Slot, Signature)> = vec![];
        for transaction_status_cf_primary_index in 0..=1 {
            let index_iterator = self.address_signatures_cf.iter(IteratorMode::From(
                (
                    transaction_status_cf_primary_index,
                    pubkey,
                    start_slot.max(lowest_available_slot),
                    Signature::default(),
                ),
                IteratorDirection::Forward,
            ))?;
            for ((i, address, slot, signature), _) in index_iterator {
                if i != transaction_status_cf_primary_index || slot > end_slot || address != pubkey
                {
                    break;
                }
                if self.is_root(slot) {
                    signatures.push((slot, signature));
                }
            }
        }
        drop(lock);
        signatures.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.partial_cmp(&b.0).unwrap().then(a.1.cmp(&b.1)));
        Ok(signatures)
    }

    // Returns all signatures for an address in a particular slot, regardless of whether that slot
    // has been rooted. The transactions will be ordered by signature, and NOT by the order in
    // which the transactions exist in the block
    fn find_address_signatures_for_slot(
        &self,
        pubkey: Pubkey,
        slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<Vec<(Slot, Signature)>> {
        let (lock, lowest_available_slot) = self.ensure_lowest_cleanup_slot();
        let mut signatures: Vec<(Slot, Signature)> = vec![];
        for transaction_status_cf_primary_index in 0..=1 {
            let index_iterator = self.address_signatures_cf.iter(IteratorMode::From(
                (
                    transaction_status_cf_primary_index,
                    pubkey,
                    slot.max(lowest_available_slot),
                    Signature::default(),
                ),
                IteratorDirection::Forward,
            ))?;
            for ((i, address, transaction_slot, signature), _) in index_iterator {
                if i != transaction_status_cf_primary_index
                    || transaction_slot > slot
                    || address != pubkey
                {
                    break;
                }
                signatures.push((slot, signature));
            }
        }
        drop(lock);
        signatures.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.partial_cmp(&b.0).unwrap().then(a.1.cmp(&b.1)));
        Ok(signatures)
    }

    // DEPRECATED
    pub fn get_confirmed_signatures_for_address(
        &self,
        pubkey: Pubkey,
        start_slot: Slot,
        end_slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<Vec<Signature>> {
        datapoint_info!(
            "blockstore-rpc-api",
            ("method", "get_confirmed_signatures_for_address", String)
        );
        self.find_address_signatures(pubkey, start_slot, end_slot)
            .map(|signatures| signatures.iter().map(|(_, signature)| *signature).collect())
    }

    fn get_sorted_block_signatures(&self, slot: Slot) -> Result<Vec<Signature>> {
        let block = self.get_complete_block(slot, false).map_err(|err| {
            BlockstoreError::Io(IoError::new(
                ErrorKind::Other,
                format!("Unable to get block: {err}"),
            ))
        })?;

        // Load all signatures for the block
        let mut slot_signatures: Vec<_> = block
            .transactions
            .into_iter()
            .filter_map(|transaction_with_meta| {
                transaction_with_meta
                    .transaction
                    .signatures
                    .into_iter()
                    .next()
            })
            .collect();

        // Reverse sort signatures as a way to entire a stable ordering within a slot, as
        // the AddressSignatures column is ordered by signatures within a slot,
        // not by block ordering
        slot_signatures.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| b.cmp(a));

        Ok(slot_signatures)
    }

    pub fn get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
        &self,
        address: Pubkey,
        highest_slot: Slot, // highest_super_majority_root or highest_confirmed_slot
        before: Option<Signature>,
        until: Option<Signature>,
        limit: usize,
    ) -> Result<SignatureInfosForAddress> {
        datapoint_info!(
            "blockstore-rpc-api",
            ("method", "get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2", String)
        );
        let last_root = self.last_root();
        let confirmed_unrooted_slots: Vec<_> = AncestorIterator::new_inclusive(highest_slot, self)
            .take_while(|&slot| slot > last_root)
            .collect();

        // Figure the `slot` to start listing signatures at, based on the ledger location of the
        // `before` signature if present.  Also generate a HashSet of signatures that should
        // be excluded from the results.
        let mut get_before_slot_timer = Measure::start("get_before_slot_timer");
        let (slot, mut before_excluded_signatures) = match before {
            None => (highest_slot, None),
            Some(before) => {
                let transaction_status =
                    self.get_transaction_status(before, &confirmed_unrooted_slots)?;
                match transaction_status {
                    None => return Ok(SignatureInfosForAddress::default()),
                    Some((slot, _)) => {
                        let mut slot_signatures = self.get_sorted_block_signatures(slot)?;
                        if let Some(pos) = slot_signatures.iter().position(|&x| x == before) {
                            slot_signatures.truncate(pos + 1);
                        }

                        (
                            slot,
                            Some(slot_signatures.into_iter().collect::<HashSet<_>>()),
                        )
                    }
                }
            }
        };
        get_before_slot_timer.stop();

        // Generate a HashSet of signatures that should be excluded from the results based on
        // `until` signature
        let mut get_until_slot_timer = Measure::start("get_until_slot_timer");
        let (lowest_slot, until_excluded_signatures) = match until {
            None => (0, HashSet::new()),
            Some(until) => {
                let transaction_status =
                    self.get_transaction_status(until, &confirmed_unrooted_slots)?;
                match transaction_status {
                    None => (0, HashSet::new()),
                    Some((slot, _)) => {
                        let mut slot_signatures = self.get_sorted_block_signatures(slot)?;
                        if let Some(pos) = slot_signatures.iter().position(|&x| x == until) {
                            slot_signatures = slot_signatures.split_off(pos);
                        }

                        (slot, slot_signatures.into_iter().collect::<HashSet<_>>())
                    }
                }
            }
        };
        get_until_slot_timer.stop();

        // Fetch the list of signatures that affect the given address
        let first_available_block = self.get_first_available_block()?;
        let mut address_signatures = vec![];

        // Get signatures in `slot`
        let mut get_initial_slot_timer = Measure::start("get_initial_slot_timer");
        let mut signatures = self.find_address_signatures_for_slot(address, slot)?;
        signatures.reverse();
        if let Some(excluded_signatures) = before_excluded_signatures.take() {
            address_signatures.extend(
                signatures
                    .into_iter()
                    .filter(|(_, signature)| !excluded_signatures.contains(signature)),
            )
        } else {
            address_signatures.append(&mut signatures);
        }
        get_initial_slot_timer.stop();

        // Check the active_transaction_status_index to see if it contains slot. If so, start with
        // that index, as it will contain higher slots
        let starting_primary_index = *self.active_transaction_status_index.read().unwrap();
        let next_primary_index = u64::from(starting_primary_index == 0);
        let next_max_slot = self
            .transaction_status_index_cf
            .get(next_primary_index)?
            .unwrap()
            .max_slot;

        let mut starting_primary_index_iter_timer = Measure::start("starting_primary_index_iter");
        if slot > next_max_slot {
            let mut starting_iterator = self.address_signatures_cf.iter(IteratorMode::From(
                (starting_primary_index, address, slot, Signature::default()),
                IteratorDirection::Reverse,
            ))?;

            // Iterate through starting_iterator until limit is reached
            while address_signatures.len() < limit {
                if let Some(((i, key_address, slot, signature), _)) = starting_iterator.next() {
                    if slot == next_max_slot || slot < lowest_slot {
                        break;
                    }
                    if i == starting_primary_index
                        && key_address == address
                        && slot >= first_available_block
                    {
                        if self.is_root(slot) || confirmed_unrooted_slots.contains(&slot) {
                            address_signatures.push((slot, signature));
                        }
                        continue;
                    }
                }
                break;
            }

            // Handle slots that cross primary indexes
            if next_max_slot >= lowest_slot {
                let mut signatures =
                    self.find_address_signatures_for_slot(address, next_max_slot)?;
                signatures.reverse();
                address_signatures.append(&mut signatures);
            }
        }
        starting_primary_index_iter_timer.stop();

        // Iterate through next_iterator until limit is reached
        let mut next_primary_index_iter_timer = Measure::start("next_primary_index_iter_timer");
        let mut next_iterator = self.address_signatures_cf.iter(IteratorMode::From(
            (next_primary_index, address, slot, Signature::default()),
            IteratorDirection::Reverse,
        ))?;
        while address_signatures.len() < limit {
            if let Some(((i, key_address, slot, signature), _)) = next_iterator.next() {
                // Skip next_max_slot, which is already included
                if slot == next_max_slot {
                    continue;
                }
                if slot < lowest_slot {
                    break;
                }
                if i == next_primary_index
                    && key_address == address
                    && slot >= first_available_block
                {
                    if self.is_root(slot) || confirmed_unrooted_slots.contains(&slot) {
                        address_signatures.push((slot, signature));
                    }
                    continue;
                }
            }
            break;
        }
        next_primary_index_iter_timer.stop();
        let mut address_signatures: Vec<(Slot, Signature)> = address_signatures
            .into_iter()
            .filter(|(_, signature)| !until_excluded_signatures.contains(signature))
            .collect();
        address_signatures.truncate(limit);

        // Fill in the status information for each found transaction
        let mut get_status_info_timer = Measure::start("get_status_info_timer");
        let mut infos = vec![];
        for (slot, signature) in address_signatures.into_iter() {
            let transaction_status =
                self.get_transaction_status(signature, &confirmed_unrooted_slots)?;
            let err = transaction_status.and_then(|(_slot, status)| status.status.err());
            let memo = self.read_transaction_memos(signature)?;
            let block_time = self.get_block_time(slot)?;
            infos.push(ConfirmedTransactionStatusWithSignature {
                signature,
                slot,
                err,
                memo,
                block_time,
            });
        }
        get_status_info_timer.stop();

        datapoint_info!(
            "blockstore-get-conf-sigs-for-addr-2",
            (
                "get_before_slot_us",
                get_before_slot_timer.as_us() as i64,
                i64
            ),
            (
                "get_initial_slot_us",
                get_initial_slot_timer.as_us() as i64,
                i64
            ),
            (
                "starting_primary_index_iter_us",
                starting_primary_index_iter_timer.as_us() as i64,
                i64
            ),
            (
                "next_primary_index_iter_us",
                next_primary_index_iter_timer.as_us() as i64,
                i64
            ),
            (
                "get_status_info_us",
                get_status_info_timer.as_us() as i64,
                i64
            ),
            (
                "get_until_slot_us",
                get_until_slot_timer.as_us() as i64,
                i64
            )
        );

        Ok(SignatureInfosForAddress {
            infos,
            found_before: true, // if `before` signature was not found, this method returned early
        })
    }

    pub fn read_rewards(&self, index: Slot) -> Result<Option<Rewards>> {
        self.rewards_cf
            .get_protobuf_or_bincode::<Rewards>(index)
            .map(|result| result.map(|option| option.into()))
    }

    pub fn write_rewards(&self, index: Slot, rewards: Rewards) -> Result<()> {
        let rewards = rewards.into();
        self.rewards_cf.put_protobuf(index, &rewards)
    }

    pub fn get_recent_perf_samples(&self, num: usize) -> Result<Vec<(Slot, PerfSample)>> {
        // When reading `PerfSamples`, the database may contain samples with either `PerfSampleV1`
        // or `PerfSampleV2` encoding.  We expect `PerfSampleV1` to be a prefix of the
        // `PerfSampleV2` encoding (see [`perf_sample_v1_is_prefix_of_perf_sample_v2`]), so we try
        // them in order.
        let samples = self
            .db
            .iter::<cf::PerfSamples>(IteratorMode::End)?
            .take(num)
            .map(|(slot, data)| {
                deserialize::<PerfSampleV2>(&data)
                    .map(|sample| (slot, sample.into()))
                    .or_else(|err| {
                        match &*err {
                            bincode::ErrorKind::Io(io_err)
                                if matches!(io_err.kind(), ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof) =>
                            {
                                // Not enough bytes to deserialize as `PerfSampleV2`.
                            }
                            _ => return Err(err),
                        }

                        deserialize::<PerfSampleV1>(&data).map(|sample| (slot, sample.into()))
                    })
                    .map_err(Into::into)
            });

        samples.collect()
    }

    pub fn write_perf_sample(&self, index: Slot, perf_sample: &PerfSampleV2) -> Result<()> {
        // Always write as the current version.
        let bytes =
            serialize(&perf_sample).expect("`PerfSampleV2` can be serialized with `bincode`");
        self.perf_samples_cf.put_bytes(index, &bytes)
    }

    pub fn read_program_costs(&self) -> Result<Vec<(Pubkey, u64)>> {
        Ok(self
            .db
            .iter::<cf::ProgramCosts>(IteratorMode::End)?
            .map(|(pubkey, data)| {
                let program_cost: ProgramCost = deserialize(&data).unwrap();
                (pubkey, program_cost.cost)
            })
            .collect())
    }

    pub fn write_program_cost(&self, key: &Pubkey, value: &u64) -> Result<()> {
        self.program_costs_cf
            .put(*key, &ProgramCost { cost: *value })
    }

    pub fn delete_program_cost(&self, key: &Pubkey) -> Result<()> {
        self.program_costs_cf.delete(*key)
    }

    /// Returns the entry vector for the slot starting with `shred_start_index`
    pub fn get_slot_entries(&self, slot: Slot, shred_start_index: u64) -> Result<Vec<Entry>> {
        self.get_slot_entries_with_shred_info(slot, shred_start_index, false)
            .map(|x| x.0)
    }

    /// Returns the entry vector for the slot starting with `shred_start_index`, the number of
    /// shreds that comprise the entry vector, and whether the slot is full (consumed all shreds).
    pub fn get_slot_entries_with_shred_info(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        start_index: u64,
        allow_dead_slots: bool,
    ) -> Result<(Vec<Entry>, u64, bool)> {
        let (completed_ranges, slot_meta) = self.get_completed_ranges(slot, start_index)?;

        // Check if the slot is dead *after* fetching completed ranges to avoid a race
        // where a slot is marked dead by another thread before the completed range query finishes.
        // This should be sufficient because full slots will never be marked dead from another thread,
        // this can only happen during entry processing during replay stage.
        if self.is_dead(slot) && !allow_dead_slots {
            return Err(BlockstoreError::DeadSlot);
        } else if completed_ranges.is_empty() {
            return Ok((vec![], 0, false));
        }

        let slot_meta = slot_meta.unwrap();
        let num_shreds = completed_ranges
            .last()
            .map(|(_, end_index)| u64::from(*end_index) - start_index + 1)
            .unwrap_or(0);

        let entries: Result<Vec<Vec<Entry>>> = if completed_ranges.len() <= 1 {
            completed_ranges
                .into_iter()
                .map(|(start_index, end_index)| {
                    self.get_entries_in_data_block(slot, start_index, end_index, Some(&slot_meta))
                })
                .collect()
        } else {
            PAR_THREAD_POOL.install(|| {
                completed_ranges
                    .into_par_iter()
                    .map(|(start_index, end_index)| {
                        self.get_entries_in_data_block(
                            slot,
                            start_index,
                            end_index,
                            Some(&slot_meta),
                        )
                    })
                    .collect()
            })
        };
        let entries: Vec<Entry> = entries?.into_iter().flatten().collect();
        Ok((entries, num_shreds, slot_meta.is_full()))
    }

    /// Gets accounts used in transactions in the slot range [starting_slot, ending_slot].
    /// Used by ledger-tool to create a minimized snapshot
    pub fn get_accounts_used_in_range(
        &self,
        bank: &Bank,
        starting_slot: Slot,
        ending_slot: Slot,
    ) -> DashSet<Pubkey> {
        let result = DashSet::new();

        (starting_slot..=ending_slot)
            .into_par_iter()
            .for_each(|slot| {
                if let Ok(entries) = self.get_slot_entries(slot, 0) {
                    entries.into_par_iter().for_each(|entry| {
                        entry.transactions.into_iter().for_each(|tx| {
                            if let Some(lookups) = tx.message.address_table_lookups() {
                                lookups.iter().for_each(|lookup| {
                                    result.insert(lookup.account_key);
                                });
                            }
                            // howdy, anybody who reached here from the panic messsage!
                            // the .unwrap() below could indicate there was an odd error or there
                            // could simply be a tx with a new ALT, which is just created/updated
                            // in this range. too bad... this edge case isn't currently supported.
                            // see: https://github.com/solana-labs/solana/issues/30165
                            // for casual use, please choose different slot range.
                            let sanitized_tx = bank.fully_verify_transaction(tx).unwrap();
                            sanitized_tx
                                .message()
                                .account_keys()
                                .iter()
                                .for_each(|&pubkey| {
                                    result.insert(pubkey);
                                });
                        });
                    });
                }
            });

        result
    }

    fn get_completed_ranges(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        start_index: u64,
    ) -> Result<(CompletedRanges, Option<SlotMeta>)> {
        let slot_meta = self.meta_cf.get(slot)?;
        if slot_meta.is_none() {
            return Ok((vec![], slot_meta));
        }

        let slot_meta = slot_meta.unwrap();
        // Find all the ranges for the completed data blocks
        let completed_ranges = Self::get_completed_data_ranges(
            start_index as u32,
            &slot_meta.completed_data_indexes,
            slot_meta.consumed as u32,
        );

        Ok((completed_ranges, Some(slot_meta)))
    }

    // Get the range of indexes [start_index, end_index] of every completed data block
    fn get_completed_data_ranges(
        start_index: u32,
        completed_data_indexes: &BTreeSet<u32>,
        consumed: u32,
    ) -> CompletedRanges {
        // `consumed` is the next missing shred index, but shred `i` existing in
        // completed_data_end_indexes implies it's not missing
        assert!(!completed_data_indexes.contains(&consumed));
        completed_data_indexes
            .range(start_index..consumed)
            .scan(start_index, |begin, index| {
                let out = (*begin, *index);
                *begin = index + 1;
                Some(out)
            })
            .collect()
    }

    pub fn get_entries_in_data_block(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        start_index: u32,
        end_index: u32,
        slot_meta: Option<&SlotMeta>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<Entry>> {
        let keys: Vec<(Slot, u64)> = (start_index..=end_index)
            .map(|index| (slot, u64::from(index)))
            .collect();

        let data_shreds: Result<Vec<Option<Vec<u8>>>> = self
            .data_shred_cf
            .multi_get_bytes(keys)
            .into_iter()
            .collect();
        let data_shreds = data_shreds?;

        let data_shreds: Result<Vec<Shred>> =
            data_shreds
                .into_iter()
                .enumerate()
                .map(|(idx, shred_bytes)| {
                    if shred_bytes.is_none() {
                        if let Some(slot_meta) = slot_meta {
                            if slot > self.lowest_cleanup_slot() {
                                panic!(
                                    "Shred with slot: {}, index: {}, consumed: {}, completed_indexes: {:?} \
                                    must exist if shred index was included in a range: {} {}",
                                    slot,
                                    idx,
                                    slot_meta.consumed,
                                    slot_meta.completed_data_indexes,
                                    start_index,
                                    end_index
                                );
                            }
                        }
                        return Err(BlockstoreError::InvalidShredData(Box::new(
                            bincode::ErrorKind::Custom(format!(
                                "Missing shred for slot {slot}, index {idx}"
                            )),
                        )));
                    }
                    Shred::new_from_serialized_shred(shred_bytes.unwrap()).map_err(|err| {
                        BlockstoreError::InvalidShredData(Box::new(bincode::ErrorKind::Custom(
                            format!("Could not reconstruct shred from shred payload: {err:?}"),
                        )))
                    })
                })
                .collect();
        let data_shreds = data_shreds?;
        let last_shred = data_shreds.last().unwrap();
        assert!(last_shred.data_complete() || last_shred.last_in_slot());

        let deshred_payload = Shredder::deshred(&data_shreds).map_err(|e| {
            BlockstoreError::InvalidShredData(Box::new(bincode::ErrorKind::Custom(format!(
                "Could not reconstruct data block from constituent shreds, error: {e:?}"
            ))))
        })?;

        debug!("{:?} shreds in last FEC set", data_shreds.len(),);
        bincode::deserialize::<Vec<Entry>>(&deshred_payload).map_err(|e| {
            BlockstoreError::InvalidShredData(Box::new(bincode::ErrorKind::Custom(format!(
                "could not reconstruct entries: {e:?}"
            ))))
        })
    }

    fn get_any_valid_slot_entries(&self, slot: Slot, start_index: u64) -> Vec<Entry> {
        let (completed_ranges, slot_meta) = self
            .get_completed_ranges(slot, start_index)
            .unwrap_or_default();
        if completed_ranges.is_empty() {
            return vec![];
        }
        let slot_meta = slot_meta.unwrap();

        let entries: Vec<Vec<Entry>> = PAR_THREAD_POOL_ALL_CPUS.install(|| {
            completed_ranges
                .par_iter()
                .map(|(start_index, end_index)| {
                    self.get_entries_in_data_block(slot, *start_index, *end_index, Some(&slot_meta))
                        .unwrap_or_default()
                })
                .collect()
        });
        entries.into_iter().flatten().collect()
    }

    /// Returns a mapping from each elements of `slots` to a list of the
    /// element's children slots.
    pub fn get_slots_since(&self, slots: &[Slot]) -> Result<HashMap<Slot, Vec<Slot>>> {
        let slot_metas: Result<Vec<Option<SlotMeta>>> =
            self.meta_cf.multi_get(slots.to_vec()).into_iter().collect();
        let slot_metas = slot_metas?;

        let result: HashMap<Slot, Vec<Slot>> = slots
            .iter()
            .zip(slot_metas)
            .filter_map(|(slot, meta)| meta.map(|meta| (*slot, meta.next_slots.to_vec())))
            .collect();

        Ok(result)
    }

    pub fn is_root(&self, slot: Slot) -> bool {
        matches!(self.db.get::<cf::Root>(slot), Ok(Some(true)))
    }

    /// Returns true if a slot is between the rooted slot bounds of the ledger, but has not itself
    /// been rooted. This is either because the slot was skipped, or due to a gap in ledger data,
    /// as when booting from a newer snapshot.
    pub fn is_skipped(&self, slot: Slot) -> bool {
        let lowest_root = self
            .rooted_slot_iterator(0)
            .ok()
            .and_then(|mut iter| iter.next())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        match self.db.get::<cf::Root>(slot).ok().flatten() {
            Some(_) => false,
            None => slot < self.max_root() && slot > lowest_root,
        }
    }

    pub fn insert_bank_hash(&self, slot: Slot, frozen_hash: Hash, is_duplicate_confirmed: bool) {
        if let Some(prev_value) = self.bank_hash_cf.get(slot).unwrap() {
            if prev_value.frozen_hash() == frozen_hash && prev_value.is_duplicate_confirmed() {
                // Don't overwrite is_duplicate_confirmed == true with is_duplicate_confirmed == false,
                // which may happen on startup when procesing from blockstore processor because the
                // blocks may not reflect earlier observed gossip votes from before the restart.
                return;
            }
        }
        let data = FrozenHashVersioned::Current(FrozenHashStatus {
            frozen_hash,
            is_duplicate_confirmed,
        });
        self.bank_hash_cf.put(slot, &data).unwrap()
    }

    pub fn get_bank_hash(&self, slot: Slot) -> Option<Hash> {
        self.bank_hash_cf
            .get(slot)
            .unwrap()
            .map(|versioned| versioned.frozen_hash())
    }

    pub fn is_duplicate_confirmed(&self, slot: Slot) -> bool {
        self.bank_hash_cf
            .get(slot)
            .unwrap()
            .map(|versioned| versioned.is_duplicate_confirmed())
            .unwrap_or(false)
    }

    pub fn insert_optimistic_slot(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        hash: &Hash,
        timestamp: UnixTimestamp,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let slot_data = OptimisticSlotMetaVersioned::new(*hash, timestamp);
        self.optimistic_slots_cf.put(slot, &slot_data)
    }

    /// Returns information about a single optimistically confirmed slot
    pub fn get_optimistic_slot(&self, slot: Slot) -> Result<Option<(Hash, UnixTimestamp)>> {
        Ok(self
            .optimistic_slots_cf
            .get(slot)?
            .map(|meta| (meta.hash(), meta.timestamp())))
    }

    /// Returns information about the `num` latest optimistically confirmed slot
    pub fn get_latest_optimistic_slots(
        &self,
        num: usize,
    ) -> Result<Vec<(Slot, Hash, UnixTimestamp)>> {
        let iter = self.reversed_optimistic_slots_iterator()?;
        Ok(iter.take(num).collect())
    }

    pub fn set_duplicate_confirmed_slots_and_hashes(
        &self,
        duplicate_confirmed_slot_hashes: impl Iterator<Item = (Slot, Hash)>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let mut write_batch = self.db.batch()?;
        for (slot, frozen_hash) in duplicate_confirmed_slot_hashes {
            let data = FrozenHashVersioned::Current(FrozenHashStatus {
                frozen_hash,
                is_duplicate_confirmed: true,
            });
            write_batch.put::<cf::BankHash>(slot, &data)?;
        }

        self.db.write(write_batch)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn set_roots<'a>(&self, rooted_slots: impl Iterator<Item = &'a Slot>) -> Result<()> {
        let mut write_batch = self.db.batch()?;
        let mut max_new_rooted_slot = 0;
        for slot in rooted_slots {
            max_new_rooted_slot = std::cmp::max(max_new_rooted_slot, *slot);
            write_batch.put::<cf::Root>(*slot, &true)?;
        }

        self.db.write(write_batch)?;

        let mut last_root = self.last_root.write().unwrap();
        if *last_root == std::u64::MAX {
            *last_root = 0;
        }
        *last_root = cmp::max(max_new_rooted_slot, *last_root);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// For tests
    pub fn set_last_root(&mut self, root: Slot) {
        *self.last_root.write().unwrap() = root;
    }

    pub fn mark_slots_as_if_rooted_normally_at_startup(
        &self,
        slots: Vec<(Slot, Option<Hash>)>,
        with_hash: bool,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        self.set_roots(slots.iter().map(|(slot, _hash)| slot))?;
        if with_hash {
            self.set_duplicate_confirmed_slots_and_hashes(
                slots
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|(slot, maybe_hash)| (slot, maybe_hash.unwrap())),
            )?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn is_dead(&self, slot: Slot) -> bool {
        matches!(
            self.db
                .get::<cf::DeadSlots>(slot)
                .expect("fetch from DeadSlots column family failed"),
            Some(true)
        )
    }

    pub fn set_dead_slot(&self, slot: Slot) -> Result<()> {
        self.dead_slots_cf.put(slot, &true)
    }

    pub fn remove_dead_slot(&self, slot: Slot) -> Result<()> {
        self.dead_slots_cf.delete(slot)
    }

    pub fn remove_slot_duplicate_proof(&self, slot: Slot) -> Result<()> {
        self.duplicate_slots_cf.delete(slot)
    }

    pub fn store_duplicate_if_not_existing(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        shred1: Vec<u8>,
        shred2: Vec<u8>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        if !self.has_duplicate_shreds_in_slot(slot) {
            self.store_duplicate_slot(slot, shred1, shred2)
        } else {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    pub fn get_first_duplicate_proof(&self) -> Option<(Slot, DuplicateSlotProof)> {
        let mut iter = self
            .db
            .iter::<cf::DuplicateSlots>(IteratorMode::From(0, IteratorDirection::Forward))
            .unwrap();
        iter.next()
            .map(|(slot, proof_bytes)| (slot, deserialize(&proof_bytes).unwrap()))
    }

    pub fn store_duplicate_slot(&self, slot: Slot, shred1: Vec<u8>, shred2: Vec<u8>) -> Result<()> {
        let duplicate_slot_proof = DuplicateSlotProof::new(shred1, shred2);
        self.duplicate_slots_cf.put(slot, &duplicate_slot_proof)
    }

    pub fn get_duplicate_slot(&self, slot: u64) -> Option<DuplicateSlotProof> {
        self.duplicate_slots_cf
            .get(slot)
            .expect("fetch from DuplicateSlots column family failed")
    }

    // `new_shred` is assumed to have slot and index equal to the given slot and index.
    // Returns the existing shred if `new_shred` is not equal to the existing shred at the
    // given slot and index as this implies the leader generated two different shreds with
    // the same slot and index
    pub fn is_shred_duplicate(&self, new_shred: &Shred) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
        let (slot, index, shred_type) = new_shred.id().unpack();
        let existing_shred = match shred_type {
            ShredType::Data => self.get_data_shred(slot, index as u64),
            ShredType::Code => self.get_coding_shred(slot, index as u64),
        }
        .expect("fetch from DuplicateSlots column family failed")?;
        (existing_shred != *new_shred.payload()).then_some(existing_shred)
    }

    pub fn has_duplicate_shreds_in_slot(&self, slot: Slot) -> bool {
        self.duplicate_slots_cf
            .get(slot)
            .expect("fetch from DuplicateSlots column family failed")
            .is_some()
    }

    pub fn orphans_iterator(&self, slot: Slot) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = u64> + '_> {
        let orphans_iter = self
            .db
            .iter::<cf::Orphans>(IteratorMode::From(slot, IteratorDirection::Forward))?;
        Ok(orphans_iter.map(|(slot, _)| slot))
    }

    pub fn dead_slots_iterator(&self, slot: Slot) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = Slot> + '_> {
        let dead_slots_iterator = self
            .db
            .iter::<cf::DeadSlots>(IteratorMode::From(slot, IteratorDirection::Forward))?;
        Ok(dead_slots_iterator.map(|(slot, _)| slot))
    }

    pub fn duplicate_slots_iterator(&self, slot: Slot) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = Slot> + '_> {
        let duplicate_slots_iterator = self
            .db
            .iter::<cf::DuplicateSlots>(IteratorMode::From(slot, IteratorDirection::Forward))?;
        Ok(duplicate_slots_iterator.map(|(slot, _)| slot))
    }

    pub fn last_root(&self) -> Slot {
        *self.last_root.read().unwrap()
    }

    // find the first available slot in blockstore that has some data in it
    pub fn lowest_slot(&self) -> Slot {
        for (slot, meta) in self
            .slot_meta_iterator(0)
            .expect("unable to iterate over meta")
        {
            if slot > 0 && meta.received > 0 {
                return slot;
            }
        }
        // This means blockstore is empty, should never get here aside from right at boot.
        self.last_root()
    }

    fn lowest_slot_with_genesis(&self) -> Slot {
        for (slot, meta) in self
            .slot_meta_iterator(0)
            .expect("unable to iterate over meta")
        {
            if meta.received > 0 {
                return slot;
            }
        }
        // This means blockstore is empty, should never get here aside from right at boot.
        self.last_root()
    }

    /// Returns the highest available slot in the blockstore
    pub fn highest_slot(&self) -> Result<Option<Slot>> {
        let highest_slot = self
            .db
            .iter::<cf::SlotMeta>(IteratorMode::End)?
            .next()
            .map(|(slot, _)| slot);
        Ok(highest_slot)
    }

    pub fn lowest_cleanup_slot(&self) -> Slot {
        *self.lowest_cleanup_slot.read().unwrap()
    }

    pub fn storage_size(&self) -> Result<u64> {
        self.db.storage_size()
    }

    /// Returns the total physical storage size contributed by all data shreds.
    ///
    /// Note that the reported size does not include those recently inserted
    /// shreds that are still in memory.
    pub fn total_data_shred_storage_size(&self) -> Result<i64> {
        self.data_shred_cf
            .get_int_property(RocksProperties::TOTAL_SST_FILES_SIZE)
    }

    /// Returns the total physical storage size contributed by all coding shreds.
    ///
    /// Note that the reported size does not include those recently inserted
    /// shreds that are still in memory.
    pub fn total_coding_shred_storage_size(&self) -> Result<i64> {
        self.code_shred_cf
            .get_int_property(RocksProperties::TOTAL_SST_FILES_SIZE)
    }

    /// Returns whether the blockstore has primary (read and write) access
    pub fn is_primary_access(&self) -> bool {
        self.db.is_primary_access()
    }

    /// Scan for any ancestors of the supplied `start_root` that are not
    /// marked as roots themselves. Mark any found slots as roots since
    /// the ancestor of a root is also inherently a root. Returns the
    /// number of slots that were actually updated.
    ///
    /// Arguments:
    ///  - `start_root`: The root to start scan from, or the highest root in
    ///    the blockstore if this value is `None`. This slot must be a root.
    ///  - `end_slot``: The slot to stop the scan at; the scan will continue to
    ///    the earliest slot in the Blockstore if this value is `None`.
    ///  - `exit`: Exit early if this flag is set to `true`.
    pub fn scan_and_fix_roots(
        &self,
        start_root: Option<Slot>,
        end_slot: Option<Slot>,
        exit: &AtomicBool,
    ) -> Result<usize> {
        // Hold the lowest_cleanup_slot read lock to prevent any cleaning of
        // the blockstore from another thread. Doing so will prevent a
        // possible inconsistency across column families where a slot is:
        //  - Identified as needing root repair by this thread
        //  - Cleaned from the blockstore by another thread (LedgerCleanupSerivce)
        //  - Marked as root via Self::set_root() by this this thread
        let lowest_cleanup_slot = self.lowest_cleanup_slot.read().unwrap();

        let start_root = if let Some(slot) = start_root {
            if !self.is_root(slot) {
                return Err(BlockstoreError::SlotNotRooted);
            }
            slot
        } else {
            self.last_root()
        };
        let end_slot = end_slot.unwrap_or(*lowest_cleanup_slot);
        let ancestor_iterator =
            AncestorIterator::new(start_root, self).take_while(|&slot| slot >= end_slot);

        let mut find_missing_roots = Measure::start("find_missing_roots");
        let mut roots_to_fix = vec![];
        for slot in ancestor_iterator.filter(|slot| !self.is_root(*slot)) {
            if exit.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
                return Ok(0);
            }
            roots_to_fix.push(slot);
        }
        find_missing_roots.stop();
        let mut fix_roots = Measure::start("fix_roots");
        if !roots_to_fix.is_empty() {
            info!("{} slots to be rooted", roots_to_fix.len());
            let chunk_size = 100;
            for (i, chunk) in roots_to_fix.chunks(chunk_size).enumerate() {
                if exit.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
                    return Ok(i * chunk_size);
                }
                trace!("{:?}", chunk);
                self.set_roots(chunk.iter())?;
            }
        } else {
            debug!("No missing roots found in range {start_root} to {end_slot}");
        }
        fix_roots.stop();
        datapoint_info!(
            "blockstore-scan_and_fix_roots",
            (
                "find_missing_roots_us",
                find_missing_roots.as_us() as i64,
                i64
            ),
            ("num_roots_to_fix", roots_to_fix.len() as i64, i64),
            ("fix_roots_us", fix_roots.as_us() as i64, i64),
        );
        Ok(roots_to_fix.len())
    }

    /// Mark a root `slot` as connected, traverse `slot`'s children and update
    /// the children's connected status if appropriate.
    ///
    /// A ledger with a full path of blocks from genesis to the latest root will
    /// have all of the rooted blocks marked as connected such that new blocks
    /// could also be connected. However, starting from some root (such as from
    /// a snapshot) is a valid way to join a cluster. For this case, mark this
    /// root as connected such that the node that joined midway through can
    /// have their slots considered connected.
    pub fn set_and_chain_connected_on_root_and_next_slots(&self, root: Slot) -> Result<()> {
        let mut root_meta = self
            .meta(root)?
            .unwrap_or_else(|| SlotMeta::new(root, None));
        // If the slot was already connected, there is nothing to do as this slot's
        // children are also assumed to be appropriately connected
        if root_meta.is_connected() {
            return Ok(());
        }
        info!(
            "Marking slot {} and any full children slots as connected",
            root
        );
        let mut write_batch = self.db.batch()?;

        // Mark both connected bits on the root slot so that the flags for this
        // slot match the flags of slots that become connected the typical way.
        root_meta.set_parent_connected();
        root_meta.set_connected();
        write_batch.put::<cf::SlotMeta>(root_meta.slot, &root_meta)?;

        let mut next_slots = VecDeque::from(root_meta.next_slots);
        while !next_slots.is_empty() {
            let slot = next_slots.pop_front().unwrap();
            let mut meta = self.meta(slot)?.unwrap_or_else(|| {
                panic!("Slot {slot} is a child but has no SlotMeta in blockstore")
            });

            if meta.set_parent_connected() {
                next_slots.extend(meta.next_slots.iter());
            }
            write_batch.put::<cf::SlotMeta>(meta.slot, &meta)?;
        }

        self.db.write(write_batch)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// For each entry in `working_set` whose `did_insert_occur` is true, this
    /// function handles its chaining effect by updating the SlotMeta of both
    /// the slot and its parent slot to reflect the slot descends from the
    /// parent slot.  In addition, when a slot is newly connected, it also
    /// checks whether any of its direct and indirect children slots are connected
    /// or not.
    ///
    /// This function may update column families [`cf::SlotMeta`] and
    /// [`cf::Orphans`].
    ///
    /// For more information about the chaining, check the previous discussion here:
    /// https://github.com/solana-labs/solana/pull/2253
    ///
    /// Arguments:
    /// - `db`: the blockstore db that stores both shreds and their metadata.
    /// - `write_batch`: the write batch which includes all the updates of the
    ///   the current write and ensures their atomicity.
    /// - `working_set`: a slot-id to SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry map.  This function
    ///   will remove all entries which insertion did not actually occur.
    fn handle_chaining(
        &self,
        write_batch: &mut WriteBatch,
        working_set: &mut HashMap<u64, SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        // Handle chaining for all the SlotMetas that were inserted into
        working_set.retain(|_, entry| entry.did_insert_occur);
        let mut new_chained_slots = HashMap::new();
        let working_set_slots: Vec<_> = working_set.keys().collect();
        for slot in working_set_slots {
            self.handle_chaining_for_slot(write_batch, working_set, &mut new_chained_slots, *slot)?;
        }

        // Write all the newly changed slots in new_chained_slots to the write_batch
        for (slot, meta) in new_chained_slots.iter() {
            let meta: &SlotMeta = &RefCell::borrow(meta);
            write_batch.put::<cf::SlotMeta>(*slot, meta)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// A helper function of handle_chaining which handles the chaining based
    /// on the `SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry` of the specified `slot`.  Specifically,
    /// it handles the following two things:
    ///
    /// 1. based on the `SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry` for `slot`, check if `slot`
    /// did not previously have a parent slot but does now.  If `slot` satisfies
    /// this condition, update the Orphan property of both `slot` and its parent
    /// slot based on their current orphan status.  Specifically:
    ///  - updates the orphan property of slot to no longer be an orphan because
    ///    it has a parent.
    ///  - adds the parent to the orphan column family if the parent's parent is
    ///    currently unknown.
    ///
    /// 2. if the `SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry` for `slot` indicates this slot
    /// is newly connected to a parent slot, then this function will update
    /// the is_connected property of all its direct and indirect children slots.
    ///
    /// This function may update column family [`cf::Orphans`] and indirectly
    /// update SlotMeta from its output parameter `new_chained_slots`.
    ///
    /// Arguments:
    /// `db`: the underlying db for blockstore
    /// `write_batch`: the write batch which includes all the updates of the
    ///   the current write and ensures their atomicity.
    /// `working_set`: the working set which include the specified `slot`
    /// `new_chained_slots`: an output parameter which includes all the slots
    ///   which connectivity have been updated.
    /// `slot`: the slot which we want to handle its chaining effect.
    fn handle_chaining_for_slot(
        &self,
        write_batch: &mut WriteBatch,
        working_set: &HashMap<u64, SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry>,
        new_chained_slots: &mut HashMap<u64, Rc<RefCell<SlotMeta>>>,
        slot: Slot,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let slot_meta_entry = working_set
            .get(&slot)
            .expect("Slot must exist in the working_set hashmap");

        let meta = &slot_meta_entry.new_slot_meta;
        let meta_backup = &slot_meta_entry.old_slot_meta;
        {
            let mut meta_mut = meta.borrow_mut();
            let was_orphan_slot = meta_backup.is_some() && is_orphan(meta_backup.as_ref().unwrap());

            // If:
            // 1) This is a new slot
            // 2) slot != 0
            // then try to chain this slot to a previous slot
            if slot != 0 && meta_mut.parent_slot.is_some() {
                let prev_slot = meta_mut.parent_slot.unwrap();

                // Check if the slot represented by meta_mut is either a new slot or a orphan.
                // In both cases we need to run the chaining logic b/c the parent on the slot was
                // previously unknown.
                if meta_backup.is_none() || was_orphan_slot {
                    let prev_slot_meta =
                        self.find_slot_meta_else_create(working_set, new_chained_slots, prev_slot)?;

                    // This is a newly inserted slot/orphan so run the chaining logic to link it to a
                    // newly discovered parent
                    chain_new_slot_to_prev_slot(
                        &mut prev_slot_meta.borrow_mut(),
                        slot,
                        &mut meta_mut,
                    );

                    // If the parent of `slot` is a newly inserted orphan, insert it into the orphans
                    // column family
                    if is_orphan(&RefCell::borrow(&*prev_slot_meta)) {
                        write_batch.put::<cf::Orphans>(prev_slot, &true)?;
                    }
                }
            }

            // At this point this slot has received a parent, so it's no longer an orphan
            if was_orphan_slot {
                write_batch.delete::<cf::Orphans>(slot)?;
            }
        }

        // If this is a newly completed slot and the parent is connected, then the
        // slot is now connected. Mark the slot as connected, and then traverse the
        // children to update their parent_connected and connected status.
        let should_propagate_is_connected =
            is_newly_completed_slot(&RefCell::borrow(meta), meta_backup)
                && RefCell::borrow(meta).is_parent_connected();

        if should_propagate_is_connected {
            meta.borrow_mut().set_connected();
            self.traverse_children_mut(
                meta,
                working_set,
                new_chained_slots,
                SlotMeta::set_parent_connected,
            )?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Traverse all the children (direct and indirect) of `slot_meta`, and apply
    /// `slot_function` to each of the children (but not `slot_meta`).
    ///
    /// Arguments:
    /// `db`: the blockstore db that stores shreds and their metadata.
    /// `slot_meta`: the SlotMeta of the above `slot`.
    /// `working_set`: a slot-id to SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry map which is used
    ///   to traverse the graph.
    /// `passed_visited_slots`: all the traversed slots which have passed the
    ///   slot_function.  This may also include the input `slot`.
    /// `slot_function`: a function which updates the SlotMeta of the visisted
    ///   slots and determine whether to further traverse the children slots of
    ///   a given slot.
    fn traverse_children_mut<F>(
        &self,
        slot_meta: &Rc<RefCell<SlotMeta>>,
        working_set: &HashMap<u64, SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry>,
        passed_visisted_slots: &mut HashMap<u64, Rc<RefCell<SlotMeta>>>,
        slot_function: F,
    ) -> Result<()>
    where
        F: Fn(&mut SlotMeta) -> bool,
    {
        let slot_meta = slot_meta.borrow();
        let mut next_slots: VecDeque<u64> = slot_meta.next_slots.to_vec().into();
        while !next_slots.is_empty() {
            let slot = next_slots.pop_front().unwrap();
            let meta_ref =
                self.find_slot_meta_else_create(working_set, passed_visisted_slots, slot)?;
            let mut meta = meta_ref.borrow_mut();
            if slot_function(&mut meta) {
                meta.next_slots
                    .iter()
                    .for_each(|slot| next_slots.push_back(*slot));
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Obtain the SlotMeta from the in-memory slot_meta_working_set or load
    /// it from the database if it does not exist in slot_meta_working_set.
    ///
    /// In case none of the above has the specified SlotMeta, a new one will
    /// be created.
    ///
    /// Note that this function will also update the parent slot of the specified
    /// slot.
    ///
    /// Arguments:
    /// - `db`: the database
    /// - `slot_meta_working_set`: a in-memory structure for storing the cached
    ///   SlotMeta.
    /// - `slot`: the slot for loading its meta.
    /// - `parent_slot`: the parent slot to be assigned to the specified slot meta
    ///
    /// This function returns the matched `SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry`.  If such entry
    /// does not exist in the database, a new entry will be created.
    fn get_slot_meta_entry<'a>(
        &self,
        slot_meta_working_set: &'a mut HashMap<u64, SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry>,
        slot: Slot,
        parent_slot: Slot,
    ) -> &'a mut SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry {
        // Check if we've already inserted the slot metadata for this shred's slot
        slot_meta_working_set.entry(slot).or_insert_with(|| {
            // Store a 2-tuple of the metadata (working copy, backup copy)
            if let Some(mut meta) = self
                .meta_cf
                .get(slot)
                .expect("Expect database get to succeed")
            {
                let backup = Some(meta.clone());
                // If parent_slot == None, then this is one of the orphans inserted
                // during the chaining process, see the function find_slot_meta_in_cached_state()
                // for details. Slots that are orphans are missing a parent_slot, so we should
                // fill in the parent now that we know it.
                if is_orphan(&meta) {
                    meta.parent_slot = Some(parent_slot);
                }

                SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry::new(Rc::new(RefCell::new(meta)), backup)
            } else {
                SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry::new(
                    Rc::new(RefCell::new(SlotMeta::new(slot, Some(parent_slot)))),
                    None,
                )
            }
        })
    }

    /// Returns the `SlotMeta` with the specified `slot_index`.  The resulting
    /// `SlotMeta` could be either from the cache or from the DB.  Specifically,
    /// the function:
    ///
    /// 1) Finds the slot metadata in the cache of dirty slot metadata we've
    ///    previously touched, otherwise:
    /// 2) Searches the database for that slot metadata. If still no luck, then:
    /// 3) Create a dummy orphan slot in the database.
    ///
    /// Also see [`find_slot_meta_in_cached_state`] and [`find_slot_meta_in_db_else_create`].
    fn find_slot_meta_else_create<'a>(
        &self,
        working_set: &'a HashMap<u64, SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry>,
        chained_slots: &'a mut HashMap<u64, Rc<RefCell<SlotMeta>>>,
        slot_index: u64,
    ) -> Result<Rc<RefCell<SlotMeta>>> {
        let result = find_slot_meta_in_cached_state(working_set, chained_slots, slot_index);
        if let Some(slot) = result {
            Ok(slot)
        } else {
            self.find_slot_meta_in_db_else_create(slot_index, chained_slots)
        }
    }

    /// A helper function to [`find_slot_meta_else_create`] that searches the
    /// `SlotMeta` based on the specified `slot` in `db` and updates `insert_map`.
    ///
    /// If the specified `db` does not contain a matched entry, then it will create
    /// a dummy orphan slot in the database.
    fn find_slot_meta_in_db_else_create(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        insert_map: &mut HashMap<u64, Rc<RefCell<SlotMeta>>>,
    ) -> Result<Rc<RefCell<SlotMeta>>> {
        if let Some(slot_meta) = self.meta_cf.get(slot)? {
            insert_map.insert(slot, Rc::new(RefCell::new(slot_meta)));
        } else {
            // If this slot doesn't exist, make a orphan slot. This way we
            // remember which slots chained to this one when we eventually get a real shred
            // for this slot
            insert_map.insert(slot, Rc::new(RefCell::new(SlotMeta::new_orphan(slot))));
        }
        Ok(insert_map.get(&slot).unwrap().clone())
    }

    fn get_index_meta_entry<'a>(
        &self,
        slot: Slot,
        index_working_set: &'a mut HashMap<u64, IndexMetaWorkingSetEntry>,
        index_meta_time_us: &mut u64,
    ) -> &'a mut IndexMetaWorkingSetEntry {
        let mut total_start = Measure::start("Total elapsed");
        let res = index_working_set.entry(slot).or_insert_with(|| {
            let newly_inserted_meta = self
                .index_cf
                .get(slot)
                .unwrap()
                .unwrap_or_else(|| Index::new(slot));
            IndexMetaWorkingSetEntry {
                index: newly_inserted_meta,
                did_insert_occur: false,
            }
        });
        total_start.stop();
        *index_meta_time_us += total_start.as_us();
        res
    }
}

// Update the `completed_data_indexes` with a new shred `new_shred_index`. If a
// data set is complete, return the range of shred indexes [start_index, end_index]
// for that completed data set.
fn update_completed_data_indexes(
    is_last_in_data: bool,
    new_shred_index: u32,
    received_data_shreds: &ShredIndex,
    // Shreds indices which are marked data complete.
    completed_data_indexes: &mut BTreeSet<u32>,
) -> Vec<(u32, u32)> {
    let start_shred_index = completed_data_indexes
        .range(..new_shred_index)
        .next_back()
        .map(|index| index + 1)
        .unwrap_or_default();
    // Consecutive entries i, k, j in this vector represent potential ranges [i, k),
    // [k, j) that could be completed data ranges
    let mut shred_indices = vec![start_shred_index];
    // `new_shred_index` is data complete, so need to insert here into the
    // `completed_data_indexes`
    if is_last_in_data {
        completed_data_indexes.insert(new_shred_index);
        shred_indices.push(new_shred_index + 1);
    }
    if let Some(index) = completed_data_indexes.range(new_shred_index + 1..).next() {
        shred_indices.push(index + 1);
    }
    shred_indices
        .windows(2)
        .filter(|ix| {
            let (begin, end) = (ix[0] as u64, ix[1] as u64);
            let num_shreds = (end - begin) as usize;
            received_data_shreds.range(begin..end).count() == num_shreds
        })
        .map(|ix| (ix[0], ix[1] - 1))
        .collect()
}

fn update_slot_meta(
    is_last_in_slot: bool,
    is_last_in_data: bool,
    slot_meta: &mut SlotMeta,
    index: u32,
    new_consumed: u64,
    reference_tick: u8,
    received_data_shreds: &ShredIndex,
) -> Vec<(u32, u32)> {
    let first_insert = slot_meta.received == 0;
    // Index is zero-indexed, while the "received" height starts from 1,
    // so received = index + 1 for the same shred.
    slot_meta.received = cmp::max(u64::from(index) + 1, slot_meta.received);
    if first_insert {
        // predict the timestamp of what would have been the first shred in this slot
        let slot_time_elapsed = u64::from(reference_tick) * 1000 / DEFAULT_TICKS_PER_SECOND;
        slot_meta.first_shred_timestamp = timestamp() - slot_time_elapsed;
    }
    slot_meta.consumed = new_consumed;
    // If the last index in the slot hasn't been set before, then
    // set it to this shred index
    if is_last_in_slot && slot_meta.last_index.is_none() {
        slot_meta.last_index = Some(u64::from(index));
    }
    update_completed_data_indexes(
        is_last_in_slot || is_last_in_data,
        index,
        received_data_shreds,
        &mut slot_meta.completed_data_indexes,
    )
}

fn get_last_hash<'a>(iterator: impl Iterator<Item = &'a Entry> + 'a) -> Option<Hash> {
    iterator.last().map(|entry| entry.hash)
}

fn send_signals(
    new_shreds_signals: &[Sender<bool>],
    completed_slots_senders: &[Sender<Vec<u64>>],
    should_signal: bool,
    newly_completed_slots: Vec<u64>,
) {
    if should_signal {
        for signal in new_shreds_signals {
            match signal.try_send(true) {
                Ok(_) => {}
                Err(TrySendError::Full(_)) => {
                    trace!("replay wake up signal channel is full.")
                }
                Err(TrySendError::Disconnected(_)) => {
                    trace!("replay wake up signal channel is disconnected.")
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if !completed_slots_senders.is_empty() && !newly_completed_slots.is_empty() {
        let mut slots: Vec<_> = (0..completed_slots_senders.len() - 1)
            .map(|_| newly_completed_slots.clone())
            .collect();

        slots.push(newly_completed_slots);

        for (signal, slots) in completed_slots_senders.iter().zip(slots.into_iter()) {
            let res = signal.try_send(slots);
            if let Err(TrySendError::Full(_)) = res {
                datapoint_error!(
                    "blockstore_error",
                    (
                        "error",
                        "Unable to send newly completed slot because channel is full",
                        String
                    ),
                );
            }
        }
    }
}

/// For each slot in the slot_meta_working_set which has any change, include
/// corresponding updates to cf::SlotMeta via the specified `write_batch`.
/// The `write_batch` will later be atomically committed to the blockstore.
///
/// Arguments:
/// - `slot_meta_working_set`: a map that maintains slot-id to its `SlotMeta`
///   mapping.
/// - `completed_slot_senders`: the units which are responsible for sending
///   signals for completed slots.
/// - `write_batch`: the write batch which includes all the updates of the
///   the current write and ensures their atomicity.
///
/// On success, the function returns an Ok result with <should_signal,
/// newly_completed_slots> pair where:
///  - `should_signal`: a boolean flag indicating whether to send signal.
///  - `newly_completed_slots`: a subset of slot_meta_working_set which are
///    newly completed.
fn commit_slot_meta_working_set(
    slot_meta_working_set: &HashMap<u64, SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry>,
    completed_slots_senders: &[Sender<Vec<u64>>],
    write_batch: &mut WriteBatch,
) -> Result<(bool, Vec<u64>)> {
    let mut should_signal = false;
    let mut newly_completed_slots = vec![];

    // Check if any metadata was changed, if so, insert the new version of the
    // metadata into the write batch
    for (slot, slot_meta_entry) in slot_meta_working_set.iter() {
        // Any slot that wasn't written to should have been filtered out by now.
        assert!(slot_meta_entry.did_insert_occur);
        let meta: &SlotMeta = &RefCell::borrow(&*slot_meta_entry.new_slot_meta);
        let meta_backup = &slot_meta_entry.old_slot_meta;
        if !completed_slots_senders.is_empty() && is_newly_completed_slot(meta, meta_backup) {
            newly_completed_slots.push(*slot);
        }
        // Check if the working copy of the metadata has changed
        if Some(meta) != meta_backup.as_ref() {
            should_signal = should_signal || slot_has_updates(meta, meta_backup);
            write_batch.put::<cf::SlotMeta>(*slot, meta)?;
        }
    }

    Ok((should_signal, newly_completed_slots))
}

/// Returns the `SlotMeta` of the specified `slot` from the two cached states:
/// `working_set` and `chained_slots`.  If both contain the `SlotMeta`, then
/// the latest one from the `working_set` will be returned.
fn find_slot_meta_in_cached_state<'a>(
    working_set: &'a HashMap<u64, SlotMetaWorkingSetEntry>,
    chained_slots: &'a HashMap<u64, Rc<RefCell<SlotMeta>>>,
    slot: Slot,
) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<SlotMeta>>> {
    if let Some(entry) = working_set.get(&slot) {
        Some(entry.new_slot_meta.clone())
    } else {
        chained_slots.get(&slot).cloned()
    }
}

fn is_orphan(meta: &SlotMeta) -> bool {
    // If we have no parent, then this is the head of a detached chain of
    // slots
    meta.parent_slot.is_none()
}

// 1) Chain current_slot to the previous slot defined by prev_slot_meta
fn chain_new_slot_to_prev_slot(
    prev_slot_meta: &mut SlotMeta,
    current_slot: Slot,
    current_slot_meta: &mut SlotMeta,
) {
    prev_slot_meta.next_slots.push(current_slot);
    if prev_slot_meta.is_connected() {
        current_slot_meta.set_parent_connected();
    }
}

fn is_newly_completed_slot(slot_meta: &SlotMeta, backup_slot_meta: &Option<SlotMeta>) -> bool {
    slot_meta.is_full()
        && (backup_slot_meta.is_none()
            || slot_meta.consumed != backup_slot_meta.as_ref().unwrap().consumed)
}

/// Returns a boolean indicating whether a slot has received additional shreds
/// that can be replayed since the previous update to the slot's SlotMeta.
fn slot_has_updates(slot_meta: &SlotMeta, slot_meta_backup: &Option<SlotMeta>) -> bool {
    // First, this slot's parent must be connected in order to even consider
    // starting replay; otherwise, the replayed results may not be valid.
    slot_meta.is_parent_connected() &&
        // Then,
        // If the slot didn't exist in the db before, any consecutive shreds
        // at the start of the slot are ready to be replayed.
        ((slot_meta_backup.is_none() && slot_meta.consumed != 0) ||
        // Or,
        // If the slot has more consecutive shreds than it last did from the
        // last update, those shreds are new and also ready to be replayed.
        (slot_meta_backup.is_some() && slot_meta_backup.as_ref().unwrap().consumed != slot_meta.consumed))
}

// Creates a new ledger with slot 0 full of ticks (and only ticks).
//
// Returns the blockhash that can be used to append entries with.
pub fn create_new_ledger(
    ledger_path: &Path,
    genesis_config: &GenesisConfig,
    max_genesis_archive_unpacked_size: u64,
    column_options: LedgerColumnOptions,
) -> Result<Hash> {
    Blockstore::destroy(ledger_path)?;
    genesis_config.write(ledger_path)?;

    // Fill slot 0 with ticks that link back to the genesis_config to bootstrap the ledger.
    let blockstore_dir = column_options.shred_storage_type.blockstore_directory();
    let blockstore = Blockstore::open_with_options(
        ledger_path,
        BlockstoreOptions {
            access_type: AccessType::Primary,
            recovery_mode: None,
            enforce_ulimit_nofile: false,
            column_options: column_options.clone(),
        },
    )?;
    let ticks_per_slot = genesis_config.ticks_per_slot;
    let hashes_per_tick = genesis_config.poh_config.hashes_per_tick.unwrap_or(0);
    let entries = create_ticks(ticks_per_slot, hashes_per_tick, genesis_config.hash());
    let last_hash = entries.last().unwrap().hash;
    let version = solana_sdk::shred_version::version_from_hash(&last_hash);

    let shredder = Shredder::new(0, 0, 0, version).unwrap();
    let (shreds, _) = shredder.entries_to_shreds(
        &Keypair::new(),
        &entries,
        true, // is_last_in_slot
        0,    // next_shred_index
        0,    // next_code_index
        true, // merkle_variant
        &ReedSolomonCache::default(),
        &mut ProcessShredsStats::default(),
    );
    assert!(shreds.last().unwrap().last_in_slot());

    blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false)?;
    blockstore.set_roots(std::iter::once(&0))?;
    // Explicitly close the blockstore before we create the archived genesis file
    drop(blockstore);

    let archive_path = ledger_path.join(DEFAULT_GENESIS_ARCHIVE);
    let args = vec![
        "jcfhS",
        archive_path.to_str().unwrap(),
        "-C",
        ledger_path.to_str().unwrap(),
        DEFAULT_GENESIS_FILE,
        blockstore_dir,
    ];
    let output = std::process::Command::new("tar")
        .args(args)
        .output()
        .unwrap();
    if !output.status.success() {
        use std::str::from_utf8;
        error!("tar stdout: {}", from_utf8(&output.stdout).unwrap_or("?"));
        error!("tar stderr: {}", from_utf8(&output.stderr).unwrap_or("?"));

        return Err(BlockstoreError::Io(IoError::new(
            ErrorKind::Other,
            format!(
                "Error trying to generate snapshot archive: {}",
                output.status
            ),
        )));
    }

    // ensure the genesis archive can be unpacked and it is under
    // max_genesis_archive_unpacked_size, immediately after creating it above.
    {
        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir_in(ledger_path).unwrap();
        // unpack into a temp dir, while completely discarding the unpacked files
        let unpack_check = unpack_genesis_archive(
            &archive_path,
            temp_dir.path(),
            max_genesis_archive_unpacked_size,
        );
        if let Err(unpack_err) = unpack_check {
            // stash problematic original archived genesis related files to
            // examine them later and to prevent validator and ledger-tool from
            // naively consuming them
            let mut error_messages = String::new();

            fs::rename(
                ledger_path.join(DEFAULT_GENESIS_ARCHIVE),
                ledger_path.join(format!("{DEFAULT_GENESIS_ARCHIVE}.failed")),
            )
            .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                let _ = write!(
                    &mut error_messages,
                    "/failed to stash problematic {DEFAULT_GENESIS_ARCHIVE}: {e}"
                );
            });
            fs::rename(
                ledger_path.join(DEFAULT_GENESIS_FILE),
                ledger_path.join(format!("{DEFAULT_GENESIS_FILE}.failed")),
            )
            .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                let _ = write!(
                    &mut error_messages,
                    "/failed to stash problematic {DEFAULT_GENESIS_FILE}: {e}"
                );
            });
            fs::rename(
                ledger_path.join(blockstore_dir),
                ledger_path.join(format!("{blockstore_dir}.failed")),
            )
            .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                let _ = write!(
                    &mut error_messages,
                    "/failed to stash problematic {blockstore_dir}: {e}"
                );
            });

            return Err(BlockstoreError::Io(IoError::new(
                ErrorKind::Other,
                format!("Error checking to unpack genesis archive: {unpack_err}{error_messages}"),
            )));
        }
    }

    Ok(last_hash)
}

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! tmp_ledger_name {
    () => {
        &format!("{}-{}", file!(), line!())
    };
}

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! get_tmp_ledger_path {
    () => {
        $crate::blockstore::get_ledger_path_from_name($crate::tmp_ledger_name!())
    };
}

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete {
    () => {
        $crate::blockstore::get_ledger_path_from_name_auto_delete($crate::tmp_ledger_name!())
    };
}

pub fn get_ledger_path_from_name_auto_delete(name: &str) -> TempDir {
    let mut path = get_ledger_path_from_name(name);
    // path is a directory so .file_name() returns the last component of the path
    let last = path.file_name().unwrap().to_str().unwrap().to_string();
    path.pop();
    fs::create_dir_all(&path).unwrap();
    Builder::new()
        .prefix(&last)
        .rand_bytes(0)
        .tempdir_in(path)
        .unwrap()
}

pub fn get_ledger_path_from_name(name: &str) -> PathBuf {
    use std::env;
    let out_dir = env::var("FARF_DIR").unwrap_or_else(|_| "farf".to_string());
    let keypair = Keypair::new();

    let path = [
        out_dir,
        "ledger".to_string(),
        format!("{}-{}", name, keypair.pubkey()),
    ]
    .iter()
    .collect();

    // whack any possible collision
    let _ignored = fs::remove_dir_all(&path);

    path
}

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! create_new_tmp_ledger {
    ($genesis_config:expr) => {
        $crate::blockstore::create_new_ledger_from_name(
            $crate::tmp_ledger_name!(),
            $genesis_config,
            $crate::blockstore_options::LedgerColumnOptions::default(),
        )
    };
}

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! create_new_tmp_ledger_fifo {
    ($genesis_config:expr) => {
        $crate::blockstore::create_new_ledger_from_name(
            $crate::tmp_ledger_name!(),
            $genesis_config,
            $crate::blockstore_options::LedgerColumnOptions {
                shred_storage_type: $crate::blockstore_options::ShredStorageType::RocksFifo(
                    $crate::blockstore_options::BlockstoreRocksFifoOptions::new_for_tests(),
                ),
                ..$crate::blockstore_options::LedgerColumnOptions::default()
            },
        )
    };
}

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! create_new_tmp_ledger_auto_delete {
    ($genesis_config:expr) => {
        $crate::blockstore::create_new_ledger_from_name_auto_delete(
            $crate::tmp_ledger_name!(),
            $genesis_config,
            $crate::blockstore_options::LedgerColumnOptions::default(),
        )
    };
}

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! create_new_tmp_ledger_fifo_auto_delete {
    ($genesis_config:expr) => {
        $crate::blockstore::create_new_ledger_from_name_auto_delete(
            $crate::tmp_ledger_name!(),
            $genesis_config,
            $crate::blockstore_options::LedgerColumnOptions {
                shred_storage_type: $crate::blockstore_options::ShredStorageType::RocksFifo(
                    $crate::blockstore_options::BlockstoreRocksFifoOptions::new_for_tests(),
                ),
                ..$crate::blockstore_options::LedgerColumnOptions::default()
            },
        )
    };
}

pub(crate) fn verify_shred_slots(slot: Slot, parent: Slot, root: Slot) -> bool {
    if slot == 0 && parent == 0 && root == 0 {
        return true; // valid write to slot zero.
    }
    // Ignore shreds that chain to slots before the root,
    // or have invalid parent >= slot.
    root <= parent && parent < slot
}

// Same as `create_new_ledger()` but use a temporary ledger name based on the provided `name`
//
// Note: like `create_new_ledger` the returned ledger will have slot 0 full of ticks (and only
// ticks)
pub fn create_new_ledger_from_name(
    name: &str,
    genesis_config: &GenesisConfig,
    column_options: LedgerColumnOptions,
) -> (PathBuf, Hash) {
    let (ledger_path, blockhash) =
        create_new_ledger_from_name_auto_delete(name, genesis_config, column_options);
    (ledger_path.into_path(), blockhash)
}

// Same as `create_new_ledger()` but use a temporary ledger name based on the provided `name`
//
// Note: like `create_new_ledger` the returned ledger will have slot 0 full of ticks (and only
// ticks)
pub fn create_new_ledger_from_name_auto_delete(
    name: &str,
    genesis_config: &GenesisConfig,
    column_options: LedgerColumnOptions,
) -> (TempDir, Hash) {
    let ledger_path = get_ledger_path_from_name_auto_delete(name);
    let blockhash = create_new_ledger(
        ledger_path.path(),
        genesis_config,
        MAX_GENESIS_ARCHIVE_UNPACKED_SIZE,
        column_options,
    )
    .unwrap();
    (ledger_path, blockhash)
}

pub fn entries_to_test_shreds(
    entries: &[Entry],
    slot: Slot,
    parent_slot: Slot,
    is_full_slot: bool,
    version: u16,
    merkle_variant: bool,
) -> Vec<Shred> {
    Shredder::new(slot, parent_slot, 0, version)
        .unwrap()
        .entries_to_shreds(
            &Keypair::new(),
            entries,
            is_full_slot,
            0, // next_shred_index,
            0, // next_code_index
            merkle_variant,
            &ReedSolomonCache::default(),
            &mut ProcessShredsStats::default(),
        )
        .0
}

// used for tests only
pub fn make_slot_entries(
    slot: Slot,
    parent_slot: Slot,
    num_entries: u64,
    merkle_variant: bool,
) -> (Vec<Shred>, Vec<Entry>) {
    let entries = create_ticks(num_entries, 1, Hash::new_unique());
    let shreds = entries_to_test_shreds(&entries, slot, parent_slot, true, 0, merkle_variant);
    (shreds, entries)
}

// used for tests only
pub fn make_many_slot_entries(
    start_slot: Slot,
    num_slots: u64,
    entries_per_slot: u64,
) -> (Vec<Shred>, Vec<Entry>) {
    let mut shreds = vec![];
    let mut entries = vec![];
    for slot in start_slot..start_slot + num_slots {
        let parent_slot = if slot == 0 { 0 } else { slot - 1 };

        let (slot_shreds, slot_entries) = make_slot_entries(
            slot,
            parent_slot,
            entries_per_slot,
            true, // merkle_variant
        );
        shreds.extend(slot_shreds);
        entries.extend(slot_entries);
    }

    (shreds, entries)
}

// test-only: check that all columns are either empty or start at `min_slot`
pub fn test_all_empty_or_min(blockstore: &Blockstore, min_slot: Slot) {
    let condition_met = blockstore
        .db
        .iter::<cf::SlotMeta>(IteratorMode::Start)
        .unwrap()
        .next()
        .map(|(slot, _)| slot >= min_slot)
        .unwrap_or(true)
        & blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::Root>(IteratorMode::Start)
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .map(|(slot, _)| slot >= min_slot)
            .unwrap_or(true)
        & blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::ShredData>(IteratorMode::Start)
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .map(|((slot, _), _)| slot >= min_slot)
            .unwrap_or(true)
        & blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::ShredCode>(IteratorMode::Start)
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .map(|((slot, _), _)| slot >= min_slot)
            .unwrap_or(true)
        & blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::DeadSlots>(IteratorMode::Start)
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .map(|(slot, _)| slot >= min_slot)
            .unwrap_or(true)
        & blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::DuplicateSlots>(IteratorMode::Start)
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .map(|(slot, _)| slot >= min_slot)
            .unwrap_or(true)
        & blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::ErasureMeta>(IteratorMode::Start)
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .map(|((slot, _), _)| slot >= min_slot)
            .unwrap_or(true)
        & blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::Orphans>(IteratorMode::Start)
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .map(|(slot, _)| slot >= min_slot)
            .unwrap_or(true)
        & blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::Index>(IteratorMode::Start)
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .map(|(slot, _)| slot >= min_slot)
            .unwrap_or(true)
        & blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::TransactionStatus>(IteratorMode::Start)
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .map(|((primary_index, _, slot), _)| {
                slot >= min_slot || (primary_index == 2 && slot == 0)
            })
            .unwrap_or(true)
        & blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::AddressSignatures>(IteratorMode::Start)
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .map(|((primary_index, _, slot, _), _)| {
                slot >= min_slot || (primary_index == 2 && slot == 0)
            })
            .unwrap_or(true)
        & blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::Rewards>(IteratorMode::Start)
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .map(|(slot, _)| slot >= min_slot)
            .unwrap_or(true);
    assert!(condition_met);
}

// used for tests only
// Create `num_shreds` shreds for [start_slot, start_slot + num_slot) slots
pub fn make_many_slot_shreds(
    start_slot: u64,
    num_slots: u64,
    num_shreds_per_slot: u64,
) -> (Vec<Shred>, Vec<Entry>) {
    // Use `None` as shred_size so the default (full) value is used
    let num_entries = max_ticks_per_n_shreds(num_shreds_per_slot, None);
    make_many_slot_entries(start_slot, num_slots, num_entries)
}

// Create shreds for slots that have a parent-child relationship defined by the input `chain`
// used for tests only
pub fn make_chaining_slot_entries(
    chain: &[u64],
    entries_per_slot: u64,
) -> Vec<(Vec<Shred>, Vec<Entry>)> {
    let mut slots_shreds_and_entries = vec![];
    for (i, slot) in chain.iter().enumerate() {
        let parent_slot = {
            if *slot == 0 || i == 0 {
                0
            } else {
                chain[i - 1]
            }
        };

        let result = make_slot_entries(
            *slot,
            parent_slot,
            entries_per_slot,
            true, // merkle_variant
        );
        slots_shreds_and_entries.push(result);
    }

    slots_shreds_and_entries
}

#[cfg(not(unix))]
fn adjust_ulimit_nofile(_enforce_ulimit_nofile: bool) -> Result<()> {
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(unix)]
fn adjust_ulimit_nofile(enforce_ulimit_nofile: bool) -> Result<()> {
    // Rocks DB likes to have many open files.  The default open file descriptor limit is
    // usually not enough
    // AppendVecs and disk Account Index are also heavy users of mmapped files.
    // This should be kept in sync with published validator instructions.
    // https://docs.solana.com/running-validator/validator-start#increased-memory-mapped-files-limit
    let desired_nofile = 1_000_000;

    fn get_nofile() -> libc::rlimit {
        let mut nofile = libc::rlimit {
            rlim_cur: 0,
            rlim_max: 0,
        };
        if unsafe { libc::getrlimit(libc::RLIMIT_NOFILE, &mut nofile) } != 0 {
            warn!("getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE) failed");
        }
        nofile
    }

    let mut nofile = get_nofile();
    let current = nofile.rlim_cur;
    if current < desired_nofile {
        nofile.rlim_cur = desired_nofile;
        if unsafe { libc::setrlimit(libc::RLIMIT_NOFILE, &nofile) } != 0 {
            error!(
                "Unable to increase the maximum open file descriptor limit to {} from {}",
                nofile.rlim_cur, current,
            );

            if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
                error!(
                    "On mac OS you may need to run |sudo launchctl limit maxfiles {} {}| first",
                    desired_nofile, desired_nofile,
                );
            }
            if enforce_ulimit_nofile {
                return Err(BlockstoreError::UnableToSetOpenFileDescriptorLimit);
            }
        }

        nofile = get_nofile();
    }
    info!("Maximum open file descriptors: {}", nofile.rlim_cur);
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
pub mod tests {
    use {
        super::*,
        crate::{
            blockstore_options::{BlockstoreRocksFifoOptions, ShredStorageType},
            genesis_utils::{create_genesis_config, GenesisConfigInfo},
            leader_schedule::{FixedSchedule, LeaderSchedule},
            shred::{max_ticks_per_n_shreds, ShredFlags},
        },
        assert_matches::assert_matches,
        bincode::serialize,
        crossbeam_channel::unbounded,
        itertools::Itertools,
        rand::{seq::SliceRandom, thread_rng},
        solana_account_decoder::parse_token::UiTokenAmount,
        solana_entry::entry::{next_entry, next_entry_mut},
        solana_runtime::bank::{Bank, RewardType},
        solana_sdk::{
            clock::{DEFAULT_MS_PER_SLOT, DEFAULT_TICKS_PER_SLOT},
            hash::{self, hash, Hash},
            instruction::CompiledInstruction,
            message::v0::LoadedAddresses,
            packet::PACKET_DATA_SIZE,
            pubkey::Pubkey,
            signature::Signature,
            transaction::{Transaction, TransactionError},
            transaction_context::TransactionReturnData,
        },
        solana_storage_proto::convert::generated,
        solana_transaction_status::{
            InnerInstruction, InnerInstructions, Reward, Rewards, TransactionTokenBalance,
        },
        std::{cmp::Ordering, thread::Builder, time::Duration},
    };

    // used for tests only
    pub(crate) fn make_slot_entries_with_transactions(num_entries: u64) -> Vec<Entry> {
        let mut entries: Vec<Entry> = Vec::new();
        for x in 0..num_entries {
            let transaction = Transaction::new_with_compiled_instructions(
                &[&Keypair::new()],
                &[solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand()],
                Hash::default(),
                vec![solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand()],
                vec![CompiledInstruction::new(1, &(), vec![0])],
            );
            entries.push(next_entry_mut(&mut Hash::default(), 0, vec![transaction]));
            let mut tick = create_ticks(1, 0, hash(&serialize(&x).unwrap()));
            entries.append(&mut tick);
        }
        entries
    }

    fn make_and_insert_slot(blockstore: &Blockstore, slot: Slot, parent_slot: Slot) {
        let (shreds, _) = make_slot_entries(
            slot,
            parent_slot,
            100,  // num_entries
            true, // merkle_variant
        );
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, true).unwrap();

        let meta = blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(slot, meta.slot);
        assert!(meta.is_full());
        assert!(meta.next_slots.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_create_new_ledger() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let mint_total = 1_000_000_000_000;
        let GenesisConfigInfo { genesis_config, .. } = create_genesis_config(mint_total);
        let (ledger_path, _blockhash) = create_new_tmp_ledger_auto_delete!(&genesis_config);
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap(); //FINDME

        let ticks = create_ticks(genesis_config.ticks_per_slot, 0, genesis_config.hash());
        let entries = blockstore.get_slot_entries(0, 0).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(ticks, entries);
        assert!(Path::new(ledger_path.path())
            .join(BLOCKSTORE_DIRECTORY_ROCKS_LEVEL)
            .exists());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_create_new_ledger_with_options_fifo() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let mint_total = 1_000_000_000_000;
        let GenesisConfigInfo { genesis_config, .. } = create_genesis_config(mint_total);
        let (ledger_path, _blockhash) = create_new_tmp_ledger_fifo_auto_delete!(&genesis_config);
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open_with_options(
            ledger_path.path(),
            BlockstoreOptions {
                column_options: LedgerColumnOptions {
                    shred_storage_type: ShredStorageType::RocksFifo(
                        BlockstoreRocksFifoOptions::new_for_tests(),
                    ),
                    ..LedgerColumnOptions::default()
                },
                ..BlockstoreOptions::default()
            },
        )
        .unwrap();

        let ticks = create_ticks(genesis_config.ticks_per_slot, 0, genesis_config.hash());
        let entries = blockstore.get_slot_entries(0, 0).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(ticks, entries);
        assert!(Path::new(ledger_path.path())
            .join(BLOCKSTORE_DIRECTORY_ROCKS_FIFO)
            .exists());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_insert_get_bytes() {
        // Create enough entries to ensure there are at least two shreds created
        let num_entries = max_ticks_per_n_shreds(1, None) + 1;
        assert!(num_entries > 1);

        let (mut shreds, _) = make_slot_entries(
            0, // slot
            0, // parent_slot
            num_entries,
            true, // merkle_variant
        );

        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Insert last shred, test we can retrieve it
        let last_shred = shreds.pop().unwrap();
        assert!(last_shred.index() > 0);
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(vec![last_shred.clone()], None, false)
            .unwrap();

        let serialized_shred = blockstore
            .data_shred_cf
            .get_bytes((0, last_shred.index() as u64))
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();
        let deserialized_shred = Shred::new_from_serialized_shred(serialized_shred).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(last_shred, deserialized_shred);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_write_entries() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let ticks_per_slot = 10;
        let num_slots = 10;
        let mut ticks = vec![];
        //let mut shreds_per_slot = 0 as u64;
        let mut shreds_per_slot = vec![];

        for i in 0..num_slots {
            let mut new_ticks = create_ticks(ticks_per_slot, 0, Hash::default());
            let num_shreds = blockstore
                .write_entries(
                    i,
                    0,
                    0,
                    ticks_per_slot,
                    Some(i.saturating_sub(1)),
                    true,
                    &Arc::new(Keypair::new()),
                    new_ticks.clone(),
                    0,
                )
                .unwrap() as u64;
            shreds_per_slot.push(num_shreds);
            ticks.append(&mut new_ticks);
        }

        for i in 0..num_slots {
            let meta = blockstore.meta(i).unwrap().unwrap();
            let num_shreds = shreds_per_slot[i as usize];
            assert_eq!(meta.consumed, num_shreds);
            assert_eq!(meta.received, num_shreds);
            assert_eq!(meta.last_index, Some(num_shreds - 1));
            if i == num_slots - 1 {
                assert!(meta.next_slots.is_empty());
            } else {
                assert_eq!(meta.next_slots, vec![i + 1]);
            }
            if i == 0 {
                assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, Some(0));
            } else {
                assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, Some(i - 1));
            }

            assert_eq!(
                &ticks[(i * ticks_per_slot) as usize..((i + 1) * ticks_per_slot) as usize],
                &blockstore.get_slot_entries(i, 0).unwrap()[..]
            );
        }

        /*
                    // Simulate writing to the end of a slot with existing ticks
                    blockstore
                        .write_entries(
                            num_slots,
                            ticks_per_slot - 1,
                            ticks_per_slot - 2,
                            ticks_per_slot,
                            &ticks[0..2],
                        )
                        .unwrap();

                    let meta = blockstore.meta(num_slots).unwrap().unwrap();
                    assert_eq!(meta.consumed, 0);
                    // received shred was ticks_per_slot - 2, so received should be ticks_per_slot - 2 + 1
                    assert_eq!(meta.received, ticks_per_slot - 1);
                    // last shred index ticks_per_slot - 2 because that's the shred that made tick_height == ticks_per_slot
                    // for the slot
                    assert_eq!(meta.last_index, ticks_per_slot - 2);
                    assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, num_slots - 1);
                    assert_eq!(meta.next_slots, vec![num_slots + 1]);
                    assert_eq!(
                        &ticks[0..1],
                        &blockstore
                            .get_slot_entries(num_slots, ticks_per_slot - 2)
                            .unwrap()[..]
                    );

                    // We wrote two entries, the second should spill into slot num_slots + 1
                    let meta = blockstore.meta(num_slots + 1).unwrap().unwrap();
                    assert_eq!(meta.consumed, 1);
                    assert_eq!(meta.received, 1);
                    assert_eq!(meta.last_index, std::u64::MAX);
                    assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, num_slots);
                    assert!(meta.next_slots.is_empty());

                    assert_eq!(
                        &ticks[1..2],
                        &blockstore.get_slot_entries(num_slots + 1, 0).unwrap()[..]
                    );
        */
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_put_get_simple() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Test meta column family
        let meta = SlotMeta::new(0, Some(1));
        blockstore.meta_cf.put(0, &meta).unwrap();
        let result = blockstore
            .meta_cf
            .get(0)
            .unwrap()
            .expect("Expected meta object to exist");

        assert_eq!(result, meta);

        // Test erasure column family
        let erasure = vec![1u8; 16];
        let erasure_key = (0, 0);
        blockstore
            .code_shred_cf
            .put_bytes(erasure_key, &erasure)
            .unwrap();

        let result = blockstore
            .code_shred_cf
            .get_bytes(erasure_key)
            .unwrap()
            .expect("Expected erasure object to exist");

        assert_eq!(result, erasure);

        // Test data column family
        let data = vec![2u8; 16];
        let data_key = (0, 0);
        blockstore.data_shred_cf.put_bytes(data_key, &data).unwrap();

        let result = blockstore
            .data_shred_cf
            .get_bytes(data_key)
            .unwrap()
            .expect("Expected data object to exist");

        assert_eq!(result, data);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_multi_get() {
        const TEST_PUT_ENTRY_COUNT: usize = 100;
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Test meta column family
        for i in 0..TEST_PUT_ENTRY_COUNT {
            let k = u64::try_from(i).unwrap();
            let meta = SlotMeta::new(k, Some(k + 1));
            blockstore.meta_cf.put(k, &meta).unwrap();
            let result = blockstore
                .meta_cf
                .get(k)
                .unwrap()
                .expect("Expected meta object to exist");
            assert_eq!(result, meta);
        }
        let mut keys: Vec<u64> = vec![0; TEST_PUT_ENTRY_COUNT];
        for (i, key) in keys.iter_mut().enumerate().take(TEST_PUT_ENTRY_COUNT) {
            *key = u64::try_from(i).unwrap();
        }
        let values = blockstore.meta_cf.multi_get(keys);
        for (i, value) in values.iter().enumerate().take(TEST_PUT_ENTRY_COUNT) {
            let k = u64::try_from(i).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                value.as_ref().unwrap().as_ref().unwrap(),
                &SlotMeta::new(k, Some(k + 1))
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_shred_bytes() {
        let slot = 0;
        let (shreds, _) = make_slot_entries(slot, 0, 100, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);
        let num_shreds = shreds.len() as u64;
        let shred_bufs: Vec<_> = shreds.iter().map(Shred::payload).cloned().collect();

        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();

        let mut buf = [0; 4096];
        let (_, bytes) = blockstore.get_data_shreds(slot, 0, 1, &mut buf).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(buf[..bytes], shred_bufs[0][..bytes]);

        let (last_index, bytes2) = blockstore.get_data_shreds(slot, 0, 2, &mut buf).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(last_index, 1);
        assert!(bytes2 > bytes);
        {
            let shred_data_1 = &buf[..bytes];
            assert_eq!(shred_data_1, &shred_bufs[0][..bytes]);

            let shred_data_2 = &buf[bytes..bytes2];
            assert_eq!(shred_data_2, &shred_bufs[1][..bytes2 - bytes]);
        }

        // buf size part-way into shred[1], should just return shred[0]
        let mut buf = vec![0; bytes + 1];
        let (last_index, bytes3) = blockstore.get_data_shreds(slot, 0, 2, &mut buf).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(last_index, 0);
        assert_eq!(bytes3, bytes);

        let mut buf = vec![0; bytes2 - 1];
        let (last_index, bytes4) = blockstore.get_data_shreds(slot, 0, 2, &mut buf).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(last_index, 0);
        assert_eq!(bytes4, bytes);

        let mut buf = vec![0; bytes * 2];
        let (last_index, bytes6) = blockstore
            .get_data_shreds(slot, num_shreds - 1, num_shreds, &mut buf)
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(last_index, num_shreds - 1);

        {
            let shred_data = &buf[..bytes6];
            assert_eq!(shred_data, &shred_bufs[(num_shreds - 1) as usize][..bytes6]);
        }

        // Read out of range
        let (last_index, bytes6) = blockstore
            .get_data_shreds(slot, num_shreds, num_shreds + 2, &mut buf)
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(last_index, 0);
        assert_eq!(bytes6, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_shred_cleanup_check() {
        let slot = 1;
        let (shreds, _) = make_slot_entries(slot, 0, 100, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);

        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();

        let mut buf = [0; 4096];
        assert!(blockstore.get_data_shreds(slot, 0, 1, &mut buf).is_ok());

        let max_purge_slot = 1;
        blockstore
            .run_purge(0, max_purge_slot, PurgeType::PrimaryIndex)
            .unwrap();
        *blockstore.lowest_cleanup_slot.write().unwrap() = max_purge_slot;

        let mut buf = [0; 4096];
        assert!(blockstore.get_data_shreds(slot, 0, 1, &mut buf).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_insert_data_shreds_basic() {
        // Create enough entries to ensure there are at least two shreds created
        let num_entries = max_ticks_per_n_shreds(1, None) + 1;
        assert!(num_entries > 1);

        let (mut shreds, entries) = make_slot_entries(
            0, // slot
            0, // parent_slot
            num_entries,
            true, // merkle_variant
        );
        let num_shreds = shreds.len() as u64;

        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Insert last shred, we're missing the other shreds, so no consecutive
        // shreds starting from slot 0, index 0 should exist.
        assert!(shreds.len() > 1);
        let last_shred = shreds.pop().unwrap();
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(vec![last_shred], None, false)
            .unwrap();
        assert!(blockstore.get_slot_entries(0, 0).unwrap().is_empty());

        let meta = blockstore
            .meta(0)
            .unwrap()
            .expect("Expected new metadata object to be created");
        assert!(meta.consumed == 0 && meta.received == num_shreds);

        // Insert the other shreds, check for consecutive returned entries
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        let result = blockstore.get_slot_entries(0, 0).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(result, entries);

        let meta = blockstore
            .meta(0)
            .unwrap()
            .expect("Expected new metadata object to exist");
        assert_eq!(meta.consumed, num_shreds);
        assert_eq!(meta.received, num_shreds);
        assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, Some(0));
        assert_eq!(meta.last_index, Some(num_shreds - 1));
        assert!(meta.next_slots.is_empty());
        assert!(meta.is_connected());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_insert_data_shreds_reverse() {
        let num_shreds = 10;
        let num_entries = max_ticks_per_n_shreds(num_shreds, None);
        let (mut shreds, entries) = make_slot_entries(
            0, // slot
            0, // parent_slot
            num_entries,
            true, // merkle_variant
        );
        let num_shreds = shreds.len() as u64;

        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Insert shreds in reverse, check for consecutive returned shreds
        for i in (0..num_shreds).rev() {
            let shred = shreds.pop().unwrap();
            blockstore.insert_shreds(vec![shred], None, false).unwrap();
            let result = blockstore.get_slot_entries(0, 0).unwrap();

            let meta = blockstore
                .meta(0)
                .unwrap()
                .expect("Expected metadata object to exist");
            assert_eq!(meta.last_index, Some(num_shreds - 1));
            if i != 0 {
                assert_eq!(result.len(), 0);
                assert!(meta.consumed == 0 && meta.received == num_shreds);
            } else {
                assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, Some(0));
                assert_eq!(result, entries);
                assert!(meta.consumed == num_shreds && meta.received == num_shreds);
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_insert_slots() {
        test_insert_data_shreds_slots(false);
        test_insert_data_shreds_slots(true);
    }

    /*
        #[test]
        pub fn test_iteration_order() {
            let slot = 0;
            let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
            let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

            // Write entries
            let num_entries = 8;
            let entries = make_tiny_test_entries(num_entries);
            let mut shreds = entries.to_single_entry_shreds();

            for (i, b) in shreds.iter_mut().enumerate() {
                b.set_index(1 << (i * 8));
                b.set_slot(0);
            }

            blockstore
                .write_shreds(&shreds)
                .expect("Expected successful write of shreds");

            let mut db_iterator = blockstore
                .db
                .cursor::<cf::Data>()
                .expect("Expected to be able to open database iterator");

            db_iterator.seek((slot, 1));

            // Iterate through blockstore
            for i in 0..num_entries {
                assert!(db_iterator.valid());
                let (_, current_index) = db_iterator.key().expect("Expected a valid key");
                assert_eq!(current_index, (1 as u64) << (i * 8));
                db_iterator.next();
            }

        }
    */

    #[test]
    fn test_get_slot_entries1() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();
        let entries = create_ticks(8, 0, Hash::default());
        let shreds = entries_to_test_shreds(
            &entries[0..4],
            1,
            0,
            false,
            0,
            true, // merkle_variant
        );
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds, None, false)
            .expect("Expected successful write of shreds");

        let mut shreds1 = entries_to_test_shreds(
            &entries[4..],
            1,
            0,
            false,
            0,
            false, // merkle_variant
        );
        for (i, b) in shreds1.iter_mut().enumerate() {
            b.set_index(8 + i as u32);
        }
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds1, None, false)
            .expect("Expected successful write of shreds");

        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.get_slot_entries(1, 0).unwrap()[2..4],
            entries[2..4],
        );
    }

    // This test seems to be unnecessary with introduction of data shreds. There are no
    // guarantees that a particular shred index contains a complete entry
    #[test]
    #[ignore]
    pub fn test_get_slot_entries2() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Write entries
        let num_slots = 5_u64;
        let mut index = 0;
        for slot in 0..num_slots {
            let entries = create_ticks(slot + 1, 0, Hash::default());
            let last_entry = entries.last().unwrap().clone();
            let mut shreds = entries_to_test_shreds(
                &entries,
                slot,
                slot.saturating_sub(1),
                false,
                0,
                true, // merkle_variant
            );
            for b in shreds.iter_mut() {
                b.set_index(index);
                b.set_slot(slot);
                index += 1;
            }
            blockstore
                .insert_shreds(shreds, None, false)
                .expect("Expected successful write of shreds");
            assert_eq!(
                blockstore
                    .get_slot_entries(slot, u64::from(index - 1))
                    .unwrap(),
                vec![last_entry],
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_slot_entries3() {
        // Test inserting/fetching shreds which contain multiple entries per shred
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();

        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();
        let num_slots = 5_u64;
        let shreds_per_slot = 5_u64;
        let entry_serialized_size =
            bincode::serialized_size(&create_ticks(1, 0, Hash::default())).unwrap();
        let entries_per_slot = (shreds_per_slot * PACKET_DATA_SIZE as u64) / entry_serialized_size;

        // Write entries
        for slot in 0..num_slots {
            let entries = create_ticks(entries_per_slot, 0, Hash::default());
            let shreds = entries_to_test_shreds(
                &entries,
                slot,
                slot.saturating_sub(1),
                false,
                0,
                true, // merkle_variant
            );
            assert!(shreds.len() as u64 >= shreds_per_slot);
            blockstore
                .insert_shreds(shreds, None, false)
                .expect("Expected successful write of shreds");
            assert_eq!(blockstore.get_slot_entries(slot, 0).unwrap(), entries);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_insert_data_shreds_consecutive() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();
        // Create enough entries to ensure there are at least two shreds created
        let min_entries = max_ticks_per_n_shreds(1, None) + 1;
        for i in 0..4 {
            let slot = i;
            let parent_slot = if i == 0 { 0 } else { i - 1 };
            // Write entries
            let num_entries = min_entries * (i + 1);
            let (shreds, original_entries) = make_slot_entries(
                slot,
                parent_slot,
                num_entries,
                true, // merkle_variant
            );

            let num_shreds = shreds.len() as u64;
            assert!(num_shreds > 1);
            let mut even_shreds = vec![];
            let mut odd_shreds = vec![];

            for (i, shred) in shreds.into_iter().enumerate() {
                if i % 2 == 0 {
                    even_shreds.push(shred);
                } else {
                    odd_shreds.push(shred);
                }
            }

            blockstore.insert_shreds(odd_shreds, None, false).unwrap();

            assert_eq!(blockstore.get_slot_entries(slot, 0).unwrap(), vec![]);

            let meta = blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap();
            if num_shreds % 2 == 0 {
                assert_eq!(meta.received, num_shreds);
            } else {
                trace!("got here");
                assert_eq!(meta.received, num_shreds - 1);
            }
            assert_eq!(meta.consumed, 0);
            if num_shreds % 2 == 0 {
                assert_eq!(meta.last_index, Some(num_shreds - 1));
            } else {
                assert_eq!(meta.last_index, None);
            }

            blockstore.insert_shreds(even_shreds, None, false).unwrap();

            assert_eq!(
                blockstore.get_slot_entries(slot, 0).unwrap(),
                original_entries,
            );

            let meta = blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap();
            assert_eq!(meta.received, num_shreds);
            assert_eq!(meta.consumed, num_shreds);
            assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, Some(parent_slot));
            assert_eq!(meta.last_index, Some(num_shreds - 1));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_data_set_completed_on_insert() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let BlockstoreSignals { blockstore, .. } =
            Blockstore::open_with_signal(ledger_path.path(), BlockstoreOptions::default()).unwrap();

        // Create enough entries to fill 2 shreds, only the later one is data complete
        let slot = 0;
        let num_entries = max_ticks_per_n_shreds(1, None) + 1;
        let entries = create_ticks(num_entries, slot, Hash::default());
        let shreds =
            entries_to_test_shreds(&entries, slot, 0, true, 0, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);
        let num_shreds = shreds.len();
        assert!(num_shreds > 1);
        assert!(blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds[1..].to_vec(), None, false)
            .unwrap()
            .is_empty());
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore
                .insert_shreds(vec![shreds[0].clone()], None, false)
                .unwrap(),
            vec![CompletedDataSetInfo {
                slot,
                start_index: 0,
                end_index: num_shreds as u32 - 1
            }]
        );
        // Inserting shreds again doesn't trigger notification
        assert!(blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds, None, false)
            .unwrap()
            .is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_new_shreds_signal() {
        // Initialize blockstore
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let BlockstoreSignals {
            blockstore,
            ledger_signal_receiver: recvr,
            ..
        } = Blockstore::open_with_signal(ledger_path.path(), BlockstoreOptions::default()).unwrap();

        let entries_per_slot = 50;
        // Create entries for slot 0
        let (mut shreds, _) = make_slot_entries(
            0, // slot
            0, // parent_slot
            entries_per_slot,
            false, // merkle_variant
        );
        let shreds_per_slot = shreds.len() as u64;

        // Insert second shred, but we're missing the first shred, so no consecutive
        // shreds starting from slot 0, index 0 should exist.
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(vec![shreds.remove(1)], None, false)
            .unwrap();
        let timer = Duration::from_secs(1);
        assert!(recvr.recv_timeout(timer).is_err());
        // Insert first shred, now we've made a consecutive block
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(vec![shreds.remove(0)], None, false)
            .unwrap();
        // Wait to get notified of update, should only be one update
        assert!(recvr.recv_timeout(timer).is_ok());
        assert!(recvr.try_recv().is_err());
        // Insert the rest of the ticks
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        // Wait to get notified of update, should only be one update
        assert!(recvr.recv_timeout(timer).is_ok());
        assert!(recvr.try_recv().is_err());

        // Create some other slots, and send batches of ticks for each slot such that each slot
        // is missing the tick at shred index == slot index - 1. Thus, no consecutive blocks
        // will be formed
        let num_slots = shreds_per_slot;
        let mut shreds = vec![];
        let mut missing_shreds = vec![];
        for slot in 1..num_slots + 1 {
            let (mut slot_shreds, _) = make_slot_entries(
                slot,
                slot - 1, // parent_slot
                entries_per_slot,
                false, // merkle_variant
            );
            let missing_shred = slot_shreds.remove(slot as usize - 1);
            shreds.extend(slot_shreds);
            missing_shreds.push(missing_shred);
        }

        // Should be no updates, since no new chains from block 0 were formed
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        assert!(recvr.recv_timeout(timer).is_err());

        // Insert a shred for each slot that doesn't make a consecutive block, we
        // should get no updates
        let shreds: Vec<_> = (1..num_slots + 1)
            .flat_map(|slot| {
                let (mut shred, _) = make_slot_entries(
                    slot,
                    slot - 1, // parent_slot
                    1,        // num_entries
                    false,    // merkle_variant
                );
                shred[0].set_index(2 * num_slots as u32);
                shred
            })
            .collect();

        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        assert!(recvr.recv_timeout(timer).is_err());

        // For slots 1..num_slots/2, fill in the holes in one batch insertion,
        // so we should only get one signal
        let missing_shreds2 = missing_shreds
            .drain((num_slots / 2) as usize..)
            .collect_vec();
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(missing_shreds, None, false)
            .unwrap();
        assert!(recvr.recv_timeout(timer).is_ok());
        assert!(recvr.try_recv().is_err());

        // Fill in the holes for each of the remaining slots, we should get a single update
        // for each
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(missing_shreds2, None, false)
            .unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_completed_shreds_signal() {
        // Initialize blockstore
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let BlockstoreSignals {
            blockstore,
            completed_slots_receiver: recvr,
            ..
        } = Blockstore::open_with_signal(ledger_path.path(), BlockstoreOptions::default()).unwrap();

        let entries_per_slot = 10;

        // Create shreds for slot 0
        let (mut shreds, _) =
            make_slot_entries(0, 0, entries_per_slot, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);

        let shred0 = shreds.remove(0);
        // Insert all but the first shred in the slot, should not be considered complete
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        assert!(recvr.try_recv().is_err());

        // Insert first shred, slot should now be considered complete
        blockstore.insert_shreds(vec![shred0], None, false).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(recvr.try_recv().unwrap(), vec![0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_completed_shreds_signal_orphans() {
        // Initialize blockstore
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let BlockstoreSignals {
            blockstore,
            completed_slots_receiver: recvr,
            ..
        } = Blockstore::open_with_signal(ledger_path.path(), BlockstoreOptions::default()).unwrap();

        let entries_per_slot = 10;
        let slots = vec![2, 5, 10];
        let mut all_shreds = make_chaining_slot_entries(&slots[..], entries_per_slot);

        // Get the shreds for slot 10, chaining to slot 5
        let (mut orphan_child, _) = all_shreds.remove(2);

        // Get the shreds for slot 5 chaining to slot 2
        let (mut orphan_shreds, _) = all_shreds.remove(1);

        // Insert all but the first shred in the slot, should not be considered complete
        let orphan_child0 = orphan_child.remove(0);
        blockstore.insert_shreds(orphan_child, None, false).unwrap();
        assert!(recvr.try_recv().is_err());

        // Insert first shred, slot should now be considered complete
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(vec![orphan_child0], None, false)
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(recvr.try_recv().unwrap(), vec![slots[2]]);

        // Insert the shreds for the orphan_slot
        let orphan_shred0 = orphan_shreds.remove(0);
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(orphan_shreds, None, false)
            .unwrap();
        assert!(recvr.try_recv().is_err());

        // Insert first shred, slot should now be considered complete
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(vec![orphan_shred0], None, false)
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(recvr.try_recv().unwrap(), vec![slots[1]]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_completed_shreds_signal_many() {
        // Initialize blockstore
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let BlockstoreSignals {
            blockstore,
            completed_slots_receiver: recvr,
            ..
        } = Blockstore::open_with_signal(ledger_path.path(), BlockstoreOptions::default()).unwrap();

        let entries_per_slot = 10;
        let mut slots = vec![2, 5, 10];
        let mut all_shreds = make_chaining_slot_entries(&slots[..], entries_per_slot);
        let disconnected_slot = 4;

        let (shreds0, _) = all_shreds.remove(0);
        let (shreds1, _) = all_shreds.remove(0);
        let (shreds2, _) = all_shreds.remove(0);
        let (shreds3, _) = make_slot_entries(
            disconnected_slot,
            1, // parent_slot
            entries_per_slot,
            true, // merkle_variant
        );

        let mut all_shreds: Vec<_> = vec![shreds0, shreds1, shreds2, shreds3]
            .into_iter()
            .flatten()
            .collect();

        all_shreds.shuffle(&mut thread_rng());
        blockstore.insert_shreds(all_shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        let mut result = recvr.try_recv().unwrap();
        result.sort_unstable();
        slots.push(disconnected_slot);
        slots.sort_unstable();
        assert_eq!(result, slots);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_handle_chaining_basic() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let entries_per_slot = 5;
        let num_slots = 3;

        // Construct the shreds
        let (mut shreds, _) = make_many_slot_entries(0, num_slots, entries_per_slot);
        let shreds_per_slot = shreds.len() / num_slots as usize;

        // 1) Write to the first slot
        let shreds1 = shreds
            .drain(shreds_per_slot..2 * shreds_per_slot)
            .collect_vec();
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds1, None, false).unwrap();
        let meta1 = blockstore.meta(1).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert!(meta1.next_slots.is_empty());
        // Slot 1 is not connected because slot 0 hasn't been inserted yet
        assert!(!meta1.is_connected());
        assert_eq!(meta1.parent_slot, Some(0));
        assert_eq!(meta1.last_index, Some(shreds_per_slot as u64 - 1));

        // 2) Write to the second slot
        let shreds2 = shreds
            .drain(shreds_per_slot..2 * shreds_per_slot)
            .collect_vec();
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds2, None, false).unwrap();
        let meta2 = blockstore.meta(2).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert!(meta2.next_slots.is_empty());
        // Slot 2 is not connected because slot 0 hasn't been inserted yet
        assert!(!meta2.is_connected());
        assert_eq!(meta2.parent_slot, Some(1));
        assert_eq!(meta2.last_index, Some(shreds_per_slot as u64 - 1));

        // Check the first slot again, it should chain to the second slot,
        // but still isn't connected.
        let meta1 = blockstore.meta(1).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(meta1.next_slots, vec![2]);
        assert!(!meta1.is_connected());
        assert_eq!(meta1.parent_slot, Some(0));
        assert_eq!(meta1.last_index, Some(shreds_per_slot as u64 - 1));

        // 3) Write to the zeroth slot, check that every slot
        // is now part of the trunk
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        for slot in 0..3 {
            let meta = blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap();
            // The last slot will not chain to any other slots
            if slot != 2 {
                assert_eq!(meta.next_slots, vec![slot + 1]);
            }
            if slot == 0 {
                assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, Some(0));
            } else {
                assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, Some(slot - 1));
            }
            assert_eq!(meta.last_index, Some(shreds_per_slot as u64 - 1));
            assert!(meta.is_connected());
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_handle_chaining_missing_slots() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let num_slots = 30;
        let entries_per_slot = 5;
        // Make some shreds and split based on whether the slot is odd or even.
        let (shreds, _) = make_many_slot_entries(0, num_slots, entries_per_slot);
        let shreds_per_slot = shreds.len() as u64 / num_slots;
        let (even_slots, odd_slots): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) =
            shreds.into_iter().partition(|shred| shred.slot() % 2 == 0);

        // Write the odd slot shreds
        blockstore.insert_shreds(odd_slots, None, false).unwrap();

        for slot in 0..num_slots {
            // The slots that were inserted (the odds) will ...
            // - Know who their parent is (parent encoded in the shreds)
            // - Have empty next_slots since next_slots would be evens
            // The slots that were not inserted (the evens) will ...
            // - Still have a meta since their child linked back to them
            // - Have next_slots link to child because of the above
            // - Have an unknown parent since no shreds to indicate
            let meta = blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap();
            if slot % 2 == 0 {
                assert_eq!(meta.next_slots, vec![slot + 1]);
                assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, None);
            } else {
                assert!(meta.next_slots.is_empty());
                assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, Some(slot - 1));
            }

            // None of the slot should be connected, but since slot 0 is
            // the special case, it will have parent_connected as true.
            assert!(!meta.is_connected());
            assert!(!meta.is_parent_connected() || slot == 0);
        }

        // Write the even slot shreds that we did not earlier
        blockstore.insert_shreds(even_slots, None, false).unwrap();

        for slot in 0..num_slots {
            let meta = blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap();
            // All slots except the last one should have a slot in next_slots
            if slot != num_slots - 1 {
                assert_eq!(meta.next_slots, vec![slot + 1]);
            } else {
                assert!(meta.next_slots.is_empty());
            }
            // All slots should have the link back to their parent
            if slot == 0 {
                assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, Some(0));
            } else {
                assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, Some(slot - 1));
            }
            // All inserted slots were full and should be connected
            assert_eq!(meta.last_index, Some(shreds_per_slot - 1));
            assert!(meta.is_full());
            assert!(meta.is_connected());
        }
    }

    #[test]
    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
    pub fn test_forward_chaining_is_connected() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let num_slots = 15;
        // Create enough entries to ensure there are at least two shreds created
        let entries_per_slot = max_ticks_per_n_shreds(1, None) + 1;
        assert!(entries_per_slot > 1);

        let (mut shreds, _) = make_many_slot_entries(0, num_slots, entries_per_slot);
        let shreds_per_slot = shreds.len() / num_slots as usize;
        assert!(shreds_per_slot > 1);

        // Write the shreds such that every 3rd slot has a gap in the beginning
        let mut missing_shreds = vec![];
        for slot in 0..num_slots {
            let mut shreds_for_slot = shreds.drain(..shreds_per_slot).collect_vec();
            if slot % 3 == 0 {
                let shred0 = shreds_for_slot.remove(0);
                missing_shreds.push(shred0);
            }
            blockstore
                .insert_shreds(shreds_for_slot, None, false)
                .unwrap();
        }

        // Check metadata
        for slot in 0..num_slots {
            let meta = blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap();
            // The last slot will not chain to any other slots
            if slot != num_slots - 1 {
                assert_eq!(meta.next_slots, vec![slot + 1]);
            } else {
                assert!(meta.next_slots.is_empty());
            }

            // Ensure that each slot has their parent correct
            if slot == 0 {
                assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, Some(0));
            } else {
                assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, Some(slot - 1));
            }
            // No slots should be connected yet, not even slot 0
            // as slot 0 is still not full yet
            assert!(!meta.is_connected());

            assert_eq!(meta.last_index, Some(shreds_per_slot as u64 - 1));
        }

        // Iteratively finish every 3rd slot, and check that all slots up to and including
        // slot_index + 3 become part of the trunk
        for slot_index in 0..num_slots {
            if slot_index % 3 == 0 {
                let shred = missing_shreds.remove(0);
                blockstore.insert_shreds(vec![shred], None, false).unwrap();

                for slot in 0..num_slots {
                    let meta = blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap();

                    if slot != num_slots - 1 {
                        assert_eq!(meta.next_slots, vec![slot + 1]);
                    } else {
                        assert!(meta.next_slots.is_empty());
                    }

                    if slot < slot_index + 3 {
                        assert!(meta.is_full());
                        assert!(meta.is_connected());
                    } else {
                        assert!(!meta.is_connected());
                    }

                    assert_eq!(meta.last_index, Some(shreds_per_slot as u64 - 1));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scan_and_fix_roots() {
        fn blockstore_roots(blockstore: &Blockstore) -> Vec<Slot> {
            blockstore
                .rooted_slot_iterator(0)
                .unwrap()
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        }

        solana_logger::setup();
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let entries_per_slot = max_ticks_per_n_shreds(5, None);
        let start_slot: Slot = 0;
        let num_slots = 18;

        // Produce the following chains and insert shreds into Blockstore
        // 0 -> 2 -> 4 -> 6 -> 8 -> 10 -> 12 -> 14 -> 16 -> 18
        //  \
        //   -> 1 -> 3 -> 5 -> 7 ->  9 -> 11 -> 13 -> 15 -> 17
        let shreds: Vec<_> = (start_slot..=num_slots)
            .flat_map(|slot| {
                let parent_slot = if slot % 2 == 0 {
                    slot.saturating_sub(2)
                } else {
                    slot.saturating_sub(1)
                };
                let (shreds, _) = make_slot_entries(
                    slot,
                    parent_slot,
                    entries_per_slot,
                    true, // merkle_variant
                );
                shreds.into_iter()
            })
            .collect();
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();

        // Start slot must be a root
        let (start, end) = (Some(16), None);
        assert_matches!(
            blockstore.scan_and_fix_roots(start, end, &AtomicBool::new(false)),
            Err(BlockstoreError::SlotNotRooted)
        );

        // Mark several roots
        let new_roots = vec![6, 12];
        blockstore.set_roots(new_roots.iter()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(&new_roots, &blockstore_roots(&blockstore));

        // Specify both a start root and end slot
        let (start, end) = (Some(12), Some(8));
        let roots = vec![6, 8, 10, 12];
        blockstore
            .scan_and_fix_roots(start, end, &AtomicBool::new(false))
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(&roots, &blockstore_roots(&blockstore));

        // Specify only an end slot
        let (start, end) = (None, Some(4));
        let roots = vec![4, 6, 8, 10, 12];
        blockstore
            .scan_and_fix_roots(start, end, &AtomicBool::new(false))
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(&roots, &blockstore_roots(&blockstore));

        // Specify only a start slot
        let (start, end) = (Some(12), None);
        let roots = vec![0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12];
        blockstore
            .scan_and_fix_roots(start, end, &AtomicBool::new(false))
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(&roots, &blockstore_roots(&blockstore));

        // Mark additional root
        let new_roots = vec![16];
        let roots = vec![0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16];
        blockstore.set_roots(new_roots.iter()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(&roots, &blockstore_roots(&blockstore));

        // Leave both start and end unspecified
        let (start, end) = (None, None);
        let roots = vec![0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16];
        blockstore
            .scan_and_fix_roots(start, end, &AtomicBool::new(false))
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(&roots, &blockstore_roots(&blockstore));

        // Subsequent calls should have no effect and return without error
        blockstore
            .scan_and_fix_roots(start, end, &AtomicBool::new(false))
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(&roots, &blockstore_roots(&blockstore));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_set_and_chain_connected_on_root_and_next_slots() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Create enough entries to ensure 5 shreds result
        let entries_per_slot = max_ticks_per_n_shreds(5, None);

        let mut start_slot = 5;
        // Start a chain from a slot not in blockstore, this is the case when
        // node starts with no blockstore and downloads a snapshot. In this
        // scenario, the slot will be marked connected despite its' parent not
        // being connected (or existing) and not being full.
        blockstore
            .set_and_chain_connected_on_root_and_next_slots(start_slot)
            .unwrap();
        let slot_meta5 = blockstore.meta(start_slot).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert!(!slot_meta5.is_full());
        assert!(slot_meta5.is_parent_connected());
        assert!(slot_meta5.is_connected());

        let num_slots = 5;
        // Insert some new slots and ensure they connect to the root correctly
        start_slot += 1;
        let (shreds, _) = make_many_slot_entries(start_slot, num_slots, entries_per_slot);
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        for slot in start_slot..start_slot + num_slots {
            info!("Evaluating slot {}", slot);
            let meta = blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap();
            assert!(meta.is_parent_connected());
            assert!(meta.is_connected());
        }

        // Chain connected on slots that are already connected, should just noop
        blockstore
            .set_and_chain_connected_on_root_and_next_slots(start_slot)
            .unwrap();
        for slot in start_slot..start_slot + num_slots {
            let meta = blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap();
            assert!(meta.is_parent_connected());
            assert!(meta.is_connected());
        }

        // Start another chain that is disconnected from previous chain. But, insert
        // a non-full slot and ensure this slot (and its' children) are not marked
        // as connected.
        start_slot += 2 * num_slots;
        let (shreds, _) = make_many_slot_entries(start_slot, num_slots, entries_per_slot);
        // Insert all shreds except for the shreds with index > 0 from non_full_slot
        let non_full_slot = start_slot + num_slots / 2;
        let (shreds, missing_shreds) = shreds
            .into_iter()
            .partition(|shred| shred.slot() != non_full_slot || shred.index() == 0);
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        // Chain method hasn't been called yet, so none of these connected yet
        for slot in start_slot..start_slot + num_slots {
            let meta = blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap();
            assert!(!meta.is_parent_connected());
            assert!(!meta.is_connected());
        }
        // Now chain from the new starting point
        blockstore
            .set_and_chain_connected_on_root_and_next_slots(start_slot)
            .unwrap();
        for slot in start_slot..start_slot + num_slots {
            let meta = blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap();
            match slot.cmp(&non_full_slot) {
                Ordering::Less => {
                    // These are fully connected as expected
                    assert!(meta.is_parent_connected());
                    assert!(meta.is_connected());
                }
                Ordering::Equal => {
                    // Parent will be connected, but this slot not connected itself
                    assert!(meta.is_parent_connected());
                    assert!(!meta.is_connected());
                }
                Ordering::Greater => {
                    // All children are not connected either
                    assert!(!meta.is_parent_connected());
                    assert!(!meta.is_connected());
                }
            }
        }

        // Insert the missing shreds and ensure all slots connected now
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(missing_shreds, None, false)
            .unwrap();
        for slot in start_slot..start_slot + num_slots {
            let meta = blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap();
            assert!(meta.is_parent_connected());
            assert!(meta.is_connected());
        }
    }

    /*
        #[test]
        pub fn test_chaining_tree() {
            let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
            let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

            let num_tree_levels = 6;
            assert!(num_tree_levels > 1);
            let branching_factor: u64 = 4;
            // Number of slots that will be in the tree
            let num_slots = (branching_factor.pow(num_tree_levels) - 1) / (branching_factor - 1);
            let erasure_config = ErasureConfig::default();
            let entries_per_slot = erasure_config.num_data() as u64;
            assert!(entries_per_slot > 1);

            let (mut shreds, _) = make_many_slot_entries(0, num_slots, entries_per_slot);

            // Insert tree one slot at a time in a random order
            let mut slots: Vec<_> = (0..num_slots).collect();

            // Get shreds for the slot
            slots.shuffle(&mut thread_rng());
            for slot in slots {
                // Get shreds for the slot "slot"
                let slot_shreds = &mut shreds
                    [(slot * entries_per_slot) as usize..((slot + 1) * entries_per_slot) as usize];
                for shred in slot_shreds.iter_mut() {
                    // Get the parent slot of the slot in the tree
                    let slot_parent = {
                        if slot == 0 {
                            0
                        } else {
                            (slot - 1) / branching_factor
                        }
                    };
                    shred.set_parent(slot_parent);
                }

                let shared_shreds: Vec<_> = slot_shreds
                    .iter()
                    .cloned()
                    .map(|shred| Arc::new(RwLock::new(shred)))
                    .collect();
                let mut coding_generator = CodingGenerator::new_from_config(&erasure_config);
                let coding_shreds = coding_generator.next(&shared_shreds);
                assert_eq!(coding_shreds.len(), erasure_config.num_coding());

                let mut rng = thread_rng();

                // Randomly pick whether to insert erasure or coding shreds first
                if rng.gen_bool(0.5) {
                    blockstore.write_shreds(slot_shreds).unwrap();
                    blockstore.put_shared_coding_shreds(&coding_shreds).unwrap();
                } else {
                    blockstore.put_shared_coding_shreds(&coding_shreds).unwrap();
                    blockstore.write_shreds(slot_shreds).unwrap();
                }
            }

            // Make sure everything chains correctly
            let last_level =
                (branching_factor.pow(num_tree_levels - 1) - 1) / (branching_factor - 1);
            for slot in 0..num_slots {
                let slot_meta = blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap();
                assert_eq!(slot_meta.consumed, entries_per_slot);
                assert_eq!(slot_meta.received, entries_per_slot);
                assert!(slot_meta.is_connected());
                let slot_parent = {
                    if slot == 0 {
                        0
                    } else {
                        (slot - 1) / branching_factor
                    }
                };
                assert_eq!(slot_meta.parent_slot, Some(slot_parent));

                let expected_children: HashSet<_> = {
                    if slot >= last_level {
                        HashSet::new()
                    } else {
                        let first_child_slot = min(num_slots - 1, slot * branching_factor + 1);
                        let last_child_slot = min(num_slots - 1, (slot + 1) * branching_factor);
                        (first_child_slot..last_child_slot + 1).collect()
                    }
                };

                let result: HashSet<_> = slot_meta.next_slots.iter().cloned().collect();
                if expected_children.len() != 0 {
                    assert_eq!(slot_meta.next_slots.len(), branching_factor as usize);
                } else {
                    assert_eq!(slot_meta.next_slots.len(), 0);
                }
                assert_eq!(expected_children, result);
            }

            // No orphan slots should exist
            assert!(blockstore.orphans_cf.is_empty().unwrap())

        }
    */
    #[test]
    fn test_slot_range_connected_chain() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let num_slots = 3;
        for slot in 1..=num_slots {
            make_and_insert_slot(&blockstore, slot, slot.saturating_sub(1));
        }

        assert!(blockstore.slot_range_connected(1, 3));
        assert!(!blockstore.slot_range_connected(1, 4)); // slot 4 does not exist
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_slot_range_connected_disconnected() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        make_and_insert_slot(&blockstore, 1, 0);
        make_and_insert_slot(&blockstore, 2, 1);
        make_and_insert_slot(&blockstore, 4, 2);

        assert!(blockstore.slot_range_connected(1, 3)); // Slot 3 does not exist, but we can still replay this range to slot 4
        assert!(blockstore.slot_range_connected(1, 4));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_slot_range_connected_same_slot() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        assert!(blockstore.slot_range_connected(54, 54));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_slot_range_connected_starting_slot_not_full() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        make_and_insert_slot(&blockstore, 5, 4);
        make_and_insert_slot(&blockstore, 6, 5);

        assert!(!blockstore.meta(4).unwrap().unwrap().is_full());
        assert!(blockstore.slot_range_connected(4, 6));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_slots_since() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Slot doesn't exist
        assert!(blockstore.get_slots_since(&[0]).unwrap().is_empty());

        let mut meta0 = SlotMeta::new(0, Some(0));
        blockstore.meta_cf.put(0, &meta0).unwrap();

        // Slot exists, chains to nothing
        let expected: HashMap<u64, Vec<u64>> = vec![(0, vec![])].into_iter().collect();
        assert_eq!(blockstore.get_slots_since(&[0]).unwrap(), expected);
        meta0.next_slots = vec![1, 2];
        blockstore.meta_cf.put(0, &meta0).unwrap();

        // Slot exists, chains to some other slots
        let expected: HashMap<u64, Vec<u64>> = vec![(0, vec![1, 2])].into_iter().collect();
        assert_eq!(blockstore.get_slots_since(&[0]).unwrap(), expected);
        assert_eq!(blockstore.get_slots_since(&[0, 1]).unwrap(), expected);

        let mut meta3 = SlotMeta::new(3, Some(1));
        meta3.next_slots = vec![10, 5];
        blockstore.meta_cf.put(3, &meta3).unwrap();
        let expected: HashMap<u64, Vec<u64>> = vec![(0, vec![1, 2]), (3, vec![10, 5])]
            .into_iter()
            .collect();
        assert_eq!(blockstore.get_slots_since(&[0, 1, 3]).unwrap(), expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_orphans() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Create shreds and entries
        let entries_per_slot = 1;
        let (mut shreds, _) = make_many_slot_entries(0, 3, entries_per_slot);
        let shreds_per_slot = shreds.len() / 3;

        // Write slot 2, which chains to slot 1. We're missing slot 0,
        // so slot 1 is the orphan
        let shreds_for_slot = shreds.drain((shreds_per_slot * 2)..).collect_vec();
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds_for_slot, None, false)
            .unwrap();
        let meta = blockstore
            .meta(1)
            .expect("Expect database get to succeed")
            .unwrap();
        assert!(is_orphan(&meta));
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.orphans_iterator(0).unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![1]
        );

        // Write slot 1 which chains to slot 0, so now slot 0 is the
        // orphan, and slot 1 is no longer the orphan.
        let shreds_for_slot = shreds.drain(shreds_per_slot..).collect_vec();
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds_for_slot, None, false)
            .unwrap();
        let meta = blockstore
            .meta(1)
            .expect("Expect database get to succeed")
            .unwrap();
        assert!(!is_orphan(&meta));
        let meta = blockstore
            .meta(0)
            .expect("Expect database get to succeed")
            .unwrap();
        assert!(is_orphan(&meta));
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.orphans_iterator(0).unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![0]
        );

        // Write some slot that also chains to existing slots and orphan,
        // nothing should change
        let (shred4, _) = make_slot_entries(4, 0, 1, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);
        let (shred5, _) = make_slot_entries(5, 1, 1, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shred4, None, false).unwrap();
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shred5, None, false).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.orphans_iterator(0).unwrap().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![0]
        );

        // Write zeroth slot, no more orphans
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        for i in 0..3 {
            let meta = blockstore
                .meta(i)
                .expect("Expect database get to succeed")
                .unwrap();
            assert!(!is_orphan(&meta));
        }
        // Orphans cf is empty
        assert!(blockstore.orphans_cf.is_empty().unwrap());
    }

    fn test_insert_data_shreds_slots(should_bulk_write: bool) {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Create shreds and entries
        let num_entries = 20_u64;
        let mut entries = vec![];
        let mut shreds = vec![];
        let mut num_shreds_per_slot = 0;
        for slot in 0..num_entries {
            let parent_slot = {
                if slot == 0 {
                    0
                } else {
                    slot - 1
                }
            };

            let (mut shred, entry) =
                make_slot_entries(slot, parent_slot, 1, /*merkle_variant:*/ false);
            num_shreds_per_slot = shred.len() as u64;
            shred
                .iter_mut()
                .enumerate()
                .for_each(|(_, shred)| shred.set_index(0));
            shreds.extend(shred);
            entries.extend(entry);
        }

        let num_shreds = shreds.len();
        // Write shreds to the database
        if should_bulk_write {
            blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        } else {
            for _ in 0..num_shreds {
                let shred = shreds.remove(0);
                blockstore.insert_shreds(vec![shred], None, false).unwrap();
            }
        }

        for i in 0..num_entries - 1 {
            assert_eq!(
                blockstore.get_slot_entries(i, 0).unwrap()[0],
                entries[i as usize]
            );

            let meta = blockstore.meta(i).unwrap().unwrap();
            assert_eq!(meta.received, 1);
            assert_eq!(meta.last_index, Some(0));
            if i != 0 {
                assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, Some(i - 1));
                assert_eq!(meta.consumed, 1);
            } else {
                assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, Some(0));
                assert_eq!(meta.consumed, num_shreds_per_slot);
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_find_missing_data_indexes() {
        let slot = 0;
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Write entries
        let gap: u64 = 10;
        assert!(gap > 3);
        // Create enough entries to ensure there are at least two shreds created
        let data_buffer_size = ShredData::capacity(/*merkle_proof_size:*/ None).unwrap();
        let num_entries = max_ticks_per_n_shreds(1, Some(data_buffer_size)) + 1;
        let entries = create_ticks(num_entries, 0, Hash::default());
        let mut shreds =
            entries_to_test_shreds(&entries, slot, 0, true, 0, /*merkle_variant:*/ false);
        let num_shreds = shreds.len();
        assert!(num_shreds > 1);
        for (i, s) in shreds.iter_mut().enumerate() {
            s.set_index(i as u32 * gap as u32);
            s.set_slot(slot);
        }
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();

        // Index of the first shred is 0
        // Index of the second shred is "gap"
        // Thus, the missing indexes should then be [1, gap - 1] for the input index
        // range of [0, gap)
        let expected: Vec<u64> = (1..gap).collect();
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.find_missing_data_indexes(
                slot,
                0,            // first_timestamp
                0,            // defer_threshold_ticks
                0,            // start_index
                gap,          // end_index
                gap as usize, // max_missing
            ),
            expected
        );
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.find_missing_data_indexes(
                slot,
                0,                  // first_timestamp
                0,                  // defer_threshold_ticks
                1,                  // start_index
                gap,                // end_index
                (gap - 1) as usize, // max_missing
            ),
            expected,
        );
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.find_missing_data_indexes(
                slot,
                0,                  // first_timestmap
                0,                  // defer_threshold_ticks
                0,                  // start_index
                gap - 1,            // end_index
                (gap - 1) as usize, // max_missing
            ),
            &expected[..expected.len() - 1],
        );
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.find_missing_data_indexes(
                slot,
                0,            // first_timestmap
                0,            // defer_threshold_ticks
                gap - 2,      // start_index
                gap,          // end_index
                gap as usize, // max_missing
            ),
            vec![gap - 2, gap - 1],
        );
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.find_missing_data_indexes(
                slot,    // slot
                0,       // first_timestamp
                0,       // defer_threshold_ticks
                gap - 2, // start_index
                gap,     // end_index
                1,       // max_missing
            ),
            vec![gap - 2],
        );
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.find_missing_data_indexes(
                slot, // slot
                0,    // first_timestamp
                0,    // defer_threshold_ticks
                0,    // start_index
                gap,  // end_index
                1,    // max_missing
            ),
            vec![1],
        );

        // Test with a range that encompasses a shred with index == gap which was
        // already inserted.
        let mut expected: Vec<u64> = (1..gap).collect();
        expected.push(gap + 1);
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.find_missing_data_indexes(
                slot,
                0,                  // first_timestamp
                0,                  // defer_threshold_ticks
                0,                  // start_index
                gap + 2,            // end_index
                (gap + 2) as usize, // max_missing
            ),
            expected,
        );
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.find_missing_data_indexes(
                slot,
                0,                  // first_timestamp
                0,                  // defer_threshold_ticks
                0,                  // start_index
                gap + 2,            // end_index
                (gap - 1) as usize, // max_missing
            ),
            &expected[..expected.len() - 1],
        );

        for i in 0..num_shreds as u64 {
            for j in 0..i {
                let expected: Vec<u64> = (j..i)
                    .flat_map(|k| {
                        let begin = k * gap + 1;
                        let end = (k + 1) * gap;
                        begin..end
                    })
                    .collect();
                assert_eq!(
                    blockstore.find_missing_data_indexes(
                        slot,
                        0,                        // first_timestamp
                        0,                        // defer_threshold_ticks
                        j * gap,                  // start_index
                        i * gap,                  // end_index
                        ((i - j) * gap) as usize, // max_missing
                    ),
                    expected,
                );
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_find_missing_data_indexes_timeout() {
        let slot = 0;
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Blockstore::find_missing_data_indexes() compares timestamps, so
        // set a small value for defer_threshold_ticks to avoid flakiness.
        let defer_threshold_ticks = DEFAULT_TICKS_PER_SLOT / 16;
        let start_index = 0;
        let end_index = 50;
        let max_missing = 9;

        // Write entries
        let gap: u64 = 10;
        let shreds: Vec<_> = (0..64)
            .map(|i| {
                Shred::new_from_data(
                    slot,
                    (i * gap) as u32,
                    0,
                    &[],
                    ShredFlags::empty(),
                    i as u8,
                    0,
                    (i * gap) as u32,
                )
            })
            .collect();
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();

        let empty: Vec<u64> = vec![];
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.find_missing_data_indexes(
                slot,
                timestamp(), // first_timestamp
                defer_threshold_ticks,
                start_index,
                end_index,
                max_missing,
            ),
            empty
        );
        let expected: Vec<_> = (1..=9).collect();
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.find_missing_data_indexes(
                slot,
                timestamp() - DEFAULT_MS_PER_SLOT, // first_timestamp
                defer_threshold_ticks,
                start_index,
                end_index,
                max_missing,
            ),
            expected
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_find_missing_data_indexes_sanity() {
        let slot = 0;

        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Early exit conditions
        let empty: Vec<u64> = vec![];
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.find_missing_data_indexes(
                slot, // slot
                0,    // first_timestamp
                0,    // defer_threshold_ticks
                0,    // start_index
                0,    // end_index
                1,    // max_missing
            ),
            empty
        );
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.find_missing_data_indexes(
                slot, // slot
                0,    // first_timestamp
                0,    // defer_threshold_ticks
                5,    // start_index
                5,    // end_index
                1,    // max_missing
            ),
            empty
        );
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.find_missing_data_indexes(
                slot, // slot
                0,    // first_timestamp
                0,    // defer_threshold_ticks
                4,    // start_index
                3,    // end_index
                1,    // max_missing
            ),
            empty
        );
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.find_missing_data_indexes(
                slot, // slot
                0,    // first_timestamp
                0,    // defer_threshold_ticks
                1,    // start_index
                2,    // end_index
                0,    // max_missing
            ),
            empty
        );

        let entries = create_ticks(100, 0, Hash::default());
        let mut shreds =
            entries_to_test_shreds(&entries, slot, 0, true, 0, /*merkle_variant:*/ false);
        assert!(shreds.len() > 2);
        shreds.drain(2..);

        const ONE: u64 = 1;
        const OTHER: u64 = 4;

        shreds[0].set_index(ONE as u32);
        shreds[1].set_index(OTHER as u32);

        // Insert one shred at index = first_index
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();

        const STARTS: u64 = OTHER * 2;
        const END: u64 = OTHER * 3;
        const MAX: usize = 10;
        // The first shred has index = first_index. Thus, for i < first_index,
        // given the input range of [i, first_index], the missing indexes should be
        // [i, first_index - 1]
        for start in 0..STARTS {
            let result = blockstore.find_missing_data_indexes(
                slot,  // slot
                0,     // first_timestamp
                0,     // defer_threshold_ticks
                start, // start_index
                END,   // end_index
                MAX,   // max_missing
            );
            let expected: Vec<u64> = (start..END).filter(|i| *i != ONE && *i != OTHER).collect();
            assert_eq!(result, expected);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_no_missing_shred_indexes() {
        let slot = 0;
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Write entries
        let num_entries = 10;
        let entries = create_ticks(num_entries, 0, Hash::default());
        let shreds =
            entries_to_test_shreds(&entries, slot, 0, true, 0, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);
        let num_shreds = shreds.len();

        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();

        let empty: Vec<u64> = vec![];
        for i in 0..num_shreds as u64 {
            for j in 0..i {
                assert_eq!(
                    blockstore.find_missing_data_indexes(
                        slot,
                        0,                // first_timestamp
                        0,                // defer_threshold_ticks
                        j,                // start_index
                        i,                // end_index
                        (i - j) as usize, // max_missing
                    ),
                    empty
                );
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_verify_shred_slots() {
        // verify_shred_slots(slot, parent, root)
        assert!(verify_shred_slots(0, 0, 0));
        assert!(verify_shred_slots(2, 1, 0));
        assert!(verify_shred_slots(2, 1, 1));
        assert!(!verify_shred_slots(2, 3, 0));
        assert!(!verify_shred_slots(2, 2, 0));
        assert!(!verify_shred_slots(2, 3, 3));
        assert!(!verify_shred_slots(2, 2, 2));
        assert!(!verify_shred_slots(2, 1, 3));
        assert!(!verify_shred_slots(2, 3, 4));
        assert!(!verify_shred_slots(2, 2, 3));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_should_insert_data_shred() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let (mut shreds, _) = make_slot_entries(0, 0, 200, /*merkle_variant:*/ false);
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let last_root = RwLock::new(0);

        // Insert the first 5 shreds, we don't have a "is_last" shred yet
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds[0..5].to_vec(), None, false)
            .unwrap();

        let slot_meta = blockstore.meta(0).unwrap().unwrap();
        let shred5 = shreds[5].clone();

        // Ensure that an empty shred (one with no data) would get inserted. Such shreds
        // may be used as signals (broadcast does so to indicate a slot was interrupted)
        // Reuse shred5's header values to avoid a false negative result
        let empty_shred = Shred::new_from_data(
            shred5.slot(),
            shred5.index(),
            {
                let parent_offset = shred5.slot() - shred5.parent().unwrap();
                parent_offset as u16
            },
            &[], // data
            ShredFlags::LAST_SHRED_IN_SLOT,
            0, // reference_tick
            shred5.version(),
            shred5.fec_set_index(),
        );
        assert!(blockstore.should_insert_data_shred(
            &empty_shred,
            &slot_meta,
            &HashMap::new(),
            &last_root,
            None,
            ShredSource::Repaired,
        ));
        // Trying to insert another "is_last" shred with index < the received index should fail
        // skip over shred 7
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds[8..9].to_vec(), None, false)
            .unwrap();
        let slot_meta = blockstore.meta(0).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(slot_meta.received, 9);
        let shred7 = {
            if shreds[7].is_data() {
                shreds[7].set_last_in_slot();
                shreds[7].clone()
            } else {
                panic!("Shred in unexpected format")
            }
        };
        assert!(!blockstore.should_insert_data_shred(
            &shred7,
            &slot_meta,
            &HashMap::new(),
            &last_root,
            None,
            ShredSource::Repaired,
        ));
        assert!(blockstore.has_duplicate_shreds_in_slot(0));

        // Insert all pending shreds
        let mut shred8 = shreds[8].clone();
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        let slot_meta = blockstore.meta(0).unwrap().unwrap();

        // Trying to insert a shred with index > the "is_last" shred should fail
        if shred8.is_data() {
            shred8.set_slot(slot_meta.last_index.unwrap() + 1);
        } else {
            panic!("Shred in unexpected format")
        }
        assert!(!blockstore.should_insert_data_shred(
            &shred7,
            &slot_meta,
            &HashMap::new(),
            &last_root,
            None,
            ShredSource::Repaired,
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_data_shred_present() {
        let (shreds, _) = make_slot_entries(0, 0, 200, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();
        let index_cf = &blockstore.index_cf;

        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds[0..5].to_vec(), None, false)
            .unwrap();
        // Insert a shred less than `slot_meta.consumed`, check that
        // it already exists
        let slot_meta = blockstore.meta(0).unwrap().unwrap();
        let index = index_cf.get(0).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(slot_meta.consumed, 5);
        assert!(Blockstore::is_data_shred_present(
            &shreds[1],
            &slot_meta,
            index.data(),
        ));

        // Insert a shred, check that it already exists
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds[6..7].to_vec(), None, false)
            .unwrap();
        let slot_meta = blockstore.meta(0).unwrap().unwrap();
        let index = index_cf.get(0).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert!(Blockstore::is_data_shred_present(
            &shreds[6],
            &slot_meta,
            index.data()
        ),);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_check_insert_coding_shred() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let slot = 1;
        let coding_shred = Shred::new_from_parity_shard(
            slot,
            11,  // index
            &[], // parity_shard
            11,  // fec_set_index
            11,  // num_data_shreds
            11,  // num_coding_shreds
            8,   // position
            0,   // version
        );

        let mut erasure_metas = HashMap::new();
        let mut index_working_set = HashMap::new();
        let mut just_received_shreds = HashMap::new();
        let mut write_batch = blockstore.db.batch().unwrap();
        let mut index_meta_time_us = 0;
        assert!(blockstore.check_insert_coding_shred(
            coding_shred.clone(),
            &mut erasure_metas,
            &mut index_working_set,
            &mut write_batch,
            &mut just_received_shreds,
            &mut index_meta_time_us,
            &mut vec![],
            false,
            ShredSource::Turbine,
            &mut BlockstoreInsertionMetrics::default(),
        ));

        // insert again fails on dupe
        let mut duplicate_shreds = vec![];
        assert!(!blockstore.check_insert_coding_shred(
            coding_shred.clone(),
            &mut erasure_metas,
            &mut index_working_set,
            &mut write_batch,
            &mut just_received_shreds,
            &mut index_meta_time_us,
            &mut duplicate_shreds,
            false,
            ShredSource::Turbine,
            &mut BlockstoreInsertionMetrics::default(),
        ));
        assert_eq!(duplicate_shreds, vec![coding_shred]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_should_insert_coding_shred() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();
        let last_root = RwLock::new(0);

        let slot = 1;
        let mut coding_shred = Shred::new_from_parity_shard(
            slot,
            11,  // index
            &[], // parity_shard
            11,  // fec_set_index
            11,  // num_data_shreds
            11,  // num_coding_shreds
            8,   // position
            0,   // version
        );

        // Insert a good coding shred
        assert!(Blockstore::should_insert_coding_shred(
            &coding_shred,
            &last_root
        ));

        // Insertion should succeed
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(vec![coding_shred.clone()], None, false)
            .unwrap();

        // Trying to insert the same shred again should pass since this doesn't check for
        // duplicate index
        {
            assert!(Blockstore::should_insert_coding_shred(
                &coding_shred,
                &last_root
            ));
        }

        // Establish a baseline that works
        coding_shred.set_index(coding_shred.index() + 1);
        assert!(Blockstore::should_insert_coding_shred(
            &coding_shred,
            &last_root
        ));

        // Trying to insert value into slot <= than last root should fail
        {
            let mut coding_shred = coding_shred.clone();
            coding_shred.set_slot(*last_root.read().unwrap());
            assert!(!Blockstore::should_insert_coding_shred(
                &coding_shred,
                &last_root
            ));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_insert_multiple_is_last() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let (shreds, _) = make_slot_entries(0, 0, 20, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);
        let num_shreds = shreds.len() as u64;
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        let slot_meta = blockstore.meta(0).unwrap().unwrap();

        assert_eq!(slot_meta.consumed, num_shreds);
        assert_eq!(slot_meta.received, num_shreds);
        assert_eq!(slot_meta.last_index, Some(num_shreds - 1));
        assert!(slot_meta.is_full());

        let (shreds, _) = make_slot_entries(0, 0, 22, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        let slot_meta = blockstore.meta(0).unwrap().unwrap();

        assert_eq!(slot_meta.consumed, num_shreds);
        assert_eq!(slot_meta.received, num_shreds);
        assert_eq!(slot_meta.last_index, Some(num_shreds - 1));
        assert!(slot_meta.is_full());

        assert!(blockstore.has_duplicate_shreds_in_slot(0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_slot_data_iterator() {
        // Construct the shreds
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();
        let shreds_per_slot = 10;
        let slots = vec![2, 4, 8, 12];
        let all_shreds = make_chaining_slot_entries(&slots, shreds_per_slot);
        let slot_8_shreds = all_shreds[2].0.clone();
        for (slot_shreds, _) in all_shreds {
            blockstore.insert_shreds(slot_shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        }

        // Slot doesnt exist, iterator should be empty
        let shred_iter = blockstore.slot_data_iterator(5, 0).unwrap();
        let result: Vec<_> = shred_iter.collect();
        assert_eq!(result, vec![]);

        // Test that the iterator for slot 8 contains what was inserted earlier
        let shred_iter = blockstore.slot_data_iterator(8, 0).unwrap();
        let result: Vec<Shred> = shred_iter
            .filter_map(|(_, bytes)| Shred::new_from_serialized_shred(bytes.to_vec()).ok())
            .collect();
        assert_eq!(result.len(), slot_8_shreds.len());
        assert_eq!(result, slot_8_shreds);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_set_roots() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();
        let chained_slots = vec![0, 2, 4, 7, 12, 15];
        assert_eq!(blockstore.last_root(), 0);

        blockstore.set_roots(chained_slots.iter()).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(blockstore.last_root(), 15);

        for i in chained_slots {
            assert!(blockstore.is_root(i));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_skipped() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();
        let roots = vec![2, 4, 7, 12, 15];
        blockstore.set_roots(roots.iter()).unwrap();

        for i in 0..20 {
            if i < 2 || roots.contains(&i) || i > 15 {
                assert!(!blockstore.is_skipped(i));
            } else {
                assert!(blockstore.is_skipped(i));
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_iter_bounds() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // slot 5 does not exist, iter should be ok and should be a noop
        blockstore
            .slot_meta_iterator(5)
            .unwrap()
            .for_each(|_| panic!());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_completed_data_ranges() {
        let completed_data_end_indexes = [2, 4, 9, 11].iter().copied().collect();

        // Consumed is 1, which means we're missing shred with index 1, should return empty
        let start_index = 0;
        let consumed = 1;
        assert_eq!(
            Blockstore::get_completed_data_ranges(
                start_index,
                &completed_data_end_indexes,
                consumed
            ),
            vec![]
        );

        let start_index = 0;
        let consumed = 3;
        assert_eq!(
            Blockstore::get_completed_data_ranges(
                start_index,
                &completed_data_end_indexes,
                consumed
            ),
            vec![(0, 2)]
        );

        // Test all possible ranges:
        //
        // `consumed == completed_data_end_indexes[j] + 1`, means we have all the shreds up to index
        // `completed_data_end_indexes[j] + 1`. Thus the completed data blocks is everything in the
        // range:
        // [start_index, completed_data_end_indexes[j]] ==
        // [completed_data_end_indexes[i], completed_data_end_indexes[j]],
        let completed_data_end_indexes: Vec<_> = completed_data_end_indexes.into_iter().collect();
        for i in 0..completed_data_end_indexes.len() {
            for j in i..completed_data_end_indexes.len() {
                let start_index = completed_data_end_indexes[i];
                let consumed = completed_data_end_indexes[j] + 1;
                // When start_index == completed_data_end_indexes[i], then that means
                // the shred with index == start_index is a single-shred data block,
                // so the start index is the end index for that data block.
                let mut expected = vec![(start_index, start_index)];
                expected.extend(
                    completed_data_end_indexes[i..=j]
                        .windows(2)
                        .map(|end_indexes| (end_indexes[0] + 1, end_indexes[1])),
                );

                let completed_data_end_indexes =
                    completed_data_end_indexes.iter().copied().collect();
                assert_eq!(
                    Blockstore::get_completed_data_ranges(
                        start_index,
                        &completed_data_end_indexes,
                        consumed
                    ),
                    expected
                );
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_slot_entries_with_shred_count_corruption() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();
        let num_ticks = 8;
        let entries = create_ticks(num_ticks, 0, Hash::default());
        let slot = 1;
        let shreds =
            entries_to_test_shreds(&entries, slot, 0, false, 0, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);
        let next_shred_index = shreds.len();
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds, None, false)
            .expect("Expected successful write of shreds");
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.get_slot_entries(slot, 0).unwrap().len() as u64,
            num_ticks
        );

        // Insert an empty shred that won't deshred into entries
        let shreds = vec![Shred::new_from_data(
            slot,
            next_shred_index as u32,
            1,
            &[1, 1, 1],
            ShredFlags::LAST_SHRED_IN_SLOT,
            0,
            0,
            next_shred_index as u32,
        )];

        // With the corruption, nothing should be returned, even though an
        // earlier data block was valid
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds, None, false)
            .expect("Expected successful write of shreds");
        assert!(blockstore.get_slot_entries(slot, 0).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_no_insert_but_modify_slot_meta() {
        // This tests correctness of the SlotMeta in various cases in which a shred
        // that gets filtered out by checks
        let (shreds0, _) = make_slot_entries(0, 0, 200, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Insert the first 5 shreds, we don't have a "is_last" shred yet
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds0[0..5].to_vec(), None, false)
            .unwrap();

        // Insert a repetitive shred for slot 's', should get ignored, but also
        // insert shreds that chains to 's', should see the update in the SlotMeta
        // for 's'.
        let (mut shreds2, _) = make_slot_entries(2, 0, 200, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);
        let (mut shreds3, _) = make_slot_entries(3, 0, 200, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);
        shreds2.push(shreds0[1].clone());
        shreds3.insert(0, shreds0[1].clone());
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds2, None, false).unwrap();
        let slot_meta = blockstore.meta(0).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(slot_meta.next_slots, vec![2]);
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds3, None, false).unwrap();
        let slot_meta = blockstore.meta(0).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(slot_meta.next_slots, vec![2, 3]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_trusted_insert_shreds() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Make shred for slot 1
        let (shreds1, _) = make_slot_entries(1, 0, 1, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);
        let last_root = 100;

        blockstore.set_roots(std::iter::once(&last_root)).unwrap();

        // Insert will fail, slot < root
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds1[..].to_vec(), None, false)
            .unwrap();
        assert!(blockstore.get_data_shred(1, 0).unwrap().is_none());

        // Insert through trusted path will succeed
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds1[..].to_vec(), None, true)
            .unwrap();
        assert!(blockstore.get_data_shred(1, 0).unwrap().is_some());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_first_available_block() {
        let mint_total = 1_000_000_000_000;
        let GenesisConfigInfo { genesis_config, .. } = create_genesis_config(mint_total);
        let (ledger_path, _blockhash) = create_new_tmp_ledger_auto_delete!(&genesis_config);
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(blockstore.get_first_available_block().unwrap(), 0);
        assert_eq!(blockstore.lowest_slot_with_genesis(), 0);
        assert_eq!(blockstore.lowest_slot(), 0);
        for slot in 1..4 {
            let entries = make_slot_entries_with_transactions(100);
            let shreds = entries_to_test_shreds(
                &entries,
                slot,
                slot - 1, // parent_slot
                true,     // is_full_slot
                0,        // version
                true,     // merkle_variant
            );
            blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
            blockstore.set_roots(vec![slot].iter()).unwrap();
        }
        assert_eq!(blockstore.get_first_available_block().unwrap(), 0);
        assert_eq!(blockstore.lowest_slot_with_genesis(), 0);
        assert_eq!(blockstore.lowest_slot(), 1);

        blockstore.purge_slots(0, 1, PurgeType::CompactionFilter);
        assert_eq!(blockstore.get_first_available_block().unwrap(), 3);
        assert_eq!(blockstore.lowest_slot_with_genesis(), 2);
        assert_eq!(blockstore.lowest_slot(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_rooted_block() {
        let slot = 10;
        let entries = make_slot_entries_with_transactions(100);
        let blockhash = get_last_hash(entries.iter()).unwrap();
        let shreds = entries_to_test_shreds(
            &entries,
            slot,
            slot - 1, // parent_slot
            true,     // is_full_slot
            0,        // version
            true,     // merkle_variant
        );
        let more_shreds = entries_to_test_shreds(
            &entries,
            slot + 1,
            slot, // parent_slot
            true, // is_full_slot
            0,    // version
            true, // merkle_variant
        );
        let unrooted_shreds = entries_to_test_shreds(
            &entries,
            slot + 2,
            slot + 1, // parent_slot
            true,     // is_full_slot
            0,        // version
            true,     // merkle_variant
        );
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        blockstore.insert_shreds(more_shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(unrooted_shreds, None, false)
            .unwrap();
        blockstore
            .set_roots(vec![slot - 1, slot, slot + 1].iter())
            .unwrap();

        let parent_meta = SlotMeta::default();
        blockstore
            .put_meta_bytes(slot - 1, &serialize(&parent_meta).unwrap())
            .unwrap();

        let expected_transactions: Vec<VersionedTransactionWithStatusMeta> = entries
            .iter()
            .cloned()
            .filter(|entry| !entry.is_tick())
            .flat_map(|entry| entry.transactions)
            .map(|transaction| {
                let mut pre_balances: Vec<u64> = vec![];
                let mut post_balances: Vec<u64> = vec![];
                for i in 0..transaction.message.static_account_keys().len() {
                    pre_balances.push(i as u64 * 10);
                    post_balances.push(i as u64 * 11);
                }
                let compute_units_consumed = Some(12345);
                let signature = transaction.signatures[0];
                let status = TransactionStatusMeta {
                    status: Ok(()),
                    fee: 42,
                    pre_balances: pre_balances.clone(),
                    post_balances: post_balances.clone(),
                    inner_instructions: Some(vec![]),
                    log_messages: Some(vec![]),
                    pre_token_balances: Some(vec![]),
                    post_token_balances: Some(vec![]),
                    rewards: Some(vec![]),
                    loaded_addresses: LoadedAddresses::default(),
                    return_data: Some(TransactionReturnData::default()),
                    compute_units_consumed,
                }
                .into();
                blockstore
                    .transaction_status_cf
                    .put_protobuf((0, signature, slot), &status)
                    .unwrap();
                let status = TransactionStatusMeta {
                    status: Ok(()),
                    fee: 42,
                    pre_balances: pre_balances.clone(),
                    post_balances: post_balances.clone(),
                    inner_instructions: Some(vec![]),
                    log_messages: Some(vec![]),
                    pre_token_balances: Some(vec![]),
                    post_token_balances: Some(vec![]),
                    rewards: Some(vec![]),
                    loaded_addresses: LoadedAddresses::default(),
                    return_data: Some(TransactionReturnData::default()),
                    compute_units_consumed,
                }
                .into();
                blockstore
                    .transaction_status_cf
                    .put_protobuf((0, signature, slot + 1), &status)
                    .unwrap();
                let status = TransactionStatusMeta {
                    status: Ok(()),
                    fee: 42,
                    pre_balances: pre_balances.clone(),
                    post_balances: post_balances.clone(),
                    inner_instructions: Some(vec![]),
                    log_messages: Some(vec![]),
                    pre_token_balances: Some(vec![]),
                    post_token_balances: Some(vec![]),
                    rewards: Some(vec![]),
                    loaded_addresses: LoadedAddresses::default(),
                    return_data: Some(TransactionReturnData::default()),
                    compute_units_consumed,
                }
                .into();
                blockstore
                    .transaction_status_cf
                    .put_protobuf((0, signature, slot + 2), &status)
                    .unwrap();
                VersionedTransactionWithStatusMeta {
                    transaction,
                    meta: TransactionStatusMeta {
                        status: Ok(()),
                        fee: 42,
                        pre_balances,
                        post_balances,
                        inner_instructions: Some(vec![]),
                        log_messages: Some(vec![]),
                        pre_token_balances: Some(vec![]),
                        post_token_balances: Some(vec![]),
                        rewards: Some(vec![]),
                        loaded_addresses: LoadedAddresses::default(),
                        return_data: Some(TransactionReturnData::default()),
                        compute_units_consumed,
                    },
                }
            })
            .collect();

        // Even if marked as root, a slot that is empty of entries should return an error
        assert_matches!(
            blockstore.get_rooted_block(slot - 1, true),
            Err(BlockstoreError::SlotUnavailable)
        );

        // The previous_blockhash of `expected_block` is default because its parent slot is a root,
        // but empty of entries (eg. snapshot root slots). This now returns an error.
        assert_matches!(
            blockstore.get_rooted_block(slot, true),
            Err(BlockstoreError::ParentEntriesUnavailable)
        );

        // Test if require_previous_blockhash is false
        let confirmed_block = blockstore.get_rooted_block(slot, false).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(confirmed_block.transactions.len(), 100);
        let expected_block = VersionedConfirmedBlock {
            transactions: expected_transactions.clone(),
            parent_slot: slot - 1,
            blockhash: blockhash.to_string(),
            previous_blockhash: Hash::default().to_string(),
            rewards: vec![],
            block_time: None,
            block_height: None,
        };
        assert_eq!(confirmed_block, expected_block);

        let confirmed_block = blockstore.get_rooted_block(slot + 1, true).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(confirmed_block.transactions.len(), 100);

        let mut expected_block = VersionedConfirmedBlock {
            transactions: expected_transactions.clone(),
            parent_slot: slot,
            blockhash: blockhash.to_string(),
            previous_blockhash: blockhash.to_string(),
            rewards: vec![],
            block_time: None,
            block_height: None,
        };
        assert_eq!(confirmed_block, expected_block);

        let not_root = blockstore.get_rooted_block(slot + 2, true).unwrap_err();
        assert_matches!(not_root, BlockstoreError::SlotNotRooted);

        let complete_block = blockstore.get_complete_block(slot + 2, true).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(complete_block.transactions.len(), 100);

        let mut expected_complete_block = VersionedConfirmedBlock {
            transactions: expected_transactions,
            parent_slot: slot + 1,
            blockhash: blockhash.to_string(),
            previous_blockhash: blockhash.to_string(),
            rewards: vec![],
            block_time: None,
            block_height: None,
        };
        assert_eq!(complete_block, expected_complete_block);

        // Test block_time & block_height return, if available
        let timestamp = 1_576_183_541;
        blockstore.blocktime_cf.put(slot + 1, &timestamp).unwrap();
        expected_block.block_time = Some(timestamp);
        let block_height = slot - 2;
        blockstore
            .block_height_cf
            .put(slot + 1, &block_height)
            .unwrap();
        expected_block.block_height = Some(block_height);

        let confirmed_block = blockstore.get_rooted_block(slot + 1, true).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(confirmed_block, expected_block);

        let timestamp = 1_576_183_542;
        blockstore.blocktime_cf.put(slot + 2, &timestamp).unwrap();
        expected_complete_block.block_time = Some(timestamp);
        let block_height = slot - 1;
        blockstore
            .block_height_cf
            .put(slot + 2, &block_height)
            .unwrap();
        expected_complete_block.block_height = Some(block_height);

        let complete_block = blockstore.get_complete_block(slot + 2, true).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(complete_block, expected_complete_block);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_persist_transaction_status() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let transaction_status_cf = &blockstore.transaction_status_cf;

        let pre_balances_vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
        let post_balances_vec = vec![3, 2, 1];
        let inner_instructions_vec = vec![InnerInstructions {
            index: 0,
            instructions: vec![InnerInstruction {
                instruction: CompiledInstruction::new(1, &(), vec![0]),
                stack_height: Some(2),
            }],
        }];
        let log_messages_vec = vec![String::from("Test message\n")];
        let pre_token_balances_vec = vec![];
        let post_token_balances_vec = vec![];
        let rewards_vec = vec![];
        let test_loaded_addresses = LoadedAddresses {
            writable: vec![Pubkey::new_unique()],
            readonly: vec![Pubkey::new_unique()],
        };
        let test_return_data = TransactionReturnData {
            program_id: Pubkey::new_unique(),
            data: vec![1, 2, 3],
        };
        let compute_units_consumed_1 = Some(3812649u64);
        let compute_units_consumed_2 = Some(42u64);

        // result not found
        assert!(transaction_status_cf
            .get_protobuf_or_bincode::<StoredTransactionStatusMeta>((0, Signature::default(), 0))
            .unwrap()
            .is_none());

        // insert value
        let status = TransactionStatusMeta {
            status: solana_sdk::transaction::Result::<()>::Err(TransactionError::AccountNotFound),
            fee: 5u64,
            pre_balances: pre_balances_vec.clone(),
            post_balances: post_balances_vec.clone(),
            inner_instructions: Some(inner_instructions_vec.clone()),
            log_messages: Some(log_messages_vec.clone()),
            pre_token_balances: Some(pre_token_balances_vec.clone()),
            post_token_balances: Some(post_token_balances_vec.clone()),
            rewards: Some(rewards_vec.clone()),
            loaded_addresses: test_loaded_addresses.clone(),
            return_data: Some(test_return_data.clone()),
            compute_units_consumed: compute_units_consumed_1,
        }
        .into();
        assert!(transaction_status_cf
            .put_protobuf((0, Signature::default(), 0), &status,)
            .is_ok());

        // result found
        let TransactionStatusMeta {
            status,
            fee,
            pre_balances,
            post_balances,
            inner_instructions,
            log_messages,
            pre_token_balances,
            post_token_balances,
            rewards,
            loaded_addresses,
            return_data,
            compute_units_consumed,
        } = transaction_status_cf
            .get_protobuf_or_bincode::<StoredTransactionStatusMeta>((0, Signature::default(), 0))
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap()
            .try_into()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(status, Err(TransactionError::AccountNotFound));
        assert_eq!(fee, 5u64);
        assert_eq!(pre_balances, pre_balances_vec);
        assert_eq!(post_balances, post_balances_vec);
        assert_eq!(inner_instructions.unwrap(), inner_instructions_vec);
        assert_eq!(log_messages.unwrap(), log_messages_vec);
        assert_eq!(pre_token_balances.unwrap(), pre_token_balances_vec);
        assert_eq!(post_token_balances.unwrap(), post_token_balances_vec);
        assert_eq!(rewards.unwrap(), rewards_vec);
        assert_eq!(loaded_addresses, test_loaded_addresses);
        assert_eq!(return_data.unwrap(), test_return_data);
        assert_eq!(compute_units_consumed, compute_units_consumed_1);

        // insert value
        let status = TransactionStatusMeta {
            status: solana_sdk::transaction::Result::<()>::Ok(()),
            fee: 9u64,
            pre_balances: pre_balances_vec.clone(),
            post_balances: post_balances_vec.clone(),
            inner_instructions: Some(inner_instructions_vec.clone()),
            log_messages: Some(log_messages_vec.clone()),
            pre_token_balances: Some(pre_token_balances_vec.clone()),
            post_token_balances: Some(post_token_balances_vec.clone()),
            rewards: Some(rewards_vec.clone()),
            loaded_addresses: test_loaded_addresses.clone(),
            return_data: Some(test_return_data.clone()),
            compute_units_consumed: compute_units_consumed_2,
        }
        .into();
        assert!(transaction_status_cf
            .put_protobuf((0, Signature::from([2u8; 64]), 9), &status,)
            .is_ok());

        // result found
        let TransactionStatusMeta {
            status,
            fee,
            pre_balances,
            post_balances,
            inner_instructions,
            log_messages,
            pre_token_balances,
            post_token_balances,
            rewards,
            loaded_addresses,
            return_data,
            compute_units_consumed,
        } = transaction_status_cf
            .get_protobuf_or_bincode::<StoredTransactionStatusMeta>((
                0,
                Signature::from([2u8; 64]),
                9,
            ))
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap()
            .try_into()
            .unwrap();

        // deserialize
        assert_eq!(status, Ok(()));
        assert_eq!(fee, 9u64);
        assert_eq!(pre_balances, pre_balances_vec);
        assert_eq!(post_balances, post_balances_vec);
        assert_eq!(inner_instructions.unwrap(), inner_instructions_vec);
        assert_eq!(log_messages.unwrap(), log_messages_vec);
        assert_eq!(pre_token_balances.unwrap(), pre_token_balances_vec);
        assert_eq!(post_token_balances.unwrap(), post_token_balances_vec);
        assert_eq!(rewards.unwrap(), rewards_vec);
        assert_eq!(loaded_addresses, test_loaded_addresses);
        assert_eq!(return_data.unwrap(), test_return_data);
        assert_eq!(compute_units_consumed, compute_units_consumed_2);
    }

    #[test]
    #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
    fn test_transaction_status_index() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let transaction_status_index_cf = &blockstore.transaction_status_index_cf;
        let slot0 = 10;

        // Primary index column is initialized on Blockstore::open
        assert!(transaction_status_index_cf.get(0).unwrap().is_some());
        assert!(transaction_status_index_cf.get(1).unwrap().is_some());

        for _ in 0..5 {
            let random_bytes: [u8; 64] = std::array::from_fn(|_| rand::random::<u8>());
            blockstore
                .write_transaction_status(
                    slot0,
                    Signature::from(random_bytes),
                    vec![&Pubkey::try_from(&random_bytes[..32]).unwrap()],
                    vec![&Pubkey::try_from(&random_bytes[32..]).unwrap()],
                    TransactionStatusMeta::default(),
                )
                .unwrap();
        }

        // New statuses bump index 0 max_slot
        assert_eq!(
            transaction_status_index_cf.get(0).unwrap().unwrap(),
            TransactionStatusIndexMeta {
                max_slot: slot0,
                frozen: false,
            }
        );
        assert_eq!(
            transaction_status_index_cf.get(1).unwrap().unwrap(),
            TransactionStatusIndexMeta::default()
        );

        let first_status_entry = blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::TransactionStatus>(IteratorMode::From(
                cf::TransactionStatus::as_index(0),
                IteratorDirection::Forward,
            ))
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .unwrap()
            .0;
        assert_eq!(first_status_entry.0, 0);
        assert_eq!(first_status_entry.2, slot0);
        let first_address_entry = blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::AddressSignatures>(IteratorMode::From(
                cf::AddressSignatures::as_index(0),
                IteratorDirection::Forward,
            ))
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .unwrap()
            .0;
        assert_eq!(first_address_entry.0, 0);
        assert_eq!(first_address_entry.2, slot0);

        blockstore.run_purge(0, 8, PurgeType::PrimaryIndex).unwrap();
        // First successful prune freezes index 0
        assert_eq!(
            transaction_status_index_cf.get(0).unwrap().unwrap(),
            TransactionStatusIndexMeta {
                max_slot: slot0,
                frozen: true,
            }
        );
        assert_eq!(
            transaction_status_index_cf.get(1).unwrap().unwrap(),
            TransactionStatusIndexMeta::default()
        );

        let slot1 = 20;
        for _ in 0..5 {
            let random_bytes: [u8; 64] = std::array::from_fn(|_| rand::random::<u8>());
            blockstore
                .write_transaction_status(
                    slot1,
                    Signature::from(random_bytes),
                    vec![&Pubkey::try_from(&random_bytes[..32]).unwrap()],
                    vec![&Pubkey::try_from(&random_bytes[32..]).unwrap()],
                    TransactionStatusMeta::default(),
                )
                .unwrap();
        }

        assert_eq!(
            transaction_status_index_cf.get(0).unwrap().unwrap(),
            TransactionStatusIndexMeta {
                max_slot: slot0,
                frozen: true,
            }
        );
        // Index 0 is frozen, so new statuses bump index 1 max_slot
        assert_eq!(
            transaction_status_index_cf.get(1).unwrap().unwrap(),
            TransactionStatusIndexMeta {
                max_slot: slot1,
                frozen: false,
            }
        );

        // Index 0 statuses and address records still exist
        let first_status_entry = blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::TransactionStatus>(IteratorMode::From(
                cf::TransactionStatus::as_index(0),
                IteratorDirection::Forward,
            ))
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .unwrap()
            .0;
        assert_eq!(first_status_entry.0, 0);
        assert_eq!(first_status_entry.2, 10);
        let first_address_entry = blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::AddressSignatures>(IteratorMode::From(
                cf::AddressSignatures::as_index(0),
                IteratorDirection::Forward,
            ))
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .unwrap()
            .0;
        assert_eq!(first_address_entry.0, 0);
        assert_eq!(first_address_entry.2, slot0);
        // New statuses and address records are stored in index 1
        let index1_first_status_entry = blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::TransactionStatus>(IteratorMode::From(
                cf::TransactionStatus::as_index(1),
                IteratorDirection::Forward,
            ))
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .unwrap()
            .0;
        assert_eq!(index1_first_status_entry.0, 1);
        assert_eq!(index1_first_status_entry.2, slot1);
        let index1_first_address_entry = blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::AddressSignatures>(IteratorMode::From(
                cf::AddressSignatures::as_index(1),
                IteratorDirection::Forward,
            ))
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .unwrap()
            .0;
        assert_eq!(index1_first_address_entry.0, 1);
        assert_eq!(index1_first_address_entry.2, slot1);

        blockstore
            .run_purge(0, 18, PurgeType::PrimaryIndex)
            .unwrap();
        // Successful prune toggles TransactionStatusIndex
        assert_eq!(
            transaction_status_index_cf.get(0).unwrap().unwrap(),
            TransactionStatusIndexMeta {
                max_slot: 0,
                frozen: false,
            }
        );
        assert_eq!(
            transaction_status_index_cf.get(1).unwrap().unwrap(),
            TransactionStatusIndexMeta {
                max_slot: slot1,
                frozen: true,
            }
        );

        // Index 0 has been pruned, so first status and address entries are now index 1
        let first_status_entry = blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::TransactionStatus>(IteratorMode::From(
                cf::TransactionStatus::as_index(0),
                IteratorDirection::Forward,
            ))
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .unwrap()
            .0;
        assert_eq!(first_status_entry.0, 1);
        assert_eq!(first_status_entry.2, slot1);
        let first_address_entry = blockstore
            .db
            .iter::<cf::AddressSignatures>(IteratorMode::From(
                cf::AddressSignatures::as_index(0),
                IteratorDirection::Forward,
            ))
            .unwrap()
            .next()
            .unwrap()
            .0;
        assert_eq!(first_address_entry.0, 1);
        assert_eq!(first_address_entry.2, slot1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_transaction_status() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // TransactionStatus column opens initialized with one entry at index 2
        let transaction_status_cf = &blockstore.transaction_status_cf;

        let pre_balances_vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
        let post_balances_vec = vec![3, 2, 1];
        let status = TransactionStatusMeta {
            status: solana_sdk::transaction::Result::<()>::Ok(()),
            fee: 42u64,
            pre_balances: pre_balances_vec,
            post_balances: post_balances_vec,
            inner_instructions: Some(vec![]),
            log_messages: Some(vec![]),
            pre_token_balances: Some(vec![]),
            post_token_balances: Some(vec![]),
            rewards: Some(vec![]),
            loaded_addresses: LoadedAddresses::default(),
            return_data: Some(TransactionReturnData::default()),
            compute_units_consumed: Some(42u64),
        }
        .into();

        let signature1 = Signature::from([1u8; 64]);
        let signature2 = Signature::from([2u8; 64]);
        let signature3 = Signature::from([3u8; 64]);
        let signature4 = Signature::from([4u8; 64]);
        let signature5 = Signature::from([5u8; 64]);
        let signature6 = Signature::from([6u8; 64]);
        let signature7 = Signature::from([7u8; 64]);

        // Insert slots with fork
        //   0 (root)
        //  / \
        // 1  |
        //    2 (root)
        //    |
        //    3
        let meta0 = SlotMeta::new(0, Some(0));
        blockstore.meta_cf.put(0, &meta0).unwrap();
        let meta1 = SlotMeta::new(1, Some(0));
        blockstore.meta_cf.put(1, &meta1).unwrap();
        let meta2 = SlotMeta::new(2, Some(0));
        blockstore.meta_cf.put(2, &meta2).unwrap();
        let meta3 = SlotMeta::new(3, Some(2));
        blockstore.meta_cf.put(3, &meta3).unwrap();

        blockstore.set_roots(vec![0, 2].iter()).unwrap();

        // Initialize index 0, including:
        //   signature2 in non-root and root,
        //   signature4 in non-root,
        //   signature5 in skipped slot and non-root,
        //   signature6 in skipped slot,
        transaction_status_cf
            .put_protobuf((0, signature2, 1), &status)
            .unwrap();

        transaction_status_cf
            .put_protobuf((0, signature2, 2), &status)
            .unwrap();

        transaction_status_cf
            .put_protobuf((0, signature4, 1), &status)
            .unwrap();

        transaction_status_cf
            .put_protobuf((0, signature5, 1), &status)
            .unwrap();

        transaction_status_cf
            .put_protobuf((0, signature5, 3), &status)
            .unwrap();

        transaction_status_cf
            .put_protobuf((0, signature6, 1), &status)
            .unwrap();

        // Initialize index 1, including:
        //   signature4 in root,
        //   signature6 in non-root,
        //   signature5 extra entries
        transaction_status_cf
            .put_protobuf((1, signature4, 2), &status)
            .unwrap();

        transaction_status_cf
            .put_protobuf((1, signature5, 4), &status)
            .unwrap();

        transaction_status_cf
            .put_protobuf((1, signature5, 5), &status)
            .unwrap();

        transaction_status_cf
            .put_protobuf((1, signature6, 3), &status)
            .unwrap();

        // Signature exists, root found in index 0
        if let (Some((slot, _status)), counter) = blockstore
            .get_transaction_status_with_counter(signature2, &[])
            .unwrap()
        {
            assert_eq!(slot, 2);
            assert_eq!(counter, 2);
        }

        // Signature exists, root found although not required
        if let (Some((slot, _status)), counter) = blockstore
            .get_transaction_status_with_counter(signature2, &[3])
            .unwrap()
        {
            assert_eq!(slot, 2);
            assert_eq!(counter, 2);
        }

        // Signature exists, root found in index 1
        if let (Some((slot, _status)), counter) = blockstore
            .get_transaction_status_with_counter(signature4, &[])
            .unwrap()
        {
            assert_eq!(slot, 2);
            assert_eq!(counter, 3);
        }

        // Signature exists, root found although not required, in index 1
        if let (Some((slot, _status)), counter) = blockstore
            .get_transaction_status_with_counter(signature4, &[3])
            .unwrap()
        {
            assert_eq!(slot, 2);
            assert_eq!(counter, 3);
        }

        // Signature exists, no root found
        let (status, counter) = blockstore
            .get_transaction_status_with_counter(signature5, &[])
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(status, None);
        assert_eq!(counter, 6);

        // Signature exists, root not required
        if let (Some((slot, _status)), counter) = blockstore
            .get_transaction_status_with_counter(signature5, &[3])
            .unwrap()
        {
            assert_eq!(slot, 3);
            assert_eq!(counter, 2);
        }

        // Signature does not exist, smaller than existing entries
        let (status, counter) = blockstore
            .get_transaction_status_with_counter(signature1, &[])
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(status, None);
        assert_eq!(counter, 2);

        let (status, counter) = blockstore
            .get_transaction_status_with_counter(signature1, &[3])
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(status, None);
        assert_eq!(counter, 2);

        // Signature does not exist, between existing entries
        let (status, counter) = blockstore
            .get_transaction_status_with_counter(signature3, &[])
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(status, None);
        assert_eq!(counter, 2);

        let (status, counter) = blockstore
            .get_transaction_status_with_counter(signature3, &[3])
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(status, None);
        assert_eq!(counter, 2);

        // Signature does not exist, larger than existing entries
        let (status, counter) = blockstore
            .get_transaction_status_with_counter(signature7, &[])
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(status, None);
        assert_eq!(counter, 2);

        let (status, counter) = blockstore
            .get_transaction_status_with_counter(signature7, &[3])
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(status, None);
        assert_eq!(counter, 2);
    }

    fn do_test_lowest_cleanup_slot_and_special_cfs(simulate_ledger_cleanup_service: bool) {
        solana_logger::setup();

        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // TransactionStatus column opens initialized with one entry at index 2
        let transaction_status_cf = &blockstore.transaction_status_cf;

        let pre_balances_vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
        let post_balances_vec = vec![3, 2, 1];
        let status = TransactionStatusMeta {
            status: solana_sdk::transaction::Result::<()>::Ok(()),
            fee: 42u64,
            pre_balances: pre_balances_vec,
            post_balances: post_balances_vec,
            inner_instructions: Some(vec![]),
            log_messages: Some(vec![]),
            pre_token_balances: Some(vec![]),
            post_token_balances: Some(vec![]),
            rewards: Some(vec![]),
            loaded_addresses: LoadedAddresses::default(),
            return_data: Some(TransactionReturnData::default()),
            compute_units_consumed: Some(42u64),
        }
        .into();

        let signature1 = Signature::from([2u8; 64]);
        let signature2 = Signature::from([3u8; 64]);

        // Insert rooted slots 0..=3 with no fork
        let meta0 = SlotMeta::new(0, Some(0));
        blockstore.meta_cf.put(0, &meta0).unwrap();
        let meta1 = SlotMeta::new(1, Some(0));
        blockstore.meta_cf.put(1, &meta1).unwrap();
        let meta2 = SlotMeta::new(2, Some(1));
        blockstore.meta_cf.put(2, &meta2).unwrap();
        let meta3 = SlotMeta::new(3, Some(2));
        blockstore.meta_cf.put(3, &meta3).unwrap();

        blockstore.set_roots(vec![0, 1, 2, 3].iter()).unwrap();

        let lowest_cleanup_slot = 1;
        let lowest_available_slot = lowest_cleanup_slot + 1;

        transaction_status_cf
            .put_protobuf((0, signature1, lowest_cleanup_slot), &status)
            .unwrap();

        transaction_status_cf
            .put_protobuf((0, signature2, lowest_available_slot), &status)
            .unwrap();

        let address0 = solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand();
        let address1 = solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand();
        blockstore
            .write_transaction_status(
                lowest_cleanup_slot,
                signature1,
                vec![&address0],
                vec![],
                TransactionStatusMeta::default(),
            )
            .unwrap();
        blockstore
            .write_transaction_status(
                lowest_available_slot,
                signature2,
                vec![&address1],
                vec![],
                TransactionStatusMeta::default(),
            )
            .unwrap();

        let check_for_missing = || {
            (
                blockstore
                    .get_transaction_status_with_counter(signature1, &[])
                    .unwrap()
                    .0
                    .is_none(),
                blockstore
                    .find_address_signatures_for_slot(address0, lowest_cleanup_slot)
                    .unwrap()
                    .is_empty(),
                blockstore
                    .find_address_signatures(address0, lowest_cleanup_slot, lowest_cleanup_slot)
                    .unwrap()
                    .is_empty(),
            )
        };

        let assert_existing_always = || {
            let are_existing_always = (
                blockstore
                    .get_transaction_status_with_counter(signature2, &[])
                    .unwrap()
                    .0
                    .is_some(),
                !blockstore
                    .find_address_signatures_for_slot(address1, lowest_available_slot)
                    .unwrap()
                    .is_empty(),
                !blockstore
                    .find_address_signatures(address1, lowest_available_slot, lowest_available_slot)
                    .unwrap()
                    .is_empty(),
            );
            assert_eq!(are_existing_always, (true, true, true));
        };

        let are_missing = check_for_missing();
        // should never be missing before the conditional compaction & simulation...
        assert_eq!(are_missing, (false, false, false));
        assert_existing_always();

        if simulate_ledger_cleanup_service {
            *blockstore.lowest_cleanup_slot.write().unwrap() = lowest_cleanup_slot;
        }

        let are_missing = check_for_missing();
        if simulate_ledger_cleanup_service {
            // ... when either simulation (or both) is effective, we should observe to be missing
            // consistently
            assert_eq!(are_missing, (true, true, true));
        } else {
            // ... otherwise, we should observe to be existing...
            assert_eq!(are_missing, (false, false, false));
        }
        assert_existing_always();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_lowest_cleanup_slot_and_special_cfs_with_ledger_cleanup_service_simulation() {
        do_test_lowest_cleanup_slot_and_special_cfs(true);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_lowest_cleanup_slot_and_special_cfs_without_ledger_cleanup_service_simulation() {
        do_test_lowest_cleanup_slot_and_special_cfs(false);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_rooted_transaction() {
        let slot = 2;
        let entries = make_slot_entries_with_transactions(5);
        let shreds = entries_to_test_shreds(
            &entries,
            slot,
            slot - 1, // parent_slot
            true,     // is_full_slot
            0,        // version
            true,     // merkle_variant
        );
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        blockstore.set_roots(vec![slot - 1, slot].iter()).unwrap();

        let expected_transactions: Vec<VersionedTransactionWithStatusMeta> = entries
            .iter()
            .cloned()
            .filter(|entry| !entry.is_tick())
            .flat_map(|entry| entry.transactions)
            .map(|transaction| {
                let mut pre_balances: Vec<u64> = vec![];
                let mut post_balances: Vec<u64> = vec![];
                for i in 0..transaction.message.static_account_keys().len() {
                    pre_balances.push(i as u64 * 10);
                    post_balances.push(i as u64 * 11);
                }
                let inner_instructions = Some(vec![InnerInstructions {
                    index: 0,
                    instructions: vec![InnerInstruction {
                        instruction: CompiledInstruction::new(1, &(), vec![0]),
                        stack_height: Some(2),
                    }],
                }]);
                let log_messages = Some(vec![String::from("Test message\n")]);
                let pre_token_balances = Some(vec![]);
                let post_token_balances = Some(vec![]);
                let rewards = Some(vec![]);
                let signature = transaction.signatures[0];
                let return_data = Some(TransactionReturnData {
                    program_id: Pubkey::new_unique(),
                    data: vec![1, 2, 3],
                });
                let status = TransactionStatusMeta {
                    status: Ok(()),
                    fee: 42,
                    pre_balances: pre_balances.clone(),
                    post_balances: post_balances.clone(),
                    inner_instructions: inner_instructions.clone(),
                    log_messages: log_messages.clone(),
                    pre_token_balances: pre_token_balances.clone(),
                    post_token_balances: post_token_balances.clone(),
                    rewards: rewards.clone(),
                    loaded_addresses: LoadedAddresses::default(),
                    return_data: return_data.clone(),
                    compute_units_consumed: Some(42),
                }
                .into();
                blockstore
                    .transaction_status_cf
                    .put_protobuf((0, signature, slot), &status)
                    .unwrap();
                VersionedTransactionWithStatusMeta {
                    transaction,
                    meta: TransactionStatusMeta {
                        status: Ok(()),
                        fee: 42,
                        pre_balances,
                        post_balances,
                        inner_instructions,
                        log_messages,
                        pre_token_balances,
                        post_token_balances,
                        rewards,
                        loaded_addresses: LoadedAddresses::default(),
                        return_data,
                        compute_units_consumed: Some(42),
                    },
                }
            })
            .collect();

        for tx_with_meta in expected_transactions.clone() {
            let signature = tx_with_meta.transaction.signatures[0];
            assert_eq!(
                blockstore.get_rooted_transaction(signature).unwrap(),
                Some(ConfirmedTransactionWithStatusMeta {
                    slot,
                    tx_with_meta: TransactionWithStatusMeta::Complete(tx_with_meta.clone()),
                    block_time: None
                })
            );
            assert_eq!(
                blockstore
                    .get_complete_transaction(signature, slot + 1)
                    .unwrap(),
                Some(ConfirmedTransactionWithStatusMeta {
                    slot,
                    tx_with_meta: TransactionWithStatusMeta::Complete(tx_with_meta),
                    block_time: None
                })
            );
        }

        blockstore.run_purge(0, 2, PurgeType::PrimaryIndex).unwrap();
        *blockstore.lowest_cleanup_slot.write().unwrap() = slot;
        for VersionedTransactionWithStatusMeta { transaction, .. } in expected_transactions {
            let signature = transaction.signatures[0];
            assert_eq!(blockstore.get_rooted_transaction(signature).unwrap(), None,);
            assert_eq!(
                blockstore
                    .get_complete_transaction(signature, slot + 1)
                    .unwrap(),
                None,
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_complete_transaction() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let slot = 2;
        let entries = make_slot_entries_with_transactions(5);
        let shreds = entries_to_test_shreds(
            &entries,
            slot,
            slot - 1, // parent_slot
            true,     // is_full_slot
            0,        // version
            true,     // merkle_variant
        );
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();

        let expected_transactions: Vec<VersionedTransactionWithStatusMeta> = entries
            .iter()
            .cloned()
            .filter(|entry| !entry.is_tick())
            .flat_map(|entry| entry.transactions)
            .map(|transaction| {
                let mut pre_balances: Vec<u64> = vec![];
                let mut post_balances: Vec<u64> = vec![];
                for i in 0..transaction.message.static_account_keys().len() {
                    pre_balances.push(i as u64 * 10);
                    post_balances.push(i as u64 * 11);
                }
                let inner_instructions = Some(vec![InnerInstructions {
                    index: 0,
                    instructions: vec![InnerInstruction {
                        instruction: CompiledInstruction::new(1, &(), vec![0]),
                        stack_height: Some(2),
                    }],
                }]);
                let log_messages = Some(vec![String::from("Test message\n")]);
                let pre_token_balances = Some(vec![]);
                let post_token_balances = Some(vec![]);
                let rewards = Some(vec![]);
                let return_data = Some(TransactionReturnData {
                    program_id: Pubkey::new_unique(),
                    data: vec![1, 2, 3],
                });
                let signature = transaction.signatures[0];
                let status = TransactionStatusMeta {
                    status: Ok(()),
                    fee: 42,
                    pre_balances: pre_balances.clone(),
                    post_balances: post_balances.clone(),
                    inner_instructions: inner_instructions.clone(),
                    log_messages: log_messages.clone(),
                    pre_token_balances: pre_token_balances.clone(),
                    post_token_balances: post_token_balances.clone(),
                    rewards: rewards.clone(),
                    loaded_addresses: LoadedAddresses::default(),
                    return_data: return_data.clone(),
                    compute_units_consumed: Some(42u64),
                }
                .into();
                blockstore
                    .transaction_status_cf
                    .put_protobuf((0, signature, slot), &status)
                    .unwrap();
                VersionedTransactionWithStatusMeta {
                    transaction,
                    meta: TransactionStatusMeta {
                        status: Ok(()),
                        fee: 42,
                        pre_balances,
                        post_balances,
                        inner_instructions,
                        log_messages,
                        pre_token_balances,
                        post_token_balances,
                        rewards,
                        loaded_addresses: LoadedAddresses::default(),
                        return_data,
                        compute_units_consumed: Some(42u64),
                    },
                }
            })
            .collect();

        for tx_with_meta in expected_transactions.clone() {
            let signature = tx_with_meta.transaction.signatures[0];
            assert_eq!(
                blockstore
                    .get_complete_transaction(signature, slot)
                    .unwrap(),
                Some(ConfirmedTransactionWithStatusMeta {
                    slot,
                    tx_with_meta: TransactionWithStatusMeta::Complete(tx_with_meta),
                    block_time: None
                })
            );
            assert_eq!(blockstore.get_rooted_transaction(signature).unwrap(), None);
        }

        blockstore.run_purge(0, 2, PurgeType::PrimaryIndex).unwrap();
        *blockstore.lowest_cleanup_slot.write().unwrap() = slot;
        for VersionedTransactionWithStatusMeta { transaction, .. } in expected_transactions {
            let signature = transaction.signatures[0];
            assert_eq!(
                blockstore
                    .get_complete_transaction(signature, slot)
                    .unwrap(),
                None,
            );
            assert_eq!(blockstore.get_rooted_transaction(signature).unwrap(), None,);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_empty_transaction_status() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        blockstore.set_roots(std::iter::once(&0)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore
                .get_rooted_transaction(Signature::default())
                .unwrap(),
            None
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_confirmed_signatures_for_address() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let address0 = solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand();
        let address1 = solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand();

        let slot0 = 10;
        for x in 1..5 {
            let signature = Signature::from([x; 64]);
            blockstore
                .write_transaction_status(
                    slot0,
                    signature,
                    vec![&address0],
                    vec![&address1],
                    TransactionStatusMeta::default(),
                )
                .unwrap();
        }
        let slot1 = 20;
        for x in 5..9 {
            let signature = Signature::from([x; 64]);
            blockstore
                .write_transaction_status(
                    slot1,
                    signature,
                    vec![&address0],
                    vec![&address1],
                    TransactionStatusMeta::default(),
                )
                .unwrap();
        }
        blockstore.set_roots(vec![slot0, slot1].iter()).unwrap();

        let all0 = blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address(address0, 0, 50)
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(all0.len(), 8);
        for x in 1..9 {
            let expected_signature = Signature::from([x; 64]);
            assert_eq!(all0[x as usize - 1], expected_signature);
        }
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore
                .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address(address0, 20, 50)
                .unwrap()
                .len(),
            4
        );
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore
                .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address(address0, 0, 10)
                .unwrap()
                .len(),
            4
        );
        assert!(blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address(address0, 1, 5)
            .unwrap()
            .is_empty());
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore
                .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address(address0, 1, 15)
                .unwrap()
                .len(),
            4
        );

        let all1 = blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address(address1, 0, 50)
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(all1.len(), 8);
        for x in 1..9 {
            let expected_signature = Signature::from([x; 64]);
            assert_eq!(all1[x as usize - 1], expected_signature);
        }

        // Purge index 0
        blockstore
            .run_purge(0, 10, PurgeType::PrimaryIndex)
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore
                .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address(address0, 0, 50)
                .unwrap()
                .len(),
            4
        );
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore
                .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address(address0, 20, 50)
                .unwrap()
                .len(),
            4
        );
        assert!(blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address(address0, 0, 10)
            .unwrap()
            .is_empty());
        assert!(blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address(address0, 1, 5)
            .unwrap()
            .is_empty());
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore
                .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address(address0, 1, 25)
                .unwrap()
                .len(),
            4
        );

        // Test sort, regardless of entry order or signature value
        for slot in (21..25).rev() {
            let random_bytes: [u8; 64] = std::array::from_fn(|_| rand::random::<u8>());
            let signature = Signature::from(random_bytes);
            blockstore
                .write_transaction_status(
                    slot,
                    signature,
                    vec![&address0],
                    vec![&address1],
                    TransactionStatusMeta::default(),
                )
                .unwrap();
        }
        blockstore.set_roots(vec![21, 22, 23, 24].iter()).unwrap();
        let mut past_slot = 0;
        for (slot, _) in blockstore.find_address_signatures(address0, 1, 25).unwrap() {
            assert!(slot >= past_slot);
            past_slot = slot;
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_find_address_signatures_for_slot() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let address0 = solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand();
        let address1 = solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand();

        let slot1 = 1;
        for x in 1..5 {
            let signature = Signature::from([x; 64]);
            blockstore
                .write_transaction_status(
                    slot1,
                    signature,
                    vec![&address0],
                    vec![&address1],
                    TransactionStatusMeta::default(),
                )
                .unwrap();
        }
        let slot2 = 2;
        for x in 5..7 {
            let signature = Signature::from([x; 64]);
            blockstore
                .write_transaction_status(
                    slot2,
                    signature,
                    vec![&address0],
                    vec![&address1],
                    TransactionStatusMeta::default(),
                )
                .unwrap();
        }
        for x in 7..9 {
            let signature = Signature::from([x; 64]);
            blockstore
                .write_transaction_status(
                    slot2,
                    signature,
                    vec![&address0],
                    vec![&address1],
                    TransactionStatusMeta::default(),
                )
                .unwrap();
        }
        let slot3 = 3;
        for x in 9..13 {
            let signature = Signature::from([x; 64]);
            blockstore
                .write_transaction_status(
                    slot3,
                    signature,
                    vec![&address0],
                    vec![&address1],
                    TransactionStatusMeta::default(),
                )
                .unwrap();
        }
        blockstore.set_roots(std::iter::once(&slot1)).unwrap();

        let slot1_signatures = blockstore
            .find_address_signatures_for_slot(address0, 1)
            .unwrap();
        for (i, (slot, signature)) in slot1_signatures.iter().enumerate() {
            assert_eq!(*slot, slot1);
            assert_eq!(*signature, Signature::from([i as u8 + 1; 64]));
        }

        let slot2_signatures = blockstore
            .find_address_signatures_for_slot(address0, 2)
            .unwrap();
        for (i, (slot, signature)) in slot2_signatures.iter().enumerate() {
            assert_eq!(*slot, slot2);
            assert_eq!(*signature, Signature::from([i as u8 + 5; 64]));
        }

        let slot3_signatures = blockstore
            .find_address_signatures_for_slot(address0, 3)
            .unwrap();
        for (i, (slot, signature)) in slot3_signatures.iter().enumerate() {
            assert_eq!(*slot, slot3);
            assert_eq!(*signature, Signature::from([i as u8 + 9; 64]));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let (shreds, _) = make_slot_entries(1, 0, 4, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();

        fn make_slot_entries_with_transaction_addresses(addresses: &[Pubkey]) -> Vec<Entry> {
            let mut entries: Vec<Entry> = Vec::new();
            for address in addresses {
                let transaction = Transaction::new_with_compiled_instructions(
                    &[&Keypair::new()],
                    &[*address],
                    Hash::default(),
                    vec![solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand()],
                    vec![CompiledInstruction::new(1, &(), vec![0])],
                );
                entries.push(next_entry_mut(&mut Hash::default(), 0, vec![transaction]));
                let mut tick = create_ticks(1, 0, hash(&serialize(address).unwrap()));
                entries.append(&mut tick);
            }
            entries
        }

        let address0 = solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand();
        let address1 = solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand();

        for slot in 2..=8 {
            let entries = make_slot_entries_with_transaction_addresses(&[
                address0, address1, address0, address1,
            ]);
            let shreds = entries_to_test_shreds(
                &entries,
                slot,
                slot - 1, // parent_slot
                true,     // is_full_slot
                0,        // version
                true,     // merkle_variant
            );
            blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();

            for entry in entries.into_iter() {
                for transaction in entry.transactions {
                    assert_eq!(transaction.signatures.len(), 1);
                    blockstore
                        .write_transaction_status(
                            slot,
                            transaction.signatures[0],
                            transaction.message.static_account_keys().iter().collect(),
                            vec![],
                            TransactionStatusMeta::default(),
                        )
                        .unwrap();
                }
            }
        }

        // Add 2 slots that both descend from slot 8
        for slot in 9..=10 {
            let entries = make_slot_entries_with_transaction_addresses(&[
                address0, address1, address0, address1,
            ]);
            let shreds =
                entries_to_test_shreds(&entries, slot, 8, true, 0, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);
            blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();

            for entry in entries.into_iter() {
                for transaction in entry.transactions {
                    assert_eq!(transaction.signatures.len(), 1);
                    blockstore
                        .write_transaction_status(
                            slot,
                            transaction.signatures[0],
                            transaction.message.static_account_keys().iter().collect(),
                            vec![],
                            TransactionStatusMeta::default(),
                        )
                        .unwrap();
                }
            }
        }

        // Leave one slot unrooted to test only returns confirmed signatures
        blockstore
            .set_roots(vec![1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].iter())
            .unwrap();
        let highest_super_majority_root = 8;

        // Fetch all rooted signatures for address 0 at once...
        let sig_infos = blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                address0,
                highest_super_majority_root,
                None,
                None,
                usize::MAX,
            )
            .unwrap();
        assert!(sig_infos.found_before);
        let all0 = sig_infos.infos;
        assert_eq!(all0.len(), 12);

        // Fetch all rooted signatures for address 1 at once...
        let all1 = blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                address1,
                highest_super_majority_root,
                None,
                None,
                usize::MAX,
            )
            .unwrap()
            .infos;
        assert_eq!(all1.len(), 12);

        // Fetch all signatures for address 0 individually
        for i in 0..all0.len() {
            let sig_infos = blockstore
                .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                    address0,
                    highest_super_majority_root,
                    if i == 0 {
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(all0[i - 1].signature)
                    },
                    None,
                    1,
                )
                .unwrap();
            assert!(sig_infos.found_before);
            let results = sig_infos.infos;
            assert_eq!(results.len(), 1);
            assert_eq!(results[0], all0[i], "Unexpected result for {i}");
        }
        // Fetch all signatures for address 0 individually using `until`
        for i in 0..all0.len() {
            let results = blockstore
                .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                    address0,
                    highest_super_majority_root,
                    if i == 0 {
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(all0[i - 1].signature)
                    },
                    if i == all0.len() - 1 || i == all0.len() {
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(all0[i + 1].signature)
                    },
                    10,
                )
                .unwrap()
                .infos;
            assert_eq!(results.len(), 1);
            assert_eq!(results[0], all0[i], "Unexpected result for {i}");
        }

        let sig_infos = blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                address0,
                highest_super_majority_root,
                Some(all0[all0.len() - 1].signature),
                None,
                1,
            )
            .unwrap();
        assert!(sig_infos.found_before);
        assert!(sig_infos.infos.is_empty());

        assert!(blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                address0,
                highest_super_majority_root,
                None,
                Some(all0[0].signature),
                2,
            )
            .unwrap()
            .infos
            .is_empty());

        // Fetch all signatures for address 0, three at a time
        assert!(all0.len() % 3 == 0);
        for i in (0..all0.len()).step_by(3) {
            let results = blockstore
                .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                    address0,
                    highest_super_majority_root,
                    if i == 0 {
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(all0[i - 1].signature)
                    },
                    None,
                    3,
                )
                .unwrap()
                .infos;
            assert_eq!(results.len(), 3);
            assert_eq!(results[0], all0[i]);
            assert_eq!(results[1], all0[i + 1]);
            assert_eq!(results[2], all0[i + 2]);
        }

        // Ensure that the signatures within a slot are reverse ordered by signature
        // (current limitation of the .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2())
        for i in (0..all1.len()).step_by(2) {
            let results = blockstore
                .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                    address1,
                    highest_super_majority_root,
                    if i == 0 {
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(all1[i - 1].signature)
                    },
                    None,
                    2,
                )
                .unwrap()
                .infos;
            assert_eq!(results.len(), 2);
            assert_eq!(results[0].slot, results[1].slot);
            assert!(results[0].signature >= results[1].signature);
            assert_eq!(results[0], all1[i]);
            assert_eq!(results[1], all1[i + 1]);
        }

        // A search for address 0 with `before` and/or `until` signatures from address1 should also work
        let sig_infos = blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                address0,
                highest_super_majority_root,
                Some(all1[0].signature),
                None,
                usize::MAX,
            )
            .unwrap();
        assert!(sig_infos.found_before);
        let results = sig_infos.infos;
        // The exact number of results returned is variable, based on the sort order of the
        // random signatures that are generated
        assert!(!results.is_empty());

        let results2 = blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                address0,
                highest_super_majority_root,
                Some(all1[0].signature),
                Some(all1[4].signature),
                usize::MAX,
            )
            .unwrap()
            .infos;
        assert!(results2.len() < results.len());

        // Duplicate all tests using confirmed signatures
        let highest_confirmed_slot = 10;

        // Fetch all signatures for address 0 at once...
        let all0 = blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                address0,
                highest_confirmed_slot,
                None,
                None,
                usize::MAX,
            )
            .unwrap()
            .infos;
        assert_eq!(all0.len(), 14);

        // Fetch all signatures for address 1 at once...
        let all1 = blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                address1,
                highest_confirmed_slot,
                None,
                None,
                usize::MAX,
            )
            .unwrap()
            .infos;
        assert_eq!(all1.len(), 14);

        // Fetch all signatures for address 0 individually
        for i in 0..all0.len() {
            let results = blockstore
                .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                    address0,
                    highest_confirmed_slot,
                    if i == 0 {
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(all0[i - 1].signature)
                    },
                    None,
                    1,
                )
                .unwrap()
                .infos;
            assert_eq!(results.len(), 1);
            assert_eq!(results[0], all0[i], "Unexpected result for {i}");
        }
        // Fetch all signatures for address 0 individually using `until`
        for i in 0..all0.len() {
            let results = blockstore
                .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                    address0,
                    highest_confirmed_slot,
                    if i == 0 {
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(all0[i - 1].signature)
                    },
                    if i == all0.len() - 1 || i == all0.len() {
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(all0[i + 1].signature)
                    },
                    10,
                )
                .unwrap()
                .infos;
            assert_eq!(results.len(), 1);
            assert_eq!(results[0], all0[i], "Unexpected result for {i}");
        }

        assert!(blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                address0,
                highest_confirmed_slot,
                Some(all0[all0.len() - 1].signature),
                None,
                1,
            )
            .unwrap()
            .infos
            .is_empty());

        assert!(blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                address0,
                highest_confirmed_slot,
                None,
                Some(all0[0].signature),
                2,
            )
            .unwrap()
            .infos
            .is_empty());

        // Fetch all signatures for address 0, three at a time
        assert!(all0.len() % 3 == 2);
        for i in (0..all0.len()).step_by(3) {
            let results = blockstore
                .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                    address0,
                    highest_confirmed_slot,
                    if i == 0 {
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(all0[i - 1].signature)
                    },
                    None,
                    3,
                )
                .unwrap()
                .infos;
            if i < 12 {
                assert_eq!(results.len(), 3);
                assert_eq!(results[2], all0[i + 2]);
            } else {
                assert_eq!(results.len(), 2);
            }
            assert_eq!(results[0], all0[i]);
            assert_eq!(results[1], all0[i + 1]);
        }

        // Ensure that the signatures within a slot are reverse ordered by signature
        // (current limitation of the .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2())
        for i in (0..all1.len()).step_by(2) {
            let results = blockstore
                .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                    address1,
                    highest_confirmed_slot,
                    if i == 0 {
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(all1[i - 1].signature)
                    },
                    None,
                    2,
                )
                .unwrap()
                .infos;
            assert_eq!(results.len(), 2);
            assert_eq!(results[0].slot, results[1].slot);
            assert!(results[0].signature >= results[1].signature);
            assert_eq!(results[0], all1[i]);
            assert_eq!(results[1], all1[i + 1]);
        }

        // A search for address 0 with `before` and/or `until` signatures from address1 should also work
        let results = blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                address0,
                highest_confirmed_slot,
                Some(all1[0].signature),
                None,
                usize::MAX,
            )
            .unwrap()
            .infos;
        // The exact number of results returned is variable, based on the sort order of the
        // random signatures that are generated
        assert!(!results.is_empty());

        let results2 = blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                address0,
                highest_confirmed_slot,
                Some(all1[0].signature),
                Some(all1[4].signature),
                usize::MAX,
            )
            .unwrap()
            .infos;
        assert!(results2.len() < results.len());

        // Remove signature
        blockstore
            .address_signatures_cf
            .delete((0, address0, 2, all0[0].signature))
            .unwrap();
        let sig_infos = blockstore
            .get_confirmed_signatures_for_address2(
                address0,
                highest_super_majority_root,
                Some(all0[0].signature),
                None,
                usize::MAX,
            )
            .unwrap();
        assert!(!sig_infos.found_before);
        assert!(sig_infos.infos.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_last_hash() {
        let entries: Vec<Entry> = vec![];
        let empty_entries_iterator = entries.iter();
        assert!(get_last_hash(empty_entries_iterator).is_none());

        let entry = next_entry(&hash::hash(&[42u8]), 1, vec![]);
        let entries: Vec<Entry> = std::iter::successors(Some(entry), |entry| {
            Some(next_entry(&entry.hash, 1, vec![]))
        })
        .take(10)
        .collect();
        let entries_iterator = entries.iter();
        assert_eq!(get_last_hash(entries_iterator).unwrap(), entries[9].hash);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_map_transactions_to_statuses() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let transaction_status_cf = &blockstore.transaction_status_cf;

        let slot = 0;
        let mut transactions: Vec<VersionedTransaction> = vec![];
        for x in 0..4 {
            let transaction = Transaction::new_with_compiled_instructions(
                &[&Keypair::new()],
                &[solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand()],
                Hash::default(),
                vec![solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand()],
                vec![CompiledInstruction::new(1, &(), vec![0])],
            );
            let status = TransactionStatusMeta {
                status: solana_sdk::transaction::Result::<()>::Err(
                    TransactionError::AccountNotFound,
                ),
                fee: x,
                pre_balances: vec![],
                post_balances: vec![],
                inner_instructions: Some(vec![]),
                log_messages: Some(vec![]),
                pre_token_balances: Some(vec![]),
                post_token_balances: Some(vec![]),
                rewards: Some(vec![]),
                loaded_addresses: LoadedAddresses::default(),
                return_data: Some(TransactionReturnData::default()),
                compute_units_consumed: None,
            }
            .into();
            transaction_status_cf
                .put_protobuf((0, transaction.signatures[0], slot), &status)
                .unwrap();
            transactions.push(transaction.into());
        }

        let map_result =
            blockstore.map_transactions_to_statuses(slot, transactions.clone().into_iter());
        assert!(map_result.is_ok());
        let map = map_result.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(map.len(), 4);
        for (x, m) in map.iter().enumerate() {
            assert_eq!(m.meta.fee, x as u64);
        }

        // Push transaction that will not have matching status, as a test case
        transactions.push(
            Transaction::new_with_compiled_instructions(
                &[&Keypair::new()],
                &[solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand()],
                Hash::default(),
                vec![solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand()],
                vec![CompiledInstruction::new(1, &(), vec![0])],
            )
            .into(),
        );

        let map_result =
            blockstore.map_transactions_to_statuses(slot, transactions.clone().into_iter());
        assert_matches!(map_result, Err(BlockstoreError::MissingTransactionMetadata));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_recent_perf_samples_v1_only() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let num_entries: usize = 10;

        let slot_sample = |i: u64| PerfSampleV1 {
            num_transactions: 1406 + i,
            num_slots: 34 + i / 2,
            sample_period_secs: (40 + i / 5) as u16,
        };

        let mut perf_samples: Vec<(Slot, PerfSample)> = vec![];
        for i in 0..num_entries {
            let slot = (i + 1) as u64 * 50;
            let sample = slot_sample(i as u64);

            let bytes = serialize(&sample).unwrap();
            blockstore.perf_samples_cf.put_bytes(slot, &bytes).unwrap();
            perf_samples.push((slot, sample.into()));
        }

        for i in 0..num_entries {
            let mut expected_samples = perf_samples[num_entries - 1 - i..].to_vec();
            expected_samples.sort_by(|a, b| b.0.cmp(&a.0));
            assert_eq!(
                blockstore.get_recent_perf_samples(i + 1).unwrap(),
                expected_samples
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_recent_perf_samples_v2_only() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let num_entries: usize = 10;

        let slot_sample = |i: u64| PerfSampleV2 {
            num_transactions: 2495 + i,
            num_slots: 167 + i / 2,
            sample_period_secs: (37 + i / 5) as u16,
            num_non_vote_transactions: 1672 + i,
        };

        let mut perf_samples: Vec<(Slot, PerfSample)> = vec![];
        for i in 0..num_entries {
            let slot = (i + 1) as u64 * 50;
            let sample = slot_sample(i as u64);

            let bytes = serialize(&sample).unwrap();
            blockstore.perf_samples_cf.put_bytes(slot, &bytes).unwrap();
            perf_samples.push((slot, sample.into()));
        }

        for i in 0..num_entries {
            let mut expected_samples = perf_samples[num_entries - 1 - i..].to_vec();
            expected_samples.sort_by(|a, b| b.0.cmp(&a.0));
            assert_eq!(
                blockstore.get_recent_perf_samples(i + 1).unwrap(),
                expected_samples
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_recent_perf_samples_v1_and_v2() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let num_entries: usize = 10;

        let slot_sample_v1 = |i: u64| PerfSampleV1 {
            num_transactions: 1599 + i,
            num_slots: 123 + i / 2,
            sample_period_secs: (42 + i / 5) as u16,
        };

        let slot_sample_v2 = |i: u64| PerfSampleV2 {
            num_transactions: 5809 + i,
            num_slots: 81 + i / 2,
            sample_period_secs: (35 + i / 5) as u16,
            num_non_vote_transactions: 2209 + i,
        };

        let mut perf_samples: Vec<(Slot, PerfSample)> = vec![];
        for i in 0..num_entries {
            let slot = (i + 1) as u64 * 50;

            if i % 3 == 0 {
                let sample = slot_sample_v1(i as u64);
                let bytes = serialize(&sample).unwrap();
                blockstore.perf_samples_cf.put_bytes(slot, &bytes).unwrap();
                perf_samples.push((slot, sample.into()));
            } else {
                let sample = slot_sample_v2(i as u64);
                let bytes = serialize(&sample).unwrap();
                blockstore.perf_samples_cf.put_bytes(slot, &bytes).unwrap();
                perf_samples.push((slot, sample.into()));
            }
        }

        for i in 0..num_entries {
            let mut expected_samples = perf_samples[num_entries - 1 - i..].to_vec();
            expected_samples.sort_by(|a, b| b.0.cmp(&a.0));
            assert_eq!(
                blockstore.get_recent_perf_samples(i + 1).unwrap(),
                expected_samples
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_write_perf_samples() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let num_entries: usize = 10;
        let mut perf_samples: Vec<(Slot, PerfSample)> = vec![];
        for x in 1..num_entries + 1 {
            let slot = x as u64 * 50;
            let sample = PerfSampleV2 {
                num_transactions: 1000 + x as u64,
                num_slots: 50,
                sample_period_secs: 20,
                num_non_vote_transactions: 300 + x as u64,
            };

            blockstore.write_perf_sample(slot, &sample).unwrap();
            perf_samples.push((slot, PerfSample::V2(sample)));
        }

        for x in 0..num_entries {
            let mut expected_samples = perf_samples[num_entries - 1 - x..].to_vec();
            expected_samples.sort_by(|a, b| b.0.cmp(&a.0));
            assert_eq!(
                blockstore.get_recent_perf_samples(x + 1).unwrap(),
                expected_samples
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_lowest_slot() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(blockstore.lowest_slot(), 0);

        for slot in 0..10 {
            let (shreds, _) = make_slot_entries(slot, 0, 1, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);
            blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        }
        assert_eq!(blockstore.lowest_slot(), 1);
        blockstore.run_purge(0, 5, PurgeType::PrimaryIndex).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(blockstore.lowest_slot(), 6);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_highest_slot() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(blockstore.highest_slot().unwrap(), None);

        for slot in 0..10 {
            let (shreds, _) = make_slot_entries(slot, 0, 1, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);
            blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(blockstore.highest_slot().unwrap(), Some(slot));
        }
        blockstore
            .run_purge(5, 10, PurgeType::PrimaryIndex)
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(blockstore.highest_slot().unwrap(), Some(4));

        blockstore.run_purge(0, 4, PurgeType::PrimaryIndex).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(blockstore.highest_slot().unwrap(), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_recovery() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let slot = 1;
        let (data_shreds, coding_shreds, leader_schedule_cache) =
            setup_erasure_shreds(slot, 0, 100);

        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(coding_shreds, Some(&leader_schedule_cache), false)
            .unwrap();
        let shred_bufs: Vec<_> = data_shreds.iter().map(Shred::payload).cloned().collect();

        // Check all the data shreds were recovered
        for (s, buf) in data_shreds.iter().zip(shred_bufs) {
            assert_eq!(
                blockstore
                    .get_data_shred(s.slot(), s.index() as u64)
                    .unwrap()
                    .unwrap(),
                buf
            );
        }

        verify_index_integrity(&blockstore, slot);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_index_integrity() {
        let slot = 1;
        let num_entries = 100;
        let (data_shreds, coding_shreds, leader_schedule_cache) =
            setup_erasure_shreds(slot, 0, num_entries);
        assert!(data_shreds.len() > 3);
        assert!(coding_shreds.len() > 3);

        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Test inserting all the shreds
        let all_shreds: Vec<_> = data_shreds
            .iter()
            .cloned()
            .chain(coding_shreds.iter().cloned())
            .collect();
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(all_shreds, Some(&leader_schedule_cache), false)
            .unwrap();
        verify_index_integrity(&blockstore, slot);
        blockstore.purge_and_compact_slots(0, slot);

        // Test inserting just the codes, enough for recovery
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(coding_shreds.clone(), Some(&leader_schedule_cache), false)
            .unwrap();
        verify_index_integrity(&blockstore, slot);
        blockstore.purge_and_compact_slots(0, slot);

        // Test inserting some codes, but not enough for recovery
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(
                coding_shreds[..coding_shreds.len() - 1].to_vec(),
                Some(&leader_schedule_cache),
                false,
            )
            .unwrap();
        verify_index_integrity(&blockstore, slot);
        blockstore.purge_and_compact_slots(0, slot);

        // Test inserting just the codes, and some data, enough for recovery
        let shreds: Vec<_> = data_shreds[..data_shreds.len() - 1]
            .iter()
            .cloned()
            .chain(coding_shreds[..coding_shreds.len() - 1].iter().cloned())
            .collect();
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds, Some(&leader_schedule_cache), false)
            .unwrap();
        verify_index_integrity(&blockstore, slot);
        blockstore.purge_and_compact_slots(0, slot);

        // Test inserting some codes, and some data, but enough for recovery
        let shreds: Vec<_> = data_shreds[..data_shreds.len() / 2 - 1]
            .iter()
            .cloned()
            .chain(coding_shreds[..coding_shreds.len() / 2 - 1].iter().cloned())
            .collect();
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds, Some(&leader_schedule_cache), false)
            .unwrap();
        verify_index_integrity(&blockstore, slot);
        blockstore.purge_and_compact_slots(0, slot);

        // Test inserting all shreds in 2 rounds, make sure nothing is lost
        let shreds1: Vec<_> = data_shreds[..data_shreds.len() / 2 - 1]
            .iter()
            .cloned()
            .chain(coding_shreds[..coding_shreds.len() / 2 - 1].iter().cloned())
            .collect();
        let shreds2: Vec<_> = data_shreds[data_shreds.len() / 2 - 1..]
            .iter()
            .cloned()
            .chain(coding_shreds[coding_shreds.len() / 2 - 1..].iter().cloned())
            .collect();
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds1, Some(&leader_schedule_cache), false)
            .unwrap();
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds2, Some(&leader_schedule_cache), false)
            .unwrap();
        verify_index_integrity(&blockstore, slot);
        blockstore.purge_and_compact_slots(0, slot);

        // Test not all, but enough data and coding shreds in 2 rounds to trigger recovery,
        // make sure nothing is lost
        let shreds1: Vec<_> = data_shreds[..data_shreds.len() / 2 - 1]
            .iter()
            .cloned()
            .chain(coding_shreds[..coding_shreds.len() / 2 - 1].iter().cloned())
            .collect();
        let shreds2: Vec<_> = data_shreds[data_shreds.len() / 2 - 1..data_shreds.len() / 2]
            .iter()
            .cloned()
            .chain(
                coding_shreds[coding_shreds.len() / 2 - 1..coding_shreds.len() / 2]
                    .iter()
                    .cloned(),
            )
            .collect();
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds1, Some(&leader_schedule_cache), false)
            .unwrap();
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds2, Some(&leader_schedule_cache), false)
            .unwrap();
        verify_index_integrity(&blockstore, slot);
        blockstore.purge_and_compact_slots(0, slot);

        // Test insert shreds in 2 rounds, but not enough to trigger
        // recovery, make sure nothing is lost
        let shreds1: Vec<_> = data_shreds[..data_shreds.len() / 2 - 2]
            .iter()
            .cloned()
            .chain(coding_shreds[..coding_shreds.len() / 2 - 2].iter().cloned())
            .collect();
        let shreds2: Vec<_> = data_shreds[data_shreds.len() / 2 - 2..data_shreds.len() / 2 - 1]
            .iter()
            .cloned()
            .chain(
                coding_shreds[coding_shreds.len() / 2 - 2..coding_shreds.len() / 2 - 1]
                    .iter()
                    .cloned(),
            )
            .collect();
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds1, Some(&leader_schedule_cache), false)
            .unwrap();
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds2, Some(&leader_schedule_cache), false)
            .unwrap();
        verify_index_integrity(&blockstore, slot);
        blockstore.purge_and_compact_slots(0, slot);
    }

    fn setup_erasure_shreds(
        slot: u64,
        parent_slot: u64,
        num_entries: u64,
    ) -> (Vec<Shred>, Vec<Shred>, Arc<LeaderScheduleCache>) {
        let entries = make_slot_entries_with_transactions(num_entries);
        let leader_keypair = Arc::new(Keypair::new());
        let shredder = Shredder::new(slot, parent_slot, 0, 0).unwrap();
        let (data_shreds, coding_shreds) = shredder.entries_to_shreds(
            &leader_keypair,
            &entries,
            true, // is_last_in_slot
            0,    // next_shred_index
            0,    // next_code_index
            true, // merkle_variant
            &ReedSolomonCache::default(),
            &mut ProcessShredsStats::default(),
        );

        let genesis_config = create_genesis_config(2).genesis_config;
        let bank = Arc::new(Bank::new_for_tests(&genesis_config));
        let mut leader_schedule_cache = LeaderScheduleCache::new_from_bank(&bank);
        let fixed_schedule = FixedSchedule {
            leader_schedule: Arc::new(LeaderSchedule::new_from_schedule(vec![
                leader_keypair.pubkey()
            ])),
        };
        leader_schedule_cache.set_fixed_leader_schedule(Some(fixed_schedule));

        (data_shreds, coding_shreds, Arc::new(leader_schedule_cache))
    }

    fn verify_index_integrity(blockstore: &Blockstore, slot: u64) {
        let shred_index = blockstore.get_index(slot).unwrap().unwrap();

        let data_iter = blockstore.slot_data_iterator(slot, 0).unwrap();
        let mut num_data = 0;
        for ((slot, index), _) in data_iter {
            num_data += 1;
            // Test that iterator and individual shred lookup yield same set
            assert!(blockstore.get_data_shred(slot, index).unwrap().is_some());
            // Test that the data index has current shred accounted for
            assert!(shred_index.data().contains(index));
        }

        // Test the data index doesn't have anything extra
        let num_data_in_index = shred_index.data().num_shreds();
        assert_eq!(num_data_in_index, num_data);

        let coding_iter = blockstore.slot_coding_iterator(slot, 0).unwrap();
        let mut num_coding = 0;
        for ((slot, index), _) in coding_iter {
            num_coding += 1;
            // Test that the iterator and individual shred lookup yield same set
            assert!(blockstore.get_coding_shred(slot, index).unwrap().is_some());
            // Test that the coding index has current shred accounted for
            assert!(shred_index.coding().contains(index));
        }

        // Test the data index doesn't have anything extra
        let num_coding_in_index = shred_index.coding().num_shreds();
        assert_eq!(num_coding_in_index, num_coding);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_duplicate_slot() {
        let slot = 0;
        let entries1 = make_slot_entries_with_transactions(1);
        let entries2 = make_slot_entries_with_transactions(1);
        let leader_keypair = Arc::new(Keypair::new());
        let reed_solomon_cache = ReedSolomonCache::default();
        let shredder = Shredder::new(slot, 0, 0, 0).unwrap();
        let (shreds, _) = shredder.entries_to_shreds(
            &leader_keypair,
            &entries1,
            true, // is_last_in_slot
            0,    // next_shred_index
            0,    // next_code_index,
            true, // merkle_variant
            &reed_solomon_cache,
            &mut ProcessShredsStats::default(),
        );
        let (duplicate_shreds, _) = shredder.entries_to_shreds(
            &leader_keypair,
            &entries2,
            true, // is_last_in_slot
            0,    // next_shred_index
            0,    // next_code_index
            true, // merkle_variant
            &reed_solomon_cache,
            &mut ProcessShredsStats::default(),
        );
        let shred = shreds[0].clone();
        let duplicate_shred = duplicate_shreds[0].clone();
        let non_duplicate_shred = shred.clone();

        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(vec![shred.clone()], None, false)
            .unwrap();

        // No duplicate shreds exist yet
        assert!(!blockstore.has_duplicate_shreds_in_slot(slot));

        // Check if shreds are duplicated
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.is_shred_duplicate(&duplicate_shred),
            Some(shred.payload().clone())
        );
        assert!(blockstore
            .is_shred_duplicate(&non_duplicate_shred)
            .is_none());

        // Store a duplicate shred
        blockstore
            .store_duplicate_slot(
                slot,
                shred.payload().clone(),
                duplicate_shred.payload().clone(),
            )
            .unwrap();

        // Slot is now marked as duplicate
        assert!(blockstore.has_duplicate_shreds_in_slot(slot));

        // Check ability to fetch the duplicates
        let duplicate_proof = blockstore.get_duplicate_slot(slot).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(duplicate_proof.shred1, *shred.payload());
        assert_eq!(duplicate_proof.shred2, *duplicate_shred.payload());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_clear_unconfirmed_slot() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let unconfirmed_slot = 9;
        let unconfirmed_child_slot = 10;
        let slots = vec![2, unconfirmed_slot, unconfirmed_child_slot];

        // Insert into slot 9, mark it as dead
        let shreds: Vec<_> = make_chaining_slot_entries(&slots, 1)
            .into_iter()
            .flat_map(|x| x.0)
            .collect();
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
        // Should only be one shred in slot 9
        assert!(blockstore
            .get_data_shred(unconfirmed_slot, 0)
            .unwrap()
            .is_some());
        assert!(blockstore
            .get_data_shred(unconfirmed_slot, 1)
            .unwrap()
            .is_none());
        blockstore.set_dead_slot(unconfirmed_slot).unwrap();

        // Purge the slot
        blockstore.clear_unconfirmed_slot(unconfirmed_slot);
        assert!(!blockstore.is_dead(unconfirmed_slot));
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore
                .meta(unconfirmed_slot)
                .unwrap()
                .unwrap()
                .next_slots,
            vec![unconfirmed_child_slot]
        );
        assert!(blockstore
            .get_data_shred(unconfirmed_slot, 0)
            .unwrap()
            .is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_clear_unconfirmed_slot_and_insert_again() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let confirmed_slot = 7;
        let unconfirmed_slot = 8;
        let slots = vec![confirmed_slot, unconfirmed_slot];

        let shreds: Vec<_> = make_chaining_slot_entries(&slots, 1)
            .into_iter()
            .flat_map(|x| x.0)
            .collect();
        assert_eq!(shreds.len(), 2);

        // Save off unconfirmed_slot for later, just one shred at shreds[1]
        let unconfirmed_slot_shreds = vec![shreds[1].clone()];
        assert_eq!(unconfirmed_slot_shreds[0].slot(), unconfirmed_slot);

        // Insert into slot 9
        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();

        // Purge the slot
        blockstore.clear_unconfirmed_slot(unconfirmed_slot);
        assert!(!blockstore.is_dead(unconfirmed_slot));
        assert!(blockstore
            .get_data_shred(unconfirmed_slot, 0)
            .unwrap()
            .is_none());

        // Re-add unconfirmed_slot and confirm that confirmed_slot only has
        // unconfirmed_slot in next_slots once
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(unconfirmed_slot_shreds, None, false)
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            blockstore.meta(confirmed_slot).unwrap().unwrap().next_slots,
            vec![unconfirmed_slot]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_update_completed_data_indexes() {
        let mut completed_data_indexes = BTreeSet::default();
        let mut shred_index = ShredIndex::default();

        for i in 0..10 {
            shred_index.insert(i as u64);
            assert_eq!(
                update_completed_data_indexes(true, i, &shred_index, &mut completed_data_indexes),
                vec![(i, i)]
            );
            assert!(completed_data_indexes.iter().copied().eq(0..=i));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_update_completed_data_indexes_out_of_order() {
        let mut completed_data_indexes = BTreeSet::default();
        let mut shred_index = ShredIndex::default();

        shred_index.insert(4);
        assert!(
            update_completed_data_indexes(false, 4, &shred_index, &mut completed_data_indexes)
                .is_empty()
        );
        assert!(completed_data_indexes.is_empty());

        shred_index.insert(2);
        assert!(
            update_completed_data_indexes(false, 2, &shred_index, &mut completed_data_indexes)
                .is_empty()
        );
        assert!(completed_data_indexes.is_empty());

        shred_index.insert(3);
        assert!(
            update_completed_data_indexes(true, 3, &shred_index, &mut completed_data_indexes)
                .is_empty()
        );
        assert!(completed_data_indexes.iter().eq([3].iter()));

        // Inserting data complete shred 1 now confirms the range of shreds [2, 3]
        // is part of the same data set
        shred_index.insert(1);
        assert_eq!(
            update_completed_data_indexes(true, 1, &shred_index, &mut completed_data_indexes),
            vec![(2, 3)]
        );
        assert!(completed_data_indexes.iter().eq([1, 3].iter()));

        // Inserting data complete shred 0 now confirms the range of shreds [0]
        // is part of the same data set
        shred_index.insert(0);
        assert_eq!(
            update_completed_data_indexes(true, 0, &shred_index, &mut completed_data_indexes),
            vec![(0, 0), (1, 1)]
        );
        assert!(completed_data_indexes.iter().eq([0, 1, 3].iter()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rewards_protobuf_backward_compatability() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let rewards: Rewards = (0..100)
            .map(|i| Reward {
                pubkey: solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand().to_string(),
                lamports: 42 + i,
                post_balance: std::u64::MAX,
                reward_type: Some(RewardType::Fee),
                commission: None,
            })
            .collect();
        let protobuf_rewards: generated::Rewards = rewards.into();

        let deprecated_rewards: StoredExtendedRewards = protobuf_rewards.clone().into();
        for slot in 0..2 {
            let data = serialize(&deprecated_rewards).unwrap();
            blockstore.rewards_cf.put_bytes(slot, &data).unwrap();
        }
        for slot in 2..4 {
            blockstore
                .rewards_cf
                .put_protobuf(slot, &protobuf_rewards)
                .unwrap();
        }
        for slot in 0..4 {
            assert_eq!(
                blockstore
                    .rewards_cf
                    .get_protobuf_or_bincode::<StoredExtendedRewards>(slot)
                    .unwrap()
                    .unwrap(),
                protobuf_rewards
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_transaction_status_protobuf_backward_compatability() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let status = TransactionStatusMeta {
            status: Ok(()),
            fee: 42,
            pre_balances: vec![1, 2, 3],
            post_balances: vec![1, 2, 3],
            inner_instructions: Some(vec![]),
            log_messages: Some(vec![]),
            pre_token_balances: Some(vec![TransactionTokenBalance {
                account_index: 0,
                mint: Pubkey::new_unique().to_string(),
                ui_token_amount: UiTokenAmount {
                    ui_amount: Some(1.1),
                    decimals: 1,
                    amount: "11".to_string(),
                    ui_amount_string: "1.1".to_string(),
                },
                owner: Pubkey::new_unique().to_string(),
                program_id: Pubkey::new_unique().to_string(),
            }]),
            post_token_balances: Some(vec![TransactionTokenBalance {
                account_index: 0,
                mint: Pubkey::new_unique().to_string(),
                ui_token_amount: UiTokenAmount {
                    ui_amount: None,
                    decimals: 1,
                    amount: "11".to_string(),
                    ui_amount_string: "1.1".to_string(),
                },
                owner: Pubkey::new_unique().to_string(),
                program_id: Pubkey::new_unique().to_string(),
            }]),
            rewards: Some(vec![Reward {
                pubkey: "My11111111111111111111111111111111111111111".to_string(),
                lamports: -42,
                post_balance: 42,
                reward_type: Some(RewardType::Rent),
                commission: None,
            }]),
            loaded_addresses: LoadedAddresses::default(),
            return_data: Some(TransactionReturnData {
                program_id: Pubkey::new_unique(),
                data: vec![1, 2, 3],
            }),
            compute_units_consumed: Some(23456),
        };
        let deprecated_status: StoredTransactionStatusMeta = status.clone().try_into().unwrap();
        let protobuf_status: generated::TransactionStatusMeta = status.into();

        for slot in 0..2 {
            let data = serialize(&deprecated_status).unwrap();
            blockstore
                .transaction_status_cf
                .put_bytes((0, Signature::default(), slot), &data)
                .unwrap();
        }
        for slot in 2..4 {
            blockstore
                .transaction_status_cf
                .put_protobuf((0, Signature::default(), slot), &protobuf_status)
                .unwrap();
        }
        for slot in 0..4 {
            assert_eq!(
                blockstore
                    .transaction_status_cf
                    .get_protobuf_or_bincode::<StoredTransactionStatusMeta>((
                        0,
                        Signature::default(),
                        slot
                    ))
                    .unwrap()
                    .unwrap(),
                protobuf_status
            );
        }
    }

    fn make_large_tx_entry(num_txs: usize) -> Entry {
        let txs: Vec<_> = (0..num_txs)
            .map(|_| {
                let keypair0 = Keypair::new();
                let to = solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand();
                solana_sdk::system_transaction::transfer(&keypair0, &to, 1, Hash::default())
            })
            .collect();

        Entry::new(&Hash::default(), 1, txs)
    }

    #[test]
    fn erasure_multiple_config() {
        solana_logger::setup();
        let slot = 1;
        let parent = 0;
        let num_txs = 20;
        let entry = make_large_tx_entry(num_txs);
        let shreds = entries_to_test_shreds(
            &[entry],
            slot,
            parent,
            true,  // is_full_slot
            0,     // version
            false, // merkle_variant
        );
        assert!(shreds.len() > 1);

        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let reed_solomon_cache = ReedSolomonCache::default();
        let coding1 = Shredder::generate_coding_shreds(
            &shreds,
            0, // next_code_index
            &reed_solomon_cache,
        );
        let coding2 = Shredder::generate_coding_shreds(
            &shreds,
            1, // next_code_index
            &reed_solomon_cache,
        );
        for shred in &shreds {
            info!("shred {:?}", shred);
        }
        for shred in &coding1 {
            info!("coding1 {:?}", shred);
        }
        for shred in &coding2 {
            info!("coding2 {:?}", shred);
        }
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds[..shreds.len() - 2].to_vec(), None, false)
            .unwrap();
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(vec![coding1[0].clone(), coding2[1].clone()], None, false)
            .unwrap();
        assert!(blockstore.has_duplicate_shreds_in_slot(slot));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_insert_data_shreds_same_slot_last_index() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        // Create enough entries to ensure there are at least two shreds created
        let num_unique_entries = max_ticks_per_n_shreds(1, None) + 1;
        let (mut original_shreds, original_entries) =
            make_slot_entries(0, 0, num_unique_entries, /*merkle_variant:*/ true);

        // Discard first shred, so that the slot is not full
        assert!(original_shreds.len() > 1);
        let last_index = original_shreds.last().unwrap().index() as u64;
        original_shreds.remove(0);

        // Insert the same shreds, including the last shred specifically, multiple
        // times
        for _ in 0..10 {
            blockstore
                .insert_shreds(original_shreds.clone(), None, false)
                .unwrap();
            let meta = blockstore.meta(0).unwrap().unwrap();
            assert!(!blockstore.is_dead(0));
            assert_eq!(blockstore.get_slot_entries(0, 0).unwrap(), vec![]);
            assert_eq!(meta.consumed, 0);
            assert_eq!(meta.received, last_index + 1);
            assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, Some(0));
            assert_eq!(meta.last_index, Some(last_index));
            assert!(!blockstore.is_full(0));
        }

        let duplicate_shreds = entries_to_test_shreds(
            &original_entries,
            0,    // slot
            0,    // parent_slot
            true, // is_full_slot
            0,    // version
            true, // merkle_variant
        );
        let num_shreds = duplicate_shreds.len() as u64;
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(duplicate_shreds, None, false)
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(blockstore.get_slot_entries(0, 0).unwrap(), original_entries);

        let meta = blockstore.meta(0).unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(meta.consumed, num_shreds);
        assert_eq!(meta.received, num_shreds);
        assert_eq!(meta.parent_slot, Some(0));
        assert_eq!(meta.last_index, Some(num_shreds - 1));
        assert!(blockstore.is_full(0));
        assert!(!blockstore.is_dead(0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_duplicate_last_index() {
        let num_shreds = 2;
        let num_entries = max_ticks_per_n_shreds(num_shreds, None);
        let slot = 1;
        let (mut shreds, _) =
            make_slot_entries(slot, 0, num_entries, /*merkle_variant:*/ false);

        // Mark both as last shred
        shreds[0].set_last_in_slot();
        shreds[1].set_last_in_slot();
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();

        assert!(blockstore.get_duplicate_slot(slot).is_some());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_duplicate_last_index_mark_dead() {
        let num_shreds = 10;
        let smaller_last_shred_index = 5;
        let larger_last_shred_index = 8;

        let setup_test_shreds = |slot: Slot| -> Vec<Shred> {
            let num_entries = max_ticks_per_n_shreds(num_shreds, None);
            let (mut shreds, _) =
                make_slot_entries(slot, 0, num_entries, /*merkle_variant:*/ false);
            shreds[smaller_last_shred_index].set_last_in_slot();
            shreds[larger_last_shred_index].set_last_in_slot();
            shreds
        };

        let get_expected_slot_meta_and_index_meta =
            |blockstore: &Blockstore, shreds: Vec<Shred>| -> (SlotMeta, Index) {
                let slot = shreds[0].slot();
                blockstore
                    .insert_shreds(shreds.clone(), None, false)
                    .unwrap();
                let meta = blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap();
                assert_eq!(meta.consumed, shreds.len() as u64);
                let shreds_index = blockstore.get_index(slot).unwrap().unwrap();
                for i in 0..shreds.len() as u64 {
                    assert!(shreds_index.data().contains(i));
                }

                // Cleanup the slot
                blockstore
                    .run_purge(slot, slot, PurgeType::PrimaryIndex)
                    .expect("Purge database operations failed");
                assert!(blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().is_none());

                (meta, shreds_index)
            };

        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let mut slot = 0;
        let shreds = setup_test_shreds(slot);

        // Case 1: Insert in the same batch. Since we're inserting the shreds in order,
        // any shreds > smaller_last_shred_index will not be inserted. Slot is not marked
        // as dead because no slots > the first "last" index shred are inserted before
        // the "last" index shred itself is inserted.
        let (expected_slot_meta, expected_index) = get_expected_slot_meta_and_index_meta(
            &blockstore,
            shreds[..=smaller_last_shred_index].to_vec(),
        );
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds.clone(), None, false)
            .unwrap();
        assert!(blockstore.get_duplicate_slot(slot).is_some());
        assert!(!blockstore.is_dead(slot));
        for i in 0..num_shreds {
            if i <= smaller_last_shred_index as u64 {
                assert_eq!(
                    blockstore.get_data_shred(slot, i).unwrap().unwrap(),
                    *shreds[i as usize].payload()
                );
            } else {
                assert!(blockstore.get_data_shred(slot, i).unwrap().is_none());
            }
        }
        let mut meta = blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap();
        meta.first_shred_timestamp = expected_slot_meta.first_shred_timestamp;
        assert_eq!(meta, expected_slot_meta);
        assert_eq!(blockstore.get_index(slot).unwrap().unwrap(), expected_index);

        // Case 2: Inserting a duplicate with an even smaller last shred index should not
        // mark the slot as dead since the Slotmeta is full.
        let even_smaller_last_shred_duplicate = {
            let mut payload = shreds[smaller_last_shred_index - 1].payload().clone();
            // Flip a byte to create a duplicate shred
            payload[0] = std::u8::MAX - payload[0];
            let mut shred = Shred::new_from_serialized_shred(payload).unwrap();
            shred.set_last_in_slot();
            shred
        };
        assert!(blockstore
            .is_shred_duplicate(&even_smaller_last_shred_duplicate)
            .is_some());
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(vec![even_smaller_last_shred_duplicate], None, false)
            .unwrap();
        assert!(!blockstore.is_dead(slot));
        for i in 0..num_shreds {
            if i <= smaller_last_shred_index as u64 {
                assert_eq!(
                    blockstore.get_data_shred(slot, i).unwrap().unwrap(),
                    *shreds[i as usize].payload()
                );
            } else {
                assert!(blockstore.get_data_shred(slot, i).unwrap().is_none());
            }
        }
        let mut meta = blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap();
        meta.first_shred_timestamp = expected_slot_meta.first_shred_timestamp;
        assert_eq!(meta, expected_slot_meta);
        assert_eq!(blockstore.get_index(slot).unwrap().unwrap(), expected_index);

        // Case 3: Insert shreds in reverse so that consumed will not be updated. Now on insert, the
        // the slot should be marked as dead
        slot += 1;
        let mut shreds = setup_test_shreds(slot);
        shreds.reverse();
        blockstore
            .insert_shreds(shreds.clone(), None, false)
            .unwrap();
        assert!(blockstore.is_dead(slot));
        // All the shreds other than the two last index shreds because those two
        // are marked as last, but less than the first received index == 10.
        // The others will be inserted even after the slot is marked dead on attempted
        // insert of the first last_index shred since dead slots can still be
        // inserted into.
        for i in 0..num_shreds {
            let shred_to_check = &shreds[i as usize];
            let shred_index = shred_to_check.index() as u64;
            if shred_index != smaller_last_shred_index as u64
                && shred_index != larger_last_shred_index as u64
            {
                assert_eq!(
                    blockstore
                        .get_data_shred(slot, shred_index)
                        .unwrap()
                        .unwrap(),
                    *shred_to_check.payload()
                );
            } else {
                assert!(blockstore
                    .get_data_shred(slot, shred_index)
                    .unwrap()
                    .is_none());
            }
        }

        // Case 4: Same as Case 3, but this time insert the shreds one at a time to test that the clearing
        // of data shreds works even after they've been committed
        slot += 1;
        let mut shreds = setup_test_shreds(slot);
        shreds.reverse();
        for shred in shreds.clone() {
            blockstore.insert_shreds(vec![shred], None, false).unwrap();
        }
        assert!(blockstore.is_dead(slot));
        // All the shreds will be inserted since dead slots can still be inserted into.
        for i in 0..num_shreds {
            let shred_to_check = &shreds[i as usize];
            let shred_index = shred_to_check.index() as u64;
            if shred_index != smaller_last_shred_index as u64
                && shred_index != larger_last_shred_index as u64
            {
                assert_eq!(
                    blockstore
                        .get_data_shred(slot, shred_index)
                        .unwrap()
                        .unwrap(),
                    *shred_to_check.payload()
                );
            } else {
                assert!(blockstore
                    .get_data_shred(slot, shred_index)
                    .unwrap()
                    .is_none());
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_slot_entries_dead_slot_race() {
        let setup_test_shreds = move |slot: Slot| -> Vec<Shred> {
            let num_shreds = 10;
            let middle_shred_index = 5;
            let num_entries = max_ticks_per_n_shreds(num_shreds, None);
            let (shreds, _) =
                make_slot_entries(slot, 0, num_entries, /*merkle_variant:*/ false);

            // Reverse shreds so that last shred gets inserted first and sets meta.received
            let mut shreds: Vec<Shred> = shreds.into_iter().rev().collect();

            // Push the real middle shred to the end of the shreds list
            shreds.push(shreds[middle_shred_index].clone());

            // Set the middle shred as a last shred to cause the slot to be marked dead
            shreds[middle_shred_index].set_last_in_slot();
            shreds
        };

        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        {
            let blockstore = Arc::new(Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap());
            let (slot_sender, slot_receiver) = unbounded();
            let (shred_sender, shred_receiver) = unbounded::<Vec<Shred>>();
            let (signal_sender, signal_receiver) = unbounded();

            let t_entry_getter = {
                let blockstore = blockstore.clone();
                let signal_sender = signal_sender.clone();
                Builder::new()
                    .spawn(move || {
                        while let Ok(slot) = slot_receiver.recv() {
                            match blockstore.get_slot_entries_with_shred_info(slot, 0, false) {
                                Ok((_entries, _num_shreds, is_full)) => {
                                    if is_full {
                                        signal_sender
                                            .send(Err(IoError::new(
                                                ErrorKind::Other,
                                                "got full slot entries for dead slot",
                                            )))
                                            .unwrap();
                                    }
                                }
                                Err(err) => {
                                    assert_matches!(err, BlockstoreError::DeadSlot);
                                }
                            }
                            signal_sender.send(Ok(())).unwrap();
                        }
                    })
                    .unwrap()
            };

            let t_shred_inserter = {
                let blockstore = blockstore.clone();
                Builder::new()
                    .spawn(move || {
                        while let Ok(shreds) = shred_receiver.recv() {
                            let slot = shreds[0].slot();
                            // Grab this lock to block `get_slot_entries` before it fetches completed datasets
                            // and then mark the slot as dead, but full, by inserting carefully crafted shreds.
                            let _lowest_cleanup_slot =
                                blockstore.lowest_cleanup_slot.write().unwrap();
                            blockstore.insert_shreds(shreds, None, false).unwrap();
                            assert!(blockstore.get_duplicate_slot(slot).is_some());
                            assert!(blockstore.is_dead(slot));
                            assert!(blockstore.meta(slot).unwrap().unwrap().is_full());
                            signal_sender.send(Ok(())).unwrap();
                        }
                    })
                    .unwrap()
            };

            for slot in 0..100 {
                let shreds = setup_test_shreds(slot);

                // Start a task on each thread to trigger a race condition
                slot_sender.send(slot).unwrap();
                shred_sender.send(shreds).unwrap();

                // Check that each thread processed their task before continuing
                for _ in 1..=2 {
                    let res = signal_receiver.recv().unwrap();
                    assert!(res.is_ok(), "race condition: {res:?}");
                }
            }

            drop(slot_sender);
            drop(shred_sender);

            let handles = vec![t_entry_getter, t_shred_inserter];
            for handle in handles {
                assert!(handle.join().is_ok());
            }

            assert!(Arc::strong_count(&blockstore) == 1);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_write_cost_table() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let num_entries: usize = 10;
        let mut cost_table: HashMap<Pubkey, u64> = HashMap::new();
        for x in 1..num_entries + 1 {
            cost_table.insert(Pubkey::new_unique(), (x + 100) as u64);
        }

        // write to db
        for (key, cost) in cost_table.iter() {
            blockstore
                .write_program_cost(key, cost)
                .expect("write a program");
        }

        // read back from db
        let read_back = blockstore.read_program_costs().expect("read programs");
        // verify
        assert_eq!(read_back.len(), cost_table.len());
        for (read_key, read_cost) in read_back {
            assert_eq!(read_cost, *cost_table.get(&read_key).unwrap());
        }

        // update value, write to db
        for val in cost_table.values_mut() {
            *val += 100;
        }
        for (key, cost) in cost_table.iter() {
            blockstore
                .write_program_cost(key, cost)
                .expect("write a program");
        }
        // add a new record
        let new_program_key = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let new_program_cost = 999;
        blockstore
            .write_program_cost(&new_program_key, &new_program_cost)
            .unwrap();

        // confirm value updated
        let read_back = blockstore.read_program_costs().expect("read programs");
        // verify
        assert_eq!(read_back.len(), cost_table.len() + 1);
        for (key, cost) in cost_table.iter() {
            assert_eq!(*cost, read_back.iter().find(|(k, _v)| k == key).unwrap().1);
        }
        assert_eq!(
            new_program_cost,
            read_back
                .iter()
                .find(|(k, _v)| *k == new_program_key)
                .unwrap()
                .1
        );

        // test delete
        blockstore
            .delete_program_cost(&new_program_key)
            .expect("delete a progrma");
        let read_back = blockstore.read_program_costs().expect("read programs");
        // verify
        assert_eq!(read_back.len(), cost_table.len());
        for (read_key, read_cost) in read_back {
            assert_eq!(read_cost, *cost_table.get(&read_key).unwrap());
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_delete_old_records_from_cost_table() {
        let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path_auto_delete!();
        let blockstore = Blockstore::open(ledger_path.path()).unwrap();

        let num_entries: usize = 10;
        let mut cost_table: HashMap<Pubkey, u64> = HashMap::new();
        for x in 1..num_entries + 1 {
            cost_table.insert(Pubkey::new_unique(), (x + 100) as u64);
        }

        // write to db
        for (key, cost) in cost_table.iter() {
            blockstore
                .write_program_cost(key, cost)
                .expect("write a program");
        }

        // remove a record
        let mut removed_key = Pubkey::new_unique();
        for (key, cost) in cost_table.iter() {
            if *cost == 101_u64 {
                removed_key = *key;
                break;
            }
        }
        cost_table.remove(&removed_key);

        // delete records from blockstore if they are no longer in cost_table
        let db_records = blockstore.read_program_costs().expect("read programs");
        db_records.iter().for_each(|(pubkey, _)| {
            if !cost_table.iter().any(|(key, _)| key == pubkey) {
                assert_eq!(*pubkey, removed_key);
                blockstore
                    .delete_program_cost(pubkey)
                    .expect("delete old program");
            }
        });

        // read back from db
        let read_back = blockstore.read_program_costs().expect("read programs");
        // verify
        assert_eq!(read_back.len(), cost_table.len());
        for (read_key, read_cost) in read_back {
            assert_eq!(read_cost, *cost_table.get(&read_key).unwrap());
        }
    }
}