Portable SIMD

This specification describes a Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) instruction set that can be implemented efficiently on current popular instruction set architectures. It provides shared semantics for WebAssembly and SIMD.js.

Types

The types used in this specification can be concrete or abstract. Concrete types have a defined representation as a bit pattern, while abstract types are simply a set of allowed values.

Scalar types

The concrete scalar integer types are not interpreted as either signed or unsigned integers.

i8: An 8-bit integer with bits numbered 0–7.
i16: A 16-bit integer with bits numbered 0–15.
i32: A 32-bit integer with bits numbered 0–31.
i64: A 64-bit integer with bits numbered 0–63.

The concrete scalar floating-point types follow the encoding and semantics of the IEEE 754-2008 standard for floating-point arithmetic. See the Floating-point semantics section for details and exceptions.

f32: A floating-point number in the IEEE binary32 interchange format.
f64: A floating-point number in the IEEE binary64 interchange format.

The following abstract types don't have a specified representation as a bit pattern:

boolean: Either true or false.
LaneIdx2: An integer in the range 0–1 identifying a lane.
LaneIdx4: An integer in the range 0–3 identifying a lane.
LaneIdx8: An integer in the range 0–7 identifying a lane.
LaneIdx16: An integer in the range 0–15 identifying a lane.
LaneIdx32: An integer in the range 0–31 identifying a lane.

SIMD types

All of the numerical SIMD types have a concrete mapping to a 128-bit representation. The boolean types do not have a bit-pattern representation.

v128: A 128-bit SIMD vector. Bits are numbered 0–127.
b8x16: A vector of 16 boolean lanes numbered 0–15.
b16x8: A vector of 8 boolean lanes numbered 0–7.
b32x4: A vector of 4 boolean lanes numbered 0–3.
b64x2: A vector of 2 boolean lanes numbered 0–1.

The v128 type corresponds to a vector register in a typical SIMD ISA. The interpretation of the 128 bits in the vector register is provided by the individual instructions.

The abstract boolean vector types can be mapped to vector registers or predicate registers by an implementation. They have a property S.Lanes which is used by the pseudo-code below:

S	S.Lanes
`b8x16`	16
`b16x8`	8
`b32x4`	4
`b64x2`	2

Interpreting SIMD types

The single v128 SIMD type can represent packed data in multiple ways. Instructions specify how the bits should be interpreted through a hierarchy of interpretations.

The boolean vector types only have the one interpretation given by their type.

Lane division interpretation

The first level of interpretations of the v128 type impose a lane structure on the bits:

v8x16 : v128: 8-bit lanes numbered 0–15. Lane n corresponds to bits 8n – 8n+7.
v16x8 : v128: 16-bit lanes numbered 0–7. Lane n corresponds to bits 16n – 16n+15.
v32x4 : v128: 32-bit lanes numbered 0–3. Lane n corresponds to bits 32n – 32n+31.
v64x2 : v128: 64-bit lanes numbered 0–1. Lane n corresponds to bits 64n – 64n+63.

The lane dividing interpretations don't say anything about the semantics of the bits in each lane. The interpretations have properties used by the semantic specification pseudo-code below:

S	S.LaneBits	S.Lanes	S.BoolType
`v8x16`	8	16	`b8x16`
`v16x8`	16	8	`b16x8`
`v32x4`	32	4	`b32x4`
`v64x2`	64	2	`b64x2`

Modulo integer interpretations

The bits in a lane can be interpreted as integers with modulo arithmetic semantics. Many arithmetic operations can be defined on these types which don't impose a signed or unsigned integer interpretation.

i8x16 : v8x16: Each lane is an i8.
i16x8 : v16x8: Each lane is an i16.
i32x4 : v32x4: Each lane is an i32.
i64x2 : v64x2: Each lane is an i64.

Additional properties:

S	S.LaneType
`i8x16`	`i8`
`i16x8`	`i16`
`i32x4`	`i32`
`i64x2`	`i64`

Signed integer interpretations

Each lane is interpreted as a two's complement integer.

s8x16 : i8x16: Lane values in the range -2^7 – 2^7-1.
s16x8 : i16x8: Lane values in the range -2^15 – 2^15-1.
s32x4 : i32x4: Lane values in the range -2^31 – 2^31-1.
s64x2 : i64x2: Lane values in the range -2^63 – 2^63-1.

These interpretations get additional properties defining the range of values in a lane:

S	S.Min	S.Max
`s8x16`	-2^7	2^7-1
`s16x8`	-2^15	2^15-1
`s32x4`	-2^31	2^31-1
`s64x2`	-2^63	2^63-1

Unsigned integer interpretations

Each lane is interpreted as an unsigned integer.

u8x16 : i8x16: Lane values in the range 0 – 2^8-1.
u16x8 : i16x8: Lane values in the range 0 – 2^16-1.
u32x4 : i32x4: Lane values in the range 0 – 2^32-1.
u64x2 : i64x2: Lane values in the range 0 – 2^64-1.

These interpretations get additional properties defining the range of values in a lane:

S	S.Min	S.Max
`u8x16`	0	2^8-1
`u16x8`	0	2^16-1
`u32x4`	0	2^32-1
`u64x2`	0	2^64-1

Floating-point interpretations

Each lane is interpreted as an IEEE floating-point number.

f32x4 : v32x4: Each lane is an f32.
f64x2 : v64x2: Each lane is an f64.

Additional properties:

S	S.LaneType
`f32x4`	`f32`
`f64x2`	`f64`

Floating-point semantics

The floating-point operations in this specification aim to be conforming to IEEE 754-2008 while being compatible with WebAssembly and JavaScript. Some things which are left unspecified by the IEEE standard are given stricter semantics by WebAssembly.

Rounding modes

This specification does not yet provide a way of changing floating point rounding modes. All floating point operations use the default roundTiesToEven mode.

Default NaN value

When a floating-point operation needs to return a NaN and none of its operands are NaN, it generates a default NaN value which is a quiet NaN with an all-zero payload field. The sign of the default NaN is not specified:

def f32.default_nan():
    if unspecified_choice():
        bits = 0x7fc00000
    else:
        bits = 0xffc00000
    return f32.from_bits(bits)

def f64.default_nan():
    if unspecified_choice():
        bits = 0x7ff8000000000000
    else:
        bits = 0xfff8000000000000
    return f64.from_bits(bits)

Propagating NaN values

When propagating a NaN value from an operand, all the bits of the NaN are preserved, except a signaling NaN is quieted by setting the most significand bit in the trailing significand field.

def canonicalize_nan(x):
    assert isnan(x)
    t = type(x)
    assert t == f32 or t == f64
    bits = x.to_bits()
    if t == f32:
        bits |= (1 << 22)
    else:
        bits |= (1 << 51)
    return t.from_bits(bits)

When two operands are NaN, one of them is propagated. Which one is not specified:

def propagate_nan(x, y):
    assert isinan(x) or isnan(y)
    if not isnan(x):
        return canonicalize_nan(y)
    if not isnan(y)
        return canonicalize_nan(x)
    # Both x and y are NaNs: pick one to propagate.
    if unspecified_choice():
        return canonicalize_nan(x)
    else:
        return canonicalize_nan(y)

Subnormal flushing

An implementation is allowed to flush subnormals in arithmetic floating-point operations. This means that any subnormal operand is treated as 0, and any subnormal result is rounded to 0.

Note that this differs from WebAssembly scalar floating-point semantics which require correct subnormal handling.

Operations

The SIMD operations described in this sections are generally named S.Op, where S is either a SIMD type or one of the interpretations of a SIMD type.

Many operations are simply the lane-wise application of a scalar operation:

def S.lanewise_unary(func, a):
    result = S.New()
    for i in range(S.Lanes):
        result[i] = func(a[i])
    return result

def S.lanewise_binary(func, a, b):
    result = S.New()
    for i in range(S.Lanes):
        result[i] = func(a[i], b[i])
    return result

Comparison operators produce a boolean vector:

def S.lanewise_comparison(func, a, b):
    result = S.BoolType.New()
    for i in range(S.Lanes):
        result[i] = func(a[i], b[i])
    return result

Constructing SIMD values

Build vector from individual lanes

b8x16.build(x: boolean[16]) -> b8x16
b16x8.build(x: boolean[8]) -> b16x8
b32x4.build(x: boolean[4]) -> b32x4
b64x2.build(x: boolean[2]) -> b64x2
i8x16.build(x: i8[16]) -> v128
i16x8.build(x: i16[8]) -> v128
i32x4.build(x: i32[4]) -> v128
i64x2.build(x: i64[2]) -> v128
f32x4.build(x: f32[4]) -> v128
f64x2.build(x: f64[2]) -> v128

Construct a vector from an array of individual lane values.

def S.build(x):
    result = S.New()
    for i in range(S.Lanes):
        result[i] = x[i]
    return result

Create vector with identical lanes

b8x16.splat(x: boolean) -> b8x16
b16x8.splat(x: boolean) -> b16x8
b32x4.splat(x: boolean) -> b32x4
b64x2.splat(x: boolean) -> b64x2
i8x16.splat(x: i8) -> v128
i16x8.splat(x: i16) -> v128
i32x4.splat(x: i32) -> v128
i64x2.splat(x: i64) -> v128
f32x4.splat(x: f32) -> v128
f64x2.splat(x: f64) -> v128

Construct a vector with x replicated to all lanes:

def S.splat(x):
    result = S.New()
    for i in range(S.Lanes):
        result[i] = x
    return result

Accessing lanes

Extract lane as a scalar

b8x16.extractLane(a: b8x16, i: LaneIdx16) -> boolean
b16x8.extractLane(a: b16x8, i: LaneIdx8) -> boolean
b32x4.extractLane(a: b32x4, i: LaneIdx4) -> boolean
b64x2.extractLane(a: b64x2, i: LaneIdx2) -> boolean
i8x16.extractLane(a: v128, i: LaneIdx16) -> i8
i16x8.extractLane(a: v128, i: LaneIdx8) -> i16
i32x4.extractLane(a: v128, i: LaneIdx4) -> i32
i64x2.extractLane(a: v128, i: LaneIdx2) -> i64
f32x4.extractLane(a: v128, i: LaneIdx4) -> f32
f64x2.extractLane(a: v128, i: LaneIdx2) -> f64

Extract the value of lane i in a.

def S.extractLane(a, i):
    return a[i]

Replace lane value

b8x16.replaceLane(a: b8x16, i: LaneIdx16, x: boolean) -> b8x16
b16x8.replaceLane(a: b16x8, i: LaneIdx8, x: boolean) -> b16x8
b32x4.replaceLane(a: b32x4, i: LaneIdx4, x: boolean) -> b32x4
b64x2.replaceLane(a: b64x2, i: LaneIdx2, x: boolean) -> b64x2
i8x16.replaceLane(a: v128, i: LaneIdx16, x: i8) -> v128
i16x8.replaceLane(a: v128, i: LaneIdx8, x: i16) -> v128
i32x4.replaceLane(a: v128, i: LaneIdx4, x: i32) -> v128
i64x2.replaceLane(a: v128, i: LaneIdx2, x: i64) -> v128
f32x4.replaceLane(a: v128, i: LaneIdx4, x: f32) -> v128
f64x2.replaceLane(a: v128, i: LaneIdx2, x: f64) -> v128

Return a new vector with lanes identical to a, except for lane i which has the value x.

def S.replaceLane(a, i, x):
    result = S.New()
    for j in range(S.Lanes):
        result[j] = a[j]
    result[i] = x
    return result

Lane-wise select

v8x16.select(s: b8x16, t: v128, f: v128) -> v128
v16x8.select(s: b16x8, t: v128, f: v128) -> v128
v32x4.select(s: b32x4, t: v128, f: v128) -> v128
v64x2.select(s: b64x2, t: v128, f: v128) -> v128

Use a boolean vector to select lanes from two numerical vectors.

def S.select(s, t, f):
    result = S.New()
    for i in range(S.Lanes):
        if s[i]:
            result[i] = t[i]
        else
            result[i] = f[i]
    return result

Swizzle lanes

v8x16.swizzle(a: v128, s: LaneIdx16[16]) -> v128
v16x8.swizzle(a: v128, s: LaneIdx8[8]) -> v128
v32x4.swizzle(a: v128, s: LaneIdx4[4]) -> v128
v64x2.swizzle(a: v128, s: LaneIdx2[2]) -> v128

Create vector with lanes rearranged:

def S.swizzle(a, s):
    result = S.New()
    for i in range(S.Lanes):
        result[i] = a[s[i]]
    return result

Shuffle lanes

v8x16.shuffle(a: v128, b: v128, s: LaneIdx32[16]) -> v128
v16x8.shuffle(a: v128, b: v128, s: LaneIdx16[8]) -> v128
v32x4.shuffle(a: v128, b: v128, s: LaneIdx8[4]) -> v128
v64x2.shuffle(a: v128, b: v128, s: LaneIdx4[2]) -> v128

Create vector with lanes selected from the lanes of two input vectors:

def S.shuffle(a, b, s):
    result = S.New()
    for i in range(S.Lanes):
        if s[i] < S.lanes:
            result[i] = a[s[i]]
        else:
            result[i] = b[s[i] - S.lanes]
    return result

Integer arithmetic

Wrapping integer arithmetic discards the high bits of the result.

def S.Reduce(x):
    bitmask = (1 << S.LaneBits) - 1
    return x & bitmask

There is no integer division operation provided here. This operation is not commonly part of bit 128-bit SIMD ISAs.

Integer addition

i8x16.add(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
i16x8.add(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
i32x4.add(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
i64x2.add(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128

Lane-wise wrapping integer addition:

def S.add(a, b):
    def add(x, y):
        return S.Reduce(x + y)
    return S.lanewise_binary(add, a, b)

Integer subtraction

i8x16.sub(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
i16x8.sub(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
i32x4.sub(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
i64x2.sub(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128

Lane-wise wrapping integer subtraction:

def S.sub(a, b):
    def sub(x, y):
        return S.Reduce(x - y)
    return S.lanewise_binary(sub, a, b)

Integer multiplication

i8x16.mul(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
i16x8.mul(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
i32x4.mul(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
i64x2.mul(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128

Lane-wise wrapping integer multiplication:

def S.mul(a, b):
    def mul(x, y):
        return S.Reduce(x * y)
    return S.lanewise_binary(mul, a, b)

Integer negation

i8x16.neg(a: v128) -> v128
i16x8.neg(a: v128) -> v128
i32x4.neg(a: v128) -> v128
i64x2.neg(a: v128) -> v128

Lane-wise wrapping integer negation. In wrapping arithmetic, y = -x is the unique value such that x + y == 0.

def S.neg(a):
    def neg(x):
        return S.Reduce(-x)
    return S.lanewise_unary(neg, a)

Saturating integer arithmetic

Saturating integer arithmetic behaves differently on signed and unsigned types. It is only defined for 8-bit and 16-bit integer lanes.

def S.Saturate(x):
    if x < S.Min:
        return S.Min
    if x > S.Max:
        return S.Max
    return x

Saturating integer addition

s8x16.addSaturate(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
s16x8.addSaturate(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
u8x16.addSaturate(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
u16x8.addSaturate(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128

Lane-wise saturating addition:

def S.addSaturate(a, b):
    def addsat(x, y):
        return S.Saturate(x + y)
    return S.lanewise_binary(addsat, a, b)

Saturating integer subtraction

s8x16.subSaturate(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
s16x8.subSaturate(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
u8x16.subSaturate(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
u16x8.subSaturate(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128

Lane-wise saturating subtraction:

def S.subSaturate(a, b):
    def subsat(x, y):
        return S.Saturate(x - y)
    return S.lanewise_binary(subsat, a, b)

Bit shifts

Left shift by scalar

i8x16.shiftLeftByScalar(a: v128, y: i8) -> v128
i16x8.shiftLeftByScalar(a: v128, y: i8) -> v128
i32x4.shiftLeftByScalar(a: v128, y: i8) -> v128
i64x2.shiftLeftByScalar(a: v128, y: i8) -> v128

Shift the bits in each lane to the left by the same amount. Only the low bits of the shift amount are used:

def S.shiftLeftByScalar(a, x):
    # Number of bits to shift: 0 .. S.LaneBits - 1.
    amount = y mod S.LaneBits
    def shift(x):
        return S.Reduce(x << amount)
    return S.lanewise_unary(shift, a)

Right shift by scalar

s8x16.shiftRightByScalar(a: v128, y: i8) -> v128
s16x8.shiftRightByScalar(a: v128, y: i8) -> v128
s32x4.shiftRightByScalar(a: v128, y: i8) -> v128
s64x2.shiftRightByScalar(a: v128, y: i8) -> v128
u8x16.shiftRightByScalar(a: v128, y: i8) -> v128
u16x8.shiftRightByScalar(a: v128, y: i8) -> v128
u32x4.shiftRightByScalar(a: v128, y: i8) -> v128
u64x2.shiftRightByScalar(a: v128, y: i8) -> v128

Shift the bits in each lane to the right by the same amount. This is an arithmetic right shift for the signed integer interpretations and a logical right shift for the unsigned integer interpretations.

def S.shiftRightByScalar(a, y):
    # Number of bits to shift: 0 .. S.LaneBits - 1.
    amount = y mod S.LaneBits
    def shift(x):
        return x >> amount
    return S.lanewise_unary(shift, a)

Logical operations

The logical operations are defined on the boolean SIMD types. See also the Bitwise operations below.

Logical and

b8x16.and(a: b8x16, b: b8x16) -> b8x16
b16x8.and(a: b16x8, b: b16x8) -> b16x8
b32x4.and(a: b32x4, b: b32x4) -> b32x4
b64x2.and(a: b64x2, b: b64x2) -> b64x2

def S.and(a, b):
    def logical_and(x, y):
        return x and y
    return S.lanewise_binary(logical_and, a, b)

Logical or

b8x16.or(a: b8x16, b: b8x16) -> b8x16
b16x8.or(a: b16x8, b: b16x8) -> b16x8
b32x4.or(a: b32x4, b: b32x4) -> b32x4
b64x2.or(a: b64x2, b: b64x2) -> b64x2

def S.or(a, b):
    def logical_or(x, y):
        return x or y
    return S.lanewise_binary(logical_or, a, b)

Logical xor

b8x16.xor(a: b8x16, b: b8x16) -> b8x16
b16x8.xor(a: b16x8, b: b16x8) -> b16x8
b32x4.xor(a: b32x4, b: b32x4) -> b32x4
b64x2.xor(a: b64x2, b: b64x2) -> b64x2

def S.xor(a, b):
    def logical_xor(x, y):
        return x xor y
    return S.lanewise_binary(logical_xor, a, b)

Logical not

b8x16.not(a: b8x16) -> b8x16
b16x8.not(a: b16x8) -> b16x8
b32x4.not(a: b32x4) -> b32x4
b64x2.not(a: b64x2) -> b64x2

def S.not(a):
    def logical_not(x):
        return not x
    return S.lanewise_unary(logical_not, a)

Bitwise operations

The same logical operations defined on the boolean types are also available on the v128 type where they operate bitwise the same way C's &, |, ^, and ~ operators work on an unsigned type.

v128.and(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
v128.or(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
v128.xor(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
v128.not(a: v128) -> v128

Boolean horizontal reductions

These operations reduce all the lanes of a boolean vector to a single scalar boolean value.

Any lane true

b8x16.anyTrue(a: b8x16) -> boolean
b16x8.anyTrue(a: b16x8) -> boolean
b32x4.anyTrue(a: b32x4) -> boolean
b64x2.anyTrue(a: b64x2) -> boolean

These functions return true if any lane in a is true.

def S.anyTrue(a):
    for i in range(S.Lanes):
        if a[i]:
            return true
    return false

All lanes true

b8x16.allTrue(a: b8x16) -> boolean
b16x8.allTrue(a: b16x8) -> boolean
b32x4.allTrue(a: b32x4) -> boolean
b64x2.allTrue(a: b64x2) -> boolean

These functions return true if all lanes in a are true.

def S.allTrue(a):
    for i in range(S.Lanes):
        if not a[i]:
            return false
    return true

Comparisons

The comparison operations all compare two vectors lane-wise, and produce a boolean vector with the same number of lanes as the input interpretation.

Equality

i8x16.equal(a: v128, b: v128) -> b8x16
i16x8.equal(a: v128, b: v128) -> b16x8
i32x4.equal(a: v128, b: v128) -> b32x4
i64x2.equal(a: v128, b: v128) -> b64x2
f32x4.equal(a: v128, b: v128) -> b32x4
f64x2.equal(a: v128, b: v128) -> b64x2

Integer equality is independent of the signed/unsigned interpretation. Floating point equality follows IEEE semantics, so a NaN lane compares not equal with anything, including itself, and +0.0 is equal to -0.0:

def S.equal(a, b):
    def eq(x, y):
        return x == y
    return S.lanewise_comparison(eq, a, b)

Non-equality

i8x16.notEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b8x16
i16x8.notEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b16x8
i32x4.notEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b32x4
i64x2.notEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b64x2
f32x4.notEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b32x4
f64x2.notEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b64x2

The notEqual operations produce the inverse of their equal counterparts:

def S.notEqual(a, b):
    def ne(x, y):
        return x != y
    return S.lanewise_comparison(ne, a, b)

Less than

s8x16.lessThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b8x16
s16x8.lessThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b16x8
s32x4.lessThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b32x4
s64x2.lessThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b64x2
u8x16.lessThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b8x16
u16x8.lessThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b16x8
u32x4.lessThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b32x4
u64x2.lessThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b64x2
f32x4.lessThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b32x4
f64x2.lessThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b64x2

Integer magnitude comparisons depend on the signed/unsigned interpretation of the lanes. Floating point comparisons follow IEEE semantics:

def S.lessThan(a, b):
    def lt(x, y):
        return x < y
    return S.lanewise_comparison(lt, a, b)

Less than or equal

s8x16.lessThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b8x16
s16x8.lessThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b16x8
s32x4.lessThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b32x4
s64x2.lessThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b64x2
u8x16.lessThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b8x16
u16x8.lessThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b16x8
u32x4.lessThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b32x4
u64x2.lessThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b64x2
f32x4.lessThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b32x4
f64x2.lessThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b64x2

def S.lessThanOrEqual(a, b):
    def le(x, y):
        return x <= y
    return S.lanewise_comparison(le, a, b)

Greater than

s8x16.greaterThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b8x16
s16x8.greaterThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b16x8
s32x4.greaterThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b32x4
s64x2.greaterThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b64x2
u8x16.greaterThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b8x16
u16x8.greaterThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b16x8
u32x4.greaterThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b32x4
u64x2.greaterThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b64x2
f32x4.greaterThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b32x4
f64x2.greaterThan(a: v128, b: v128) -> b64x2

def S.greaterThan(a, b):
    def gt(x, y):
        return x > y
    return S.lanewise_comparison(gt, a, b)

Greater than or equal

s8x16.greaterThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b8x16
s16x8.greaterThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b16x8
s32x4.greaterThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b32x4
s64x2.greaterThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b64x2
u8x16.greaterThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b8x16
u16x8.greaterThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b16x8
u32x4.greaterThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b32x4
u64x2.greaterThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b64x2
f32x4.greaterThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b32x4
f64x2.greaterThanOrEqual(a: v128, b: v128) -> b64x2

def S.greaterThanOrEqual(a, b):
    def ge(x, y):
        return x >= y
    return S.lanewise_comparison(ge, a, b)

Load and store

Load and store operations are provided for v128 vectors, but not for the boolean vectors; we don't want to impose a bitwise representation of the boolean vectors.

The memory operations work on an abstract Buffer instance which can be addressed by a ByteOffset type. Unaligned memory operations are allowed, but they may be slower than aligned operations.

This specification does not address bounds checking and trap handling for memory operations. It is assumed that the range addr .. addr+15 are valid offsets in the buffer, and that computing addr+15 does not overflow the ByteOffset type. Bounds checking should be handled by the embedding specification.

Load

v8x16.load(mem: Buffer, addr: ByteOffset) -> v128
v16x8.load(mem: Buffer, addr: ByteOffset) -> v128
v32x4.load(mem: Buffer, addr: ByteOffset) -> v128
v64x2.load(mem: Buffer, addr: ByteOffset) -> v128

Load a v128 vector from the given buffer and offset.

def S.load(mem, addr):
    assert mem.in_range(addr, 16)
    result = S.New()
    lane_bytes = S.LaneBits / 8
    for i in range(S.Lanes):
        result[i] = mem.load(S.LaneBits, addr + i * lane_bytes)
    return result

Store

v8x16.store(mem: Buffer, addr: ByteOffset, data: v128)
v16x8.store(mem: Buffer, addr: ByteOffset, data: v128)
v32x4.store(mem: Buffer, addr: ByteOffset, data: v128)
v64x2.store(mem: Buffer, addr: ByteOffset, data: v128)

Store a v128 vector to the given buffer and offset.

def S.store(mem, addr, data):
    assert mem.in_range(addr, 16)
    lane_bytes = S.LaneBits / 8
    for i in range(S.Lanes):
        mem.store(S.LaneBits, addr + i * lane_bytes, data[i])

Byte order and lane numbering

The lane-wise load and store operations used above will read and write a lane using the native byte order, so for example storing a vector with the i32x4 interpretation is equivalent to storing 4 i32 values to memory. This specification has some hard requirements for the lane and bit numbering:

The bits in a v128 are numbered 0-127.
Lanes are numbered in the same direction as the v128 bits.
Lanes are stored in memory in ascending addresses, so lane 0 gets the lowest address.

These hard requirements still leave multiple ways of mapping byte order to vectors:

Little-endian direct: The bit with the lowest number in each lane is the least significant bit. This is the natural mapping for Intel SSE and the little-endian modes of ARM NEON and MIPS MSA.
Big-endian direct: The bit with the lowest number in each lane is the most significant bit. This is the natural mapping for big-endian PowerPC.
Big-endian hybrid: The bit with the lowest number in each lane is the least significant bit. This is the natural mapping for the big-endian modes of ARM NEON and MIPS MSA.

The mapping is visible when reinterpreting a vector:

a = i64x2.build([0x0123456789abcdef, 0x1122334455667788])
x = i8x16.extractLane(a, 0)

The extracted lane, x, will be 0xef in the little-endian direct and the big-endian hybrid mappings, but 0x01 in the big-endian direct mapping.

The big-endian hybrid mapping requires separate load and store instructions for each lane width, while the direct mappings can use the same instruction for all vectors. For example, the a vector above will be stored like this with the big-endian hybrid mapping:

v64x2.store: 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
v32x4.store: 89 ab cd ef 01 23 45 67 55 66 77 88 11 22 33 44
v16x8.store: cd ef 89 ab 45 67 01 23 77 88 55 66 33 44 11 22
v8x16.store: ef cd ab 89 67 45 23 01 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11

The big-endian direct mapping would write a like this:

v64x2.store: 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
v32x4.store: 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
v16x8.store: 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
v8x16.store: 01 23 45 67 89 ab cd ef 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

The little-endian direct mapping would write a like this:

v64x2.store: ef cd ab 89 67 45 23 01 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11
v32x4.store: ef cd ab 89 67 45 23 01 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11
v16x8.store: ef cd ab 89 67 45 23 01 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11
v8x16.store: ef cd ab 89 67 45 23 01 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11

This specification doesn't address type conversions since there is only one type, v128, but note that it is common for more fine-grained SIMD type systems to specify 'bit casts' between different SIMD types of the same size as equivalent to storing one type and loading another from the same address. Both LLVM and SIMD.js specify bit casts that way. LLVM's ARM and MIPS targets use the hybrid lane mapping in their big-endian modes and translate bitcast instructions to shuffles.

It would be possible for SIMD.js to use the big-endian direct mapping on ARM and MIPS by numbering the lanes differently and using the 64x2 load/store instructions for all memory operations. It would also be possible to use the big-endian hybrid mapping by expanding bit casts into shuffles.

WebAssembly is little-endian only.

Partial load

v32x4.load1(mem: Buffer, addr: ByteOffset) -> v128
v32x4.load2(mem: Buffer, addr: ByteOffset) -> v128
v32x4.load3(mem: Buffer, addr: ByteOffset) -> v128

These functions load the first 1, 2, or 3 lanes from a buffer and sets the remaining lanes to all zeroes. The partial loads are only defined for 4-lane interpretations.

def partial_load(mem, addr, lanes):
    result = v32x4.splat(0)
    for i in range(lanes):
        result[i] = mem.load(32, addr + i * 4)
    return result

def v32x4.load1(mem, addr):
    assert mem.in_range(addr, 4)
    return partial_load(mem, addr, 1)

def v32x4.load2(mem, addr):
    assert mem.in_range(addr, 8)
    return partial_load(mem, addr, 2)

def v32x4.load3(mem, addr):
    assert mem.in_range(addr, 12)
    return partial_load(mem, addr, 3)

Partial store

v32x4.store1(mem: Buffer, addr: ByteOffset, data: v128)
v32x4.store2(mem: Buffer, addr: ByteOffset, data: v128)
v32x4.store3(mem: Buffer, addr: ByteOffset, data: v128)

These functions store the first 1, 2, or 3 lanes to a buffer. They are only defined for the 4-lane interpretations.

def partial_store(mem, addr, data, lanes):
    for i in range(lanes):
        mem.store(32, addr + i * 4, data[i])

def v32x4.store1(mem, addr, data):
    assert mem.in_range(addr, 4)
    partial_store(mem, addr, data, 1)

def v32x4.store2(mem, addr, data):
    assert mem.in_range(addr, 8)
    partial_store(mem, addr, data, 2)

def v32x4.store3(mem, addr, data):
    assert mem.in_range(addr, 12)
    partial_store(mem, addr, data, 3)

Floating-point sign bit operations

These floating point operations are simple manipulations of the sign bit. No changes are made to the exponent or trailing significand bits, even for NaN inputs.

Negation

f32x4.neg(a: v128) -> v128
f64x2.neg(a: v128) -> v128

Apply the IEEE negate(x) function to each lane. This simply inverts the sign bit, preserving all other bits.

def S.neg(a):
    return S.lanewise_unary(ieee.negate, a)

Absolute value

f32x4.abs(a: v128) -> v128
f64x2.abs(a: v128) -> v128

Apply the IEEE abs(x) function to each lane. This simply clears the sign bit, preserving all other bits.

def S.abs(a):
    return S.lanewise_unary(ieee.abs, a)

Floating-point min and max

These operations are not part of the IEEE 754-2008 standard. Notably, the minNum and maxNum operations defined here behave differently than the IEEE minNum and maxNum operations when one operand is a signaling NaN.

The minimum and maximum value of +0 and -0 is computed as if -0 < +0.

NaN-propagating minimum

f32x4.min(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
f64x2.min(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128

Lane-wise minimum value, propagating NaNs:

def S.min(a, b):
    def min(x, y):
        if isnan(x) or isnan(y):
            return propagate_nan(x, y)
        # Prefer -0 for min(-0, +0) and min(+0, -0).
        if x == 0 and y == 0 and signbit(x) != signbit(y):
            return -0.0
        if x < y:
            return x
        else:
            return y
    return S.lanewise_binary(min, a, b)

NaN-propagating maximum

f32x4.max(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
f64x2.max(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128

Lane-wise maximum value, propagating NaNs:

def S.max(a, b):
    def max(x, y):
        if isnan(x) or isnan(y):
            return propagate_nan(x, y)
        # Prefer +0 for max(-0, +0) and max(+0, -0).
        if x == 0 and y == 0 and signbit(x) != signbit(y):
            return +0.0
        if x > y:
            return x
        else:
            return y
    return S.lanewise_binary(max, a, b)

NaN-suppressing minimum

f32x4.minNum(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
f64x2.minNum(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128

Lane-wise minimum value, suppressing single NaNs:

def S.minNum(a, b):
    def minNum(x, y):
        if isnan(x) and isnan(y):
            return propagate_nan(x, y)
        if isnan(x):
            return y
        if isnan(y):
            return x
        # Prefer -0 for min(-0, +0) and min(+0, -0).
        if x == 0 and y == 0 and signbit(x) != signbit(y):
            return -0.0
        if x < y:
            return x
        else:
            return y
    return S.lanewise_binary(minNum, a, b)

Note that this function behaves differently than the IEEE 754 minNum function when one of the operands is a signaling NaN.

NaN-suppressing maximum

f32x4.maxNum(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
f64x2.maxNum(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128

Lane-wise maximum value, suppressing single NaNs:

def S.maxNum(a, b):
    def maxNum(a, b):
        if isnan(x) and isnan(y):
            return propagate_nan(x, y)
        if isnan(x):
            return y
        if isnan(y):
            return x
        # Prefer +0 for max(-0, +0) and max(+0, -0).
        if x == 0 and y == 0 and signbit(x) != signbit(y):
            return +0.0
        if x > y:
            return x
        else:
            return y
    return S.lanewise_binary(maxNum, a, b)

Note that this function behaves differently than the IEEE 754 maxNum function when one of the operands is a signaling NaN.

Floating-point arithmetic

The floating-point arithmetic operations handle NaNs more strictly specified than the IEEE standard:

def wrap_fp_unary(func):
    def wrapped(x):
        if isnan(x):
            return canonicalize_nan(x)
        result = func(x)
        if isnan(result):
            return type(result).default_nan()
        else:
            return result
    return wrapped

def wrap_fp_binary(func):
    def wrapped(x, y):
        if isnan(x) or isnan(y):
            return propagate_nan(x, y)
        result = func(x, y)
        if isnan(result):
            return type(result).default_nan()
        else:
            return result
    return wrapped

Addition

f32x4.add(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
f64x2.add(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128

Lane-wise IEEE addition.

def S.add(a, b):
    return S.lanewise_binary(wrap_fp_binary(ieee.addition), a, b)

Subtraction

f32x4.sub(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
f64x2.sub(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128

Lane-wise IEEE subtraction.

def S.sub(a, b):
    return S.lanewise_binary(wrap_fp_binary(ieee.subtraction), a, b)

Division

f32x4.div(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
f64x2.div(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128

Lane-wise IEEE division.

def S.div(a, b):
    return S.lanewise_binary(wrap_fp_binary(ieee.division), a, b)

Multiplication

f32x4.mul(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128
f64x2.mul(a: v128, b: v128) -> v128

Lane-wise IEEE multiplication.

def S.mul(a, b):
    return S.lanewise_binary(wrap_fp_binary(ieee.multiplication), a, b)

Square root

f32x4.sqrt(a: v128) -> v128
f64x2.sqrt(a: v128) -> v128

Lane-wise IEEE squareRoot.

def S.sqrt(a):
    return S.lanewise_unary(wrap_fp_unary(ieee.squareRoot), a)

Reciprocal approximation

f32x4.reciprocalApproximation(a: v128) -> v128
f64x2.reciprocalApproximation(a: v128) -> v128

Implementation-dependent approximation to the reciprocal.

def S.reciprocalApproximation(a):
    def recip_approx(x):
        if isnan(x):
            return canonicalize_nan(x)
        if x == 0.0:
            # +0.0 -> +Inf, -0.0 -> -Inf.
            return 1/x
        if isinf(x):
            # +Inf -> +0.0, -Inf -> -0.0.
            return 1/x
        # The exact nature of the approximation is unspecified.
        return implementation_dependent(x)
    return S.lanewise_unary(recip_approx, a)

Reciprocal square root approximation

f32x4.reciprocalSqrtApproximation(a: v128) -> v128
f64x2.reciprocalSqrtApproximation(a: v128) -> v128

Implementation-dependent approximation to the reciprocal of the square root.

def S.reciprocalSqrtApproximation(a):
    def recip_sqrt_approx(x):
        if isnan(x):
            return canonicalize_nan(x)
        if x == 0:
            # +0.0 -> +Inf, -0.0 -> -Inf.
            return 1/x
        if isinf(x):
            # +Inf -> +0.0, -Inf -> -0.0.
            return 1/x
        # The exact nature of the approximation is unspecified.
        return implementation_dependent(x)
    return S.lanewise_unary(recip_sqrt_approx, a)

Conversions

Integer to floating point

f32x4.fromSignedInt(a: v128) -> v128
f64x2.fromSignedInt(a: v128) -> v128
f32x4.fromUnsignedInt(a: v128) -> v128
f64x2.fromUnsignedInt(a: v128) -> v128

Lane-wise conversion from integer to floating point. Some integer values will be rounded.

def S.fromSignedInt(a):
    def convert(x):
        return S.LaneType.convertFromInt(x)
    return S.lanewise_unary(convert, a)

def S.fromUnsignedInt(a):
    def convert(x):
        return S.LaneType.convertFromInt(x)
    return S.lanewise_unary(convert, a)

Floating point to integer

s32x4.fromFloat(a: v128) -> (result: v128, fail: boolean)
s64x2.fromFloat(a: v128) -> (result: v128, fail: boolean)
u32x4.fromFloat(a: v128) -> (result: v128, fail: boolean)
u64x2.fromFloat(a: v128) -> (result: v128, fail: boolean)

Lane-wise conversion from floating point to integer using the IEEE convertToIntegerTowardZero function. If any lane is a NaN or the rounded integer value is outside the range of the destination type, return fail = true and an unspecified result.

def S.fromFloat(a):
    result = S.New()
    fail = false
    for i in range(S.Lanes):
        r = ieee.roundToIntegralTowardZero(a[i])
        if isnan(r):
            fail = true
        elif S.Min <= r and r <= S.Max:
            result[i] = r
        else:
            fail = true
    if fail:
       return (unspecified(), true)
    else
       return (result, false)

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