My Python Work.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Our First Class"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "123\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(123) #Integer"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Saad\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print('Hello Saad') #String"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Saad\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(\"Hello Saad\") #String"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "12.3\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(12.3) #Float"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "123 Hello False 12.3\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(123, 'Hello', \"False\", 12.3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "False\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(False) #Bool"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "123 IAmASeperator Hello IAmASeperator False IAmASeperator 12.3\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(123, 'Hello', \"False\", 12.3, sep = \" IAmASeperator \")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello World\tHello Python\tHello Saad\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print('Hello World', end= '\\t') # \\t = tab\n",
    "print('Hello Python', end = '\\t')\n",
    "print('Hello Saad')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "name = \"asad\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "140274504492456"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "id(name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "name = \"Nasir\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "140274394736936"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "id(name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "can't assign to literal (<ipython-input-28-e7c031a58946>, line 1)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;36m  File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-28-e7c031a58946>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    1234 = \"ALi\"\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m                ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m can't assign to literal\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1234 = \"ALi\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "invalid syntax (<ipython-input-29-e5896f37c537>, line 1)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;36m  File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-29-e5896f37c537>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    1name = 'Ali'\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m        ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1name = 'Ali'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "na1me = 'Hussain'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "invalid syntax (<ipython-input-31-f08e6ce87dc0>, line 1)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;36m  File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-31-f08e6ce87dc0>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    $name = 'asad'\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m    ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "$name = 'asad'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "starred assignment target must be in a list or tuple (cell_name, line 4)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;36m  File \u001b[0;32m\"cell_name\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m4\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m starred assignment target must be in a list or tuple\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "*name = 'asad'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "_name = 'asad'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "_ = 'test'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "can't assign to operator (<ipython-input-35-26a85bf200c8>, line 1)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;36m  File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-35-26a85bf200c8>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    -name = 'asad'\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m                  ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m can't assign to operator\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "-name = 'asad'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "invalid syntax (<ipython-input-36-9e40de3fa1cb>, line 1)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;36m  File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-36-9e40de3fa1cb>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    if = 'asad'\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m       ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "if = 'asad'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "invalid syntax (<ipython-input-37-61d1811c9aec>, line 1)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;36m  File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-37-61d1811c9aec>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    na me = 'asad'\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m        ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "na me = 'asad'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = 1234"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1236"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x + 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1234"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = x + 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1236\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Concatenation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m-----------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                             Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-43-382a8a598b4b>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'2'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 3\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mz\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 2\n",
    "y = '2'\n",
    "z = x + y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "z = str(x) + y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "22\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(z)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "z = x + int(y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "4\n",
      "Nasir\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(z)\n",
    "print(name)\n",
    "z"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "My name is shahzad and my age is 23\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "age = 23\n",
    "name = 'shahzad'\n",
    "print('My name is ' + name + ' and my age is ' + str(age))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "What is your age? 25\n",
      "What is your name? Nasir\n",
      "My name is Nasir and my age is 25\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "age = input('What is your age? ')\n",
    "name = input('What is your name? ')\n",
    "print('My name is ' + name + ' and my age is ' + str(age))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "What is your age? 26\n",
      "What is your name? Nasir\n",
      "My name is Nasir and my age is 26\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "age = input('What is your age? ')\n",
    "name = input('What is your name? ')\n",
    "print('My name is {} and my age is {}'.format(name, age)) # {}placeholder"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "What is your age? 26\n",
      "What is your name? Ali\n",
      "My name is Ali and my age is Ali\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "age = input('What is your age? ')\n",
    "name = input('What is your name? ')\n",
    "print('My name is {0} and my age is {1}'.format(name, age))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "What is your age? 23\n",
      "What is your name? Shahzad\n",
      "My name is Shahzad and my age is 23\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "age = input('What is your age? ')\n",
    "name = input('What is your name? ')\n",
    "print(f'My name is {name} and my age is {age}')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Math expressions: Familiar Operators"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "3+2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "81"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "9*9"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "5-9"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "8-6"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "16/4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "20//5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "22"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2+4*5-4//9"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Math expressions: Unfamiliar Operators"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "4%1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "25"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 22\n",
    "x = x+3\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "22"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 87\n",
    "y = 65\n",
    "z = x-y\n",
    "z"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = 20"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x-=3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "17"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "22"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x+=5\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "44"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x*=2\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "11"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x//=4\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# If Statement"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Checking condition:\n",
    "a=3\n",
    "b=7\n",
    "a==b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a>b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a<b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a>=b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a<=b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a!=b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a first number: 23\n",
      "Enter a second number: 23\n",
      "Elif block is executing\n",
      "23 is equal to 23\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = input('Enter a first number: ')\n",
    "b = input('Enter a second number: ')\n",
    "if a>b:    #indentaTION    #same indent function body\n",
    "    print('If block is executing ')\n",
    "    print(f'{a} greater than {b} ')\n",
    "elif a==b:\n",
    "    print('Elif block is executing')\n",
    "    print(f'{a} is equal to {b}')\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('Else block is executing')\n",
    "    print(f'{b} greater than {a}')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Nested If"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter your age: 32\n",
      "Your age is valid \n",
      "Enter ticket status: Yes\n",
      "Your ticket is valid \n",
      "You are allowed \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "age = int(input('Enter your age: '))\n",
    "if age>=18:\n",
    "    print('Your age is valid ')\n",
    "    ticket_status = str(input('Enter ticket status: ')).lower()\n",
    "    if ticket_status == 'yes':\n",
    "        print('Your ticket is valid ')\n",
    "        print('You are allowed ')\n",
    "    elif ticket_status == 'no':\n",
    "        print('Please buy a ticket ')\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print('Please reply with yes or no ')\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('Your age is less than 18 ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter your age: 14\n",
      "Your age is less than 18 \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "age = int(input('Enter your age: '))\n",
    "if age>=18:\n",
    "    print('Your age is valid ')\n",
    "    ticket_status = str(input('Enter ticket status: ')).lower()\n",
    "    if ticket_status == 'yes':\n",
    "        print('Your ticket is valid ')\n",
    "        print('You are allowed ')\n",
    "    elif ticket_status == 'no':\n",
    "        print('Please buy a ticket ')\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print('Please reply with yes or no ')\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('Your age is less than 18 ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter your age: 12\n",
      "Enter ticket status: yes\n",
      "You are allowed \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "age = int(input('Enter your age: '))\n",
    "ticket_status = str(input('Enter ticket status: ')).lower()\n",
    "if age>=18 or ticket_status == 'yes':\n",
    "    print('You are allowed ')\n",
    "elif age<18 or ticket_status == 'no':\n",
    "        print('Please increase your age or buy a ticket ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter your age: 18\n",
      "Enter ticket status: no\n",
      "You are allowed \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "age = int(input('Enter your age: '))\n",
    "ticket_status = str(input('Enter ticket status: ')).lower()\n",
    "if age>=18 or ticket_status == 'yes':\n",
    "    print('You are allowed ')\n",
    "elif age<18 or ticket_status == 'no':\n",
    "        print('Please increase your age or buy a ticket ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter your age: 12\n",
      "Enter ticket status: no\n",
      "Please increase your age or buy a ticket \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "age = int(input('Enter your age: '))\n",
    "ticket_status = str(input('Enter ticket status: ')).lower()\n",
    "if age>=18 or ticket_status == 'yes':\n",
    "    print('You are allowed ')\n",
    "elif age<18 or ticket_status == 'no':\n",
    "        print('Please increase your age or buy a ticket ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a first number: 12\n",
      "Enter a second number: 323\n",
      "Else block is executing\n",
      "323 greater than 12\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = input('Enter a first number: ') #fdbfsdmsndsbdmdm\n",
    "'''dsdsdsdsdsdsddsdsdsdsd\n",
    "sdsdsssssssssssdsd\n",
    "sdddddddddddddddddddsdsd'''\n",
    "'''dsddddddddddddddddddd'''\n",
    "b = input('Enter a second number: ')\n",
    "if a>b:\n",
    "    print('If block is executing ')\n",
    "    print(f'{a} greater than {b} ')\n",
    "elif a==b:\n",
    "    print('Elif block is executing')\n",
    "    print(f'{a} is equal to {b}')\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('Else block is executing')\n",
    "    print(f'{b} greater than {a}')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# List"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[2, 55, 334, 12, 2]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = [2,55,334,12,2]  #list\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['saad', 'ali', 'shehzad', 'mohsin']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name = ['saad','ali','shehzad','mohsin']\n",
    "name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['ali', 23, 4, 'saad']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "z = ['ali',23,4,'saad']\n",
    "z"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "fruits = ['apple','banana','orange','mango','grape']\n",
    "#index       0        1        2       3       4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'orange'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruits[2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(fruits)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['apple', 'orange', 'mango', 'grape']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "del fruits[1] #delete value by index using del, implace\n",
    "fruits"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['apple', 'mango', 'grape']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruits.remove('orange') #delete value by value name using remove function\n",
    "fruits"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ValueError",
     "evalue": "list.remove(x): x not in list",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-11-0c027c449107>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mfruits\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mremove\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'orange'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfruits\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mValueError\u001b[0m: list.remove(x): x not in list"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruits.remove('orange')\n",
    "fruits"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "IndexError",
     "evalue": "list assignment index out of range",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mIndexError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-12-0dde96ca0cad>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[1;32mdel\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfruits\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfruits\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mIndexError\u001b[0m: list assignment index out of range"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "del fruits[4]\n",
    "fruits"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['apple', 'mango', 'grape']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruits"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['apple', 'banana', 'grape']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruits[1] = 'banana'  #update value by value name\n",
    "fruits"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['apple', 'banana', 'grape', 'mango']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruits.append('mango')  #add a value by append function\n",
    "fruits"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['apple', 'cherry', 'banana', 'grape', 'mango']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruits.insert(1,'cherry') #add a value by insert function\n",
    "fruits"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruits.index('cherry') #find the index by value name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'grape'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruits[3]  #find the value by index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['apple', 'cherry', 'banana', 'grape', 'mango', 'pinapple']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruits.insert(22, 'pinapple')\n",
    "fruits"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruits.count('grape') #count a value by name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'grape', 'mango', 'pinapple']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruits.sort()  #by default ascending order is true and descending order(reverse) is false\n",
    "fruits"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['pinapple', 'mango', 'grape', 'cherry', 'banana', 'apple']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruits.sort(reverse=True)\n",
    "fruits"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[2, 3, 7, 8, 11, 41, 55, 69]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = [3,55,41,2,69,8,7,11]\n",
    "a.sort()\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[69, 55, 41, 11, 8, 7, 3, 2]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.sort(reverse=True)\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 21, 47, 15, 11, 9, 3, 1, 22]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "random = [22,1,3,9,11,15,47,21,3]\n",
    "random.reverse()  #reverse a list without sorting\n",
    "random"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 21, 47, 15, 11, 9, 3, 1, 22]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b = random  #pass by reference\n",
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 21, 47, 15, 11, 9, 3, 1, 22, 120]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "random.append(120)\n",
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 21, 47, 15, 11, 9, 3, 1, 22, 120, 121]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b.append(121)\n",
    "random"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 21, 47, 15, 11, 9, 3, 1, 22, 120, 121, 222]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b.append(222)\n",
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 21, 47, 15, 11, 9, 3, 1, 22, 120, 121, 222, 232, 232]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "random.append(232)\n",
    "random"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c = random.copy()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 21, 47, 15, 11, 9, 3, 1, 22, 120, 121, 222, 232, 232]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 21, 47, 15, 11, 9, 3, 1, 22, 120, 121, 222, 232, 232, 'Hi']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c.append('Hi')\n",
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 21, 47, 15, 11, 9, 3, 1, 22, 120, 121, 222, 232, 232]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "random"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "random = [3,21,47,15,11,9,3,1,22,120,121,222,232,323]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 21, 47, 15, 11, 9, 3, 1, 22, 120, 121, 222, 232, 323, 'new']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 77,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "random.append('new')\n",
    "random"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 21, 47, 15, 11, 9, 3, 1, 22, 120, 121, 222, 232, 232, 'Hi']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 78,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 103,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "IndexError",
     "evalue": "pop from empty list",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mIndexError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-103-178094ff431b>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mpoppedElement\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mrandom\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpop\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mIndexError\u001b[0m: pop from empty list"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "poppedElement = random.pop()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 101,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 101,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "random"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 102,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 102,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "poppedElement"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 104,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "newList = []"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 105,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "randoms = [21,22,36,2,11,24,8,9,10]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 119,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "IndexError",
     "evalue": "pop from empty list",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mIndexError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-119-134149512024>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mnewList\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mappend\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrandoms\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpop\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mIndexError\u001b[0m: pop from empty list"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "newList.append(randoms.pop())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 117,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[10, 9, 8, 24, 11, 2, 36, 22, 21]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 117,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "newList"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 118,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 118,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "randoms"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Slicing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 120,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "alist = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]\n",
    "#index   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 121,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[3, 4, 5]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 121,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "alist[2:5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 122,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[6, 7, 8, 9, 10]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 122,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "alist[5:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 123,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 123,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "alist[:2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 124,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 124,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "alist[6:3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 125,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "students = ['saad','hamza','ali','naqwi','khalid']\n",
    "#index       -5      -4     -3     -2      -1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 126,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'khalid'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 126,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "students[-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 127,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'hamza'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 127,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "students[-4]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 128,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['naqwi', 'khalid']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 128,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "students[-2:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "NameError",
     "evalue": "name 'students' is not defined",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-1-dc753c9c3042>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mstudents\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m-\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m5\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'students' is not defined"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "students[-5:4]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Tupples"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(2, 5, 669, 74, 12, 'saad', 'ali')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = (2,5,669,74,12,'saad','ali')\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "7"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'ali'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[6]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "'tuple' object does not support item assignment",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-8-a8271174818c>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'ali'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[6]='ali'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(2, 3, 4)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = 2,3,4 #packing\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x,y,z=a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "z"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# List In List Tupple In List etc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[2, 22, 447, 'saad', 'ali', ['ali', 'saad', 4, 32, ['banana', 23, 25], 3]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ListInList = [2,22,447,'saad','ali',['ali','saad',4,32,['banana',23,25],3]]\n",
    "ListInList"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'banana'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ListInList[5][4][0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ListInList[5][5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[2, 22, 447, 'saad', 'ali', [['as'], 'saad', 4, 32, ['banana', 23, 25], 3]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ListInList[5][0]=['as']\n",
    "ListInList"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['Hi',\n",
       " 2,\n",
       " 22,\n",
       " 447,\n",
       " 'saad',\n",
       " 'ali',\n",
       " [['as'], 'saad', 4, 32, ['banana', 23, 25], 3]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ListInList.insert(0, 'Hi')\n",
    "ListInList"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b', 'c']]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "alist = [1,2,3,4,['a','b','c']]\n",
    "alist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "alist[4].insert(3, 'd')\n",
    "alist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b', 'c']]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "alist[4].remove('d')\n",
    "alist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "My name is Saad and my age is 17 \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name = 'Saad'\n",
    "age = 17\n",
    "\n",
    "print(f'My name is {name} and my age is {age} ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "My name is Saad and my age is 17 \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print('My name is {} and my age is {} '.format(name,age))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "TuppleInList = [1,2,3,4,('a','b','c')]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, ('a', 'b', 'c')]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "TuppleInList"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'a'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "TuppleInList[4][0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# For Loop"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['saad', 'hashim', 'asif', 'aqib']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "students = ['saad','hashim','asif','aqib']\n",
    "students"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "saad\n",
      "hashim\n",
      "asif\n",
      "aqib\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for student in students:\n",
    "    print(student)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Saad Please come in \n",
      "Hashim Get out \n",
      "Asif Please come in \n",
      "Aqib Get out \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for student in students:\n",
    "    if student == 'saad':\n",
    "        print(f'{student.title()} Please come in ')\n",
    "    elif student == 'asif':\n",
    "        print(f'{student.title()} Please come in ')\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print(f'{student.title()} Get out ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "p a k i s t a n "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for a in 'pakistan':\n",
    "    print(a, end = ' ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for num in range(1,11):\n",
    "    print(num, end = ' ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for num in range(0,25,2):\n",
    "    print(num, end = ' ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for num in range(1,25,2):\n",
    "    print(num, end = ' ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "25 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for num in range(25,0,-2):\n",
    "    print(num, end = ' ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for num in range(24,0,-2):\n",
    "    print(num, end = ' ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for num in range(25,0,-1):\n",
    "    print(num, end = ' ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Please input a table number 2\n",
      "2 * 1 = 2 \n",
      "2 * 2 = 4 \n",
      "2 * 3 = 6 \n",
      "2 * 4 = 8 \n",
      "2 * 5 = 10 \n",
      "2 * 6 = 12 \n",
      "2 * 7 = 14 \n",
      "2 * 8 = 16 \n",
      "2 * 9 = 18 \n",
      "2 * 10 = 20 \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "table = int(input('Please input a table number '))\n",
    "for num in range(1,11):\n",
    "    print(f'{table} * {num} = {table*num} ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Please input a table number 2\n",
      "2 * 2 = 4 \n",
      "2 * 4 = 8 \n",
      "2 * 6 = 12 \n",
      "2 * 8 = 16 \n",
      "2 * 10 = 20 \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "table = int(input('Please input a table number '))\n",
    "for num in range(1,11):\n",
    "    if num%2==0:\n",
    "        print(f'{table} * {num} = {table*num} ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Please input a table number 2\n",
      "2 * 2 = 4 \n",
      "2 * 4 = 8 \n",
      "2 * 6 = 12 \n",
      "2 * 8 = 16 \n",
      "2 * 10 = 20 \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "table = int(input('Please input a table number '))\n",
    "for num in range(1,11):\n",
    "    if num%2==1:\n",
    "        continue\n",
    "    print(f'{table} * {num} = {table*num} ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Please input a table number 2\n",
      "2 * 2 = 4 \n",
      "2 * 4 = 8 \n",
      "2 * 6 = 12 \n",
      "2 * 8 = 16 \n",
      "2 * 10 = 20 \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "table = int(input('Please input a table number '))\n",
    "for num in range(1,11):\n",
    "    if num%2==1:\n",
    "        continue\n",
    "    print(f'{table} * {num} = {table*num} ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Please input a table number 2\n",
      "2 * 1 = 2 \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "table = int(input('Please input a table number '))\n",
    "for num in range(1,11):\n",
    "    if num%2==0:\n",
    "        break\n",
    "    print(f'{table} * {num} = {table*num} ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Please enter a friend' name asif\n",
      "Please enter a friend' name aqbool\n",
      "Please enter a friend' name li\n",
      "Please enter a friend' name ali\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['asif', 'aqbool', 'ali']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "best_friends = []\n",
    "for num in range(1,5):\n",
    "    name = str(input('Please enter a friend\\' name '))\n",
    "    if name.startswith('a'):\n",
    "        best_friends.append(name)\n",
    "best_friends"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Please enter a friend' name saad\n",
      "Please enter a friend' name saeed\n",
      "Please enter a friend' name mukhtar\n",
      "Please enter a friend' name khan\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "best_friends = []\n",
    "for num in range(1,5):\n",
    "    name = str(input('Please enter a friend\\' name '))\n",
    "    if name.startswith('a'):\n",
    "        best_friends.append(name)\n",
    "best_friends"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Nested For Loop"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1 s\n",
      "1 a\n",
      "1 a\n",
      "1 d\n",
      "2 s\n",
      "2 a\n",
      "2 a\n",
      "2 d\n",
      "3 s\n",
      "3 a\n",
      "3 a\n",
      "3 d\n",
      "4 s\n",
      "4 a\n",
      "4 a\n",
      "4 d\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for num in range(1,5):\n",
    "    for a in 'saad':\n",
    "        print(num, a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "==============\n",
      "2 * 1 = 2\n",
      "2 * 2 = 4\n",
      "2 * 3 = 6\n",
      "2 * 4 = 8\n",
      "2 * 5 = 10\n",
      "2 * 6 = 12\n",
      "2 * 7 = 14\n",
      "2 * 8 = 16\n",
      "2 * 9 = 18\n",
      "2 * 10 = 20\n",
      "==============\n",
      "3 * 1 = 3\n",
      "3 * 2 = 6\n",
      "3 * 3 = 9\n",
      "3 * 4 = 12\n",
      "3 * 5 = 15\n",
      "3 * 6 = 18\n",
      "3 * 7 = 21\n",
      "3 * 8 = 24\n",
      "3 * 9 = 27\n",
      "3 * 10 = 30\n",
      "==============\n",
      "4 * 1 = 4\n",
      "4 * 2 = 8\n",
      "4 * 3 = 12\n",
      "4 * 4 = 16\n",
      "4 * 5 = 20\n",
      "4 * 6 = 24\n",
      "4 * 7 = 28\n",
      "4 * 8 = 32\n",
      "4 * 9 = 36\n",
      "4 * 10 = 40\n",
      "==============\n",
      "5 * 1 = 5\n",
      "5 * 2 = 10\n",
      "5 * 3 = 15\n",
      "5 * 4 = 20\n",
      "5 * 5 = 25\n",
      "5 * 6 = 30\n",
      "5 * 7 = 35\n",
      "5 * 8 = 40\n",
      "5 * 9 = 45\n",
      "5 * 10 = 50\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for table in range(2,6):\n",
    "    print('==============')\n",
    "    for num in range(1,11):\n",
    "        print(f'{table} * {num} = {table*num}')\n",
    "        "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# List Comprehension"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 53,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]\n",
    "squares = []\n",
    "for num in a:\n",
    "    squares.append(num**2)\n",
    "squares"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 54,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "[num**2 for num in range(1,11)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[4, 16, 36, 64, 100]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "[num**2 for num in range(1,11) if num%2==0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 9, 25, 49, 81]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "[num**2 for num in range(1,11) if num%2==1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Dictionaries"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Dictionary works on key value pair"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "my_dictionary = {}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "dict"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(my_dictionary)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(my_dictionary)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "my_dictionary = {'name':\"Syed Saad\"}\n",
    "#                 key       value"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': 'Syed Saad'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dictionary"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Syed Saad'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dictionary['name']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': 'Syed Saad', 'age': 17}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dictionary['age']=17\n",
    "my_dictionary"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "del my_dictionary['age']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': 'Syed Saad'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dictionary"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "my_dictionary[100]='Hello'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': 'Syed Saad', 100: 'Hello'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dictionary"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#keys\n",
    "#values\n",
    "#items"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "name\n",
      "100\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for s in my_dictionary.keys():\n",
    "    print(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Syed Saad\n",
      "Hello\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for a in my_dictionary.values():\n",
    "    print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "name Syed Saad\n",
      "100 Hello\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for s,a in my_dictionary.items():\n",
    "    print(s,a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "invalid syntax (<ipython-input-17-c727fe5a1445>, line 2)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;36m  File \u001b[1;32m\"<ipython-input-17-c727fe5a1445>\"\u001b[1;36m, line \u001b[1;32m2\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;33m    for my_dictionary[s]\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;37m                        ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for s in my_dictionary.keys():\n",
    "    for my_dictionary[s]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Dictionary Funtions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "raw",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Method\tDescription\n",
    "clear()\tRemoves all the elements from the dictionary\n",
    "copy()\tReturns a copy of the dictionary\n",
    "#fromkeys()\tReturns a dictionary with the specified keys and values\n",
    "get()\tReturns the value of the specified key\n",
    "items()\tReturns a list containing the a tuple for each key value pair\n",
    "keys()\tReturns a list containing the dictionary's keys\n",
    "pop()\tRemoves the element with the specified key\n",
    "popitem()\tRemoves the last inserted key-value pair\n",
    "setdefault()\tReturns the value of the specified key. If the key does not exist: insert the key, with the specified value\n",
    "#update()\tUpdates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs\n",
    "values()\tReturns a list of all the values in the dictionary"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': 'saad', 'age': 17}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict = {'name':\"saad\",'age':17}\n",
    "my_dict"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "my_dict.clear()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "my_dict['name']=\"saad\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "my_dict['age']=17"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': 'saad', 'age': 17}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': 'saad', 'age': 17}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict.copy()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': None, 'age': None}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict.fromkeys(my_dict)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "17"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict.get('age')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "dict_items([('name', 'saad'), ('age', 17)])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict.items()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "17"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict.pop('age')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': 'saad'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "my_dict['age']=17"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': 'saad', 'age': 17}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('age', 17)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict.popitem()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': 'saad'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "my_dict['age']=17"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "pop expected at least 1 arguments, got 0",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-40-4b70941aafe7>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mmy_dict\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpop\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: pop expected at least 1 arguments, got 0"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict.pop()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'saad'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict.setdefault('name')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': 'saad', 'age': 17}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "17"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict.setdefault('age')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': 'saad', 'age': 17}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "my_dict.setdefault('ds')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': 'saad', 'age': 17, 'ds': None}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "my_dict.update(my_dict)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "dict_values(['saad', 17, None])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict.values()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'ds'])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 56,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_dict.keys()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Do Yourselves"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "raw",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "list in list\n",
    "tupple in list\n",
    "dictionary in list\n",
    "\n",
    "tupple in tupple\n",
    "list in tupple\n",
    "dictionary in tupple\n",
    "\n",
    "dictionary in dictionary\n",
    "list in dictionary \n",
    "tupple in dictionary "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# List In List"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[9, 10, [1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = [1,2,3,4]\n",
    "b = [5,6,7,8]\n",
    "c = [9,10,a,b]\n",
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c[2][3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "del c[3][2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[9, 10, [1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 8]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Tupple In List"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[18, 19, 20, (12, 14, 'saad'), (16, 17, 'talha')]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = (12,14,'saad')\n",
    "b = (16,17,'talha')\n",
    "c = [18,19,20,a,b]\n",
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'saad'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c[3][2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(16, 17, 'talha')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c[4]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "'tuple' object doesn't support item deletion",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-9-63b136589cde>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[1;32mdel\u001b[0m \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'tuple' object doesn't support item deletion"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "del c[3][2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Dictionary In List"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1,\n",
       " 2,\n",
       " 3,\n",
       " {'name': 'saad', 'age': 17, 'degree': 'masters'},\n",
       " {'name': 'saeed', 'age': 27, 'degree': 'matric'}]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = {'name':\"saad\",'age':17,'degree':\"masters\"}\n",
    "b = {'name':\"saeed\",'age':27,'degree':\"matric\"}\n",
    "c = [1,2,3,a,b]\n",
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "17"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c[3]['age']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1,\n",
       " 2,\n",
       " 3,\n",
       " {'name': 'saad', 'degree': 'masters'},\n",
       " {'name': 'saeed', 'age': 27, 'degree': 'matric'}]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "del c[3]['age']\n",
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c[3]['age']=17"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1,\n",
       " 2,\n",
       " 3,\n",
       " {'name': 'saad', 'degree': 'masters', 'age': 17},\n",
       " {'name': 'saeed', 'age': 27, 'degree': 'matric'}]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Tupple In Tupple"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(44, 5, 8, ('saad', 56, 'ali', 88, 5), ('amim', 'musab', 'asif', 56, 78))"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = 'saad',56,'ali',88,5\n",
    "b = 'amim','musab','asif',56,78\n",
    "c = 44,5,8,a,b\n",
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "8"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c[2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'ali'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c[3][2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'asif'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c[4][2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# List In Tupple"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(89, 78, ['ali', 'kamran', 'hi', 25, 447], ['shamshad', 'mughal', 'wajid', 10])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = ['ali','kamran','hi',25,447]\n",
    "b = ['shamshad','mughal','wajid',10]\n",
    "c = 89,78,a,b\n",
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "78"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "25"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c[2][3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "10"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c[3][3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "del c[2][1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(89, 78, ['ali', 'hi', 25, 447], ['shamshad', 'mughal', 'wajid', 10])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Dictionary In Tupple"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('saad',\n",
       " 19,\n",
       " 'ali',\n",
       " {'name': 'saad', 'age': 17, 'degree': 'matric'},\n",
       " {'name': 'asad', 'age': 21, 'degree': 'inter'})"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = {'name':\"saad\",'age':17,'degree':\"matric\"}\n",
    "b = {'name':\"asad\",'age':21,'degree':\"inter\"}\n",
    "c = 'saad',19,'ali',a,b\n",
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'ali'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c[2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'matric'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c[3]['degree']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('saad',\n",
       " 19,\n",
       " 'ali',\n",
       " {'name': 'saad', 'age': 17, 'degree': 'matric'},\n",
       " {'name': 'asad', 'age': 21})"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "del c[4]['degree']\n",
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Dictionary In Dictionary"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'class': 4,\n",
       " 'dic1': {'name': 'saad', 'age': 17, 'degree': 'matric'},\n",
       " 'dic2': {'name': 'asad', 'age': 21, 'degree': 'inter'}}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = {'name':\"saad\",'age':17,'degree':\"matric\"}\n",
    "b = {'name':\"asad\",'age':21,'degree':\"inter\"}\n",
    "c = {'class':4,'dic1':a,'dic2':b}\n",
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c['class']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'matric'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c['dic1']['degree']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "del c['dic2']['age']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'class': 4,\n",
       " 'dic1': {'name': 'saad', 'age': 17, 'degree': 'matric'},\n",
       " 'dic2': {'name': 'asad', 'degree': 'inter'}}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[{'Name': 'Saad'}]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = []\n",
    "a.append({'Name': \"Saad\"})\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# List In Dictionary"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': 'saad',\n",
       " 'alist': ['ali', 'kamran', 'hi', 25, 447],\n",
       " 'blist': ['sahmshad', 'mughal', 'wajid', 10]}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = ['ali','kamran','hi',25,447]\n",
    "b = ['sahmshad','mughal','wajid',10]\n",
    "c = {'name':\"saad\",'alist':a,'blist':b}\n",
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'kamran'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c['alist'][1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': 'saad',\n",
       " 'alist': ['ali', 'kamran', 'hi', 25, 447],\n",
       " 'blist': ['mughal', 'wajid', 10]}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "del c['blist'][0]\n",
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Tupple In Dictionary"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'name': 'saad',\n",
       " 'atupple': ('saad', 56, 'ali', 88, 5),\n",
       " 'btupple': ('amim', 'musab', 'asif', 56, 78)}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = 'saad',56,'ali',88,5\n",
    "b = 'amim','musab','asif',56,78\n",
    "c = {'name':\"saad\",'atupple':a,'btupple':b}\n",
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "56"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c['atupple'][1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'saad'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c['name']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'atupple': ('saad', 56, 'ali', 88, 5),\n",
       " 'btupple': ('amim', 'musab', 'asif', 56, 78)}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "del c['name']\n",
    "c"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello\n",
      "I'm Syed Saad \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print('Hello')\n",
    "\n",
    "def greet_user():\n",
    "    print('Apna time ayga ')\n",
    "    \n",
    "print('I\\'m Syed Saad ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Apna time ayga \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "greet_user()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Apna time ayga \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "greet_user()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "20\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def mult(a,b):\n",
    "    c=a*b\n",
    "    print(c)\n",
    "    \n",
    "mult(5,4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "4\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mult(2,2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter First Number: 3\n",
      "Enter Second Number: 4\n",
      "12\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def mul():\n",
    "    a = int(input('Enter First Number: '))\n",
    "    b = int(input('Enter Second Number: '))\n",
    "    c = a*b\n",
    "    print(c)\n",
    "    \n",
    "mul()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "syedsaadahmed\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def full_name(fname,mname,lname):\n",
    "    name = fname+mname+lname\n",
    "    print(name)\n",
    "    \n",
    "full_name('syed','saad','ahmed')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Syed Saad Ahmed\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def full_name(fname,mname,lname):\n",
    "    name = fname+' '+mname+' '+lname\n",
    "    print(name)\n",
    "    \n",
    "full_name('Syed','Saad','Ahmed')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter First Name: syed\n",
      "Enter Middle Name: saad\n",
      "Enter Last Name: ahmed\n",
      "My name is Syed Saad Ahmed\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def full_name():\n",
    "    fname = str(input('Enter First Name: ')).title()\n",
    "    mname = str(input('Enter Middle Name: ')).title()\n",
    "    lname = str(input('Enter Last Name: ')).title()\n",
    "    name = fname+' '+mname+' '+lname\n",
    "    print(f'My name is {name}')\n",
    "    \n",
    "full_name()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "12\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def calc(a,b,op):\n",
    "    if op == '+':\n",
    "        c=a+b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '-':\n",
    "        c=a-b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '*':\n",
    "        c=a*b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '/' or op == '%':\n",
    "        c=a/b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print('Operator not found')\n",
    "\n",
    "calc(3,4,'*')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "-1\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def calc(a,b,op):\n",
    "    if op == '+':\n",
    "        c=a+b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '-':\n",
    "        c=a-b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '*':\n",
    "        c=a*b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '/' or op == '%':\n",
    "        c=a/b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print('Operator not found')\n",
    "\n",
    "calc(3,4,'-')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "4.0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def calc(a,b,op):\n",
    "    if op == '+':\n",
    "        c=a+b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '-':\n",
    "        c=a-b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '*':\n",
    "        c=a*b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '/' or op == '%':\n",
    "        c=a/b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print('Operator not found')\n",
    "\n",
    "calc(16,4,'%')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Operator not found\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def calc(a,b,op):\n",
    "    if op == '+':\n",
    "        c=a+b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '-':\n",
    "        c=a-b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '*':\n",
    "        c=a*b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '/' or op == '%':\n",
    "        c=a/b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print('Operator not found')\n",
    "\n",
    "calc(16,4,'//')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter First Number: 7\n",
      "Enter Second Number: 2\n",
      "Enter An Operator: -\n",
      "5\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def cal():\n",
    "    a = int(input('Enter First Number: '))\n",
    "    b = int(input('Enter Second Number: '))\n",
    "    op = input('Enter An Operator: ')\n",
    "    if op == '+':\n",
    "        c=a+b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '-':\n",
    "        c=a-b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '*':\n",
    "        c=a*b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '/' or op == '%':\n",
    "        c=a/b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print('Operator not found')\n",
    "\n",
    "cal()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter First Number: 5\n",
      "Enter Second Number: 3\n",
      "Enter An Operator: *\n",
      "15\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def cal():\n",
    "    a = int(input('Enter First Number: '))\n",
    "    b = int(input('Enter Second Number: '))\n",
    "    op = input('Enter An Operator: ')\n",
    "    if op == '+':\n",
    "        c=a+b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '-':\n",
    "        c=a-b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '*':\n",
    "        c=a*b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '/' or op == '%':\n",
    "        c=a/b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print('Operator not found')\n",
    "\n",
    "cal()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter First Number: 5\n",
      "Enter Second Number: 3\n",
      "Enter An Operator: //\n",
      "Operator not found\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    " def cal():\n",
    "    a = int(input('Enter First Number: '))\n",
    "    b = int(input('Enter Second Number: '))\n",
    "    op = input('Enter An Operator: ')\n",
    "    if op == '+':\n",
    "        c=a+b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '-':\n",
    "        c=a-b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '*':\n",
    "        c=a*b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    elif op == '/' or op == '%':\n",
    "        c=a/b\n",
    "        print(c)\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print('Operator not found')\n",
    "\n",
    "cal()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Keyword Argument"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Operator not found\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "calc(8,'-',2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "10\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "calc(a=8,op='+',b=2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "4.0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "calc(op='/',b=4,a=16)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Operator not found\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "calc(op='//',b=4,a=16)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Default Parameter"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "My Name Is Saad \n",
      "My age Is 17 \n",
      "My Gender Is male \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def my_info(name, age = 17, gender = 'male'):\n",
    "    print(f'My Name Is {name} ')\n",
    "    print(f'My age Is {age} ')\n",
    "    print(f'My Gender Is {gender} ')\n",
    "    \n",
    "my_info('Saad')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Syed Saad Ahmed'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def my_name(f_name, l_name, m_name = ''):\n",
    "    if m_name:\n",
    "        full_name = f_name+' '+m_name+' '+l_name\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        full_name = f_name+' '+l_name\n",
    "    return full_name\n",
    "\n",
    "a = my_name('Syed', 'Ahmed', 'Saad')\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Syed Saad'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b = my_name('Syed', 'Saad')\n",
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello, Ali\n",
      "Hello, Asim\n",
      "Hello, Ahmed\n",
      "Hello, Saad\n",
      "Hello, Umar\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def my_friends(names):\n",
    "    for name in names:\n",
    "        greet = 'Hello, ' + name\n",
    "        print(greet)\n",
    "        \n",
    "        \n",
    "user = ['Ali', 'Asim', 'Ahmed', 'Saad', 'Umar']\n",
    "my_friends(user)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "First Name:  Syed\n",
      "Middle Name:  Saad\n",
      "Last Name:  Ahmed\n",
      "Age:  17\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def human(f_name, m_name, l_name, age):\n",
    "    build_human = {'First Name: ':f_name, 'Middle Name: ':m_name, 'Last Name: ':l_name, 'Age: ':age}\n",
    "    for key, value in build_human.items():\n",
    "        print(key, value)\n",
    "        \n",
    "human('Syed', 'Saad', 'Ahmed', 17)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "First Name:  Syed\n",
      "Middle Name:  Saad\n",
      "Last Name:  Ahmed\n",
      "Age:  17\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def human(f_name, m_name, l_name, age, *others):   # * Means Tupple\n",
    "    build_human = {'First Name: ':f_name, 'Middle Name: ':m_name, 'Last Name: ':l_name, 'Age: ':age}\n",
    "    for key, value in build_human.items():\n",
    "        print(key, value)\n",
    "        \n",
    "human('Syed', 'Saad', 'Ahmed', 17, 'syedsaad123@gmail.com', 'Hi', 'OO')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "First Name:  Syed\n",
      "Middle Name:  Saad\n",
      "Last Name:  Ahmed\n",
      "Age:  17\n",
      "('syedsaad123@gmail.com', 'Hi', 'OO')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def human(f_name, m_name, l_name, age, *others):\n",
    "    build_human = {'First Name: ':f_name, 'Middle Name: ':m_name, 'Last Name: ':l_name, 'Age: ':age}\n",
    "    for key, value in build_human.items():\n",
    "        print(key, value)\n",
    "    print(others)\n",
    "        \n",
    "human('Syed', 'Saad', 'Ahmed', 17, 'syedsaad123@gmail.com', 'Hi', 'OO')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "First Name:  Syed\n",
      "Middle Name:  Saad\n",
      "Last Name:  Ahmed\n",
      "Age:  17\n",
      "{'email': 'syedsaad123@gmail.com', 'a': 'Hi', 'b': 'OO'}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def human(f_name, m_name, l_name, age, **others):    # ** Means Dictionary\n",
    "    build_human = {'First Name: ':f_name, 'Middle Name: ':m_name, 'Last Name: ':l_name, 'Age: ':age}\n",
    "    for key, value in build_human.items():\n",
    "        print(key, value)\n",
    "    print(others)\n",
    "        \n",
    "human('Syed', 'Saad', 'Ahmed', 17, email = 'syedsaad123@gmail.com', a = 'Hi', b = 'OO')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "First Name:  Syed\n",
      "Middle Name:  Saad\n",
      "Last Name:  Ahmed\n",
      "Age:  17\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def human(f_name, m_name, l_name, age, **others):\n",
    "    build_human = {'First Name: ':f_name, 'Middle Name: ':m_name, 'Last Name: ':l_name, 'Age: ':age}\n",
    "    for key, value in build_human.items():\n",
    "        print(key, value)\n",
    "    #print(others)\n",
    "        \n",
    "human('Syed', 'Saad', 'Ahmed', 17, email = 'syedsaad123@gmail.com', a = 'Hi', b = 'OO')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "human() takes 4 positional arguments but 7 were given",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-37-83c843f45d80>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      5\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mothers\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      6\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 7\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mhuman\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'Syed'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'Saad'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'Ahmed'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m17\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'syedsaad123@gmail.com'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'Hi'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'OO'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: human() takes 4 positional arguments but 7 were given"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def human(f_name, m_name, l_name, age, **others):\n",
    "    build_human = {'First Name: ':f_name, 'Middle Name: ':m_name, 'Last Name: ':l_name, 'Age: ':age}\n",
    "    for key, value in build_human.items():\n",
    "        print(key, value)\n",
    "    print(others)\n",
    "        \n",
    "human('Syed', 'Saad', 'Ahmed', 17, 'syedsaad123@gmail.com', 'Hi', 'OO')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Function: Local vs Global Variable"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#Local Variable: Variable defined inside function and cannot be accessed outside the function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#Global Variable: Variable defined outside the function and can be access inside or outside the function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def hello():\n",
    "    l = 100      #Local Variable\n",
    "    \n",
    "    print(l)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "NameError",
     "evalue": "name 'l' is not defined",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-45-09122970727a>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0ml\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m      \u001b[1;31m#Trying to access local variable outside the function\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'l' is not defined"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(l)      #Trying to access local variable outside the function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "fruit = 'Apple'\n",
    "def hello():\n",
    "    l = 100      #Local Variable\n",
    "    \n",
    "    print(l)\n",
    "    print(fruit)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Apple\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(fruit)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100\n",
      "Apple\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "fruit = 'Apple'\n",
    "def hello():\n",
    "    l = 100      #Local Variable\n",
    "    fruit = 'Orange'\n",
    "    \n",
    "    print(l)\n",
    "    print(fruit)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100\n",
      "Orange\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Apple'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruit"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "fruit = 'Apple'\n",
    "def hello():\n",
    "    global l,fruit\n",
    "    l = 100      #Local Variable\n",
    "    fruit = 'Orange'\n",
    "    \n",
    "    print(l)\n",
    "    print(fruit)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100\n",
      "Orange\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "100"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 62,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Orange'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 63,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "fruit"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "11\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def add(a,b):\n",
    "    \n",
    "    print(a+b)\n",
    "    return a+b\n",
    "sums = add(2,9)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "11\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(sums)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# While Loops"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for a in range(5):\n",
    "    \n",
    "    print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "What Is Your Name? Saad\n",
      "Your Name Is Saad\n",
      "What Is Your Name? Saad\n",
      "Your Name Is Saad\n",
      "What Is Your Name? Saad\n",
      "Your Name Is Saad\n",
      "What Is Your Name? Saad\n",
      "Your Name Is Saad\n",
      "What Is Your Name? Saad\n",
      "Your Name Is Saad\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for a in range(5):\n",
    "    name = input('What Is Your Name? ')\n",
    "    print(f'Your Name Is {name}')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "What Is Your Name? Syed\n",
      "Your Name Is Syed \n",
      "What Is Your Name? Saad\n",
      "Your Name Is Saad \n",
      "What Is Your Name? Hi\n",
      "Your Name Is Hi \n",
      "What Is Your Name? Ahmed\n",
      "Your Name Is Ahmed \n",
      "What Is Your Name? Ali\n",
      "Your Name Is Ali \n",
      "What Is Your Name? quit\n",
      "Thank You! \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "flag = True\n",
    "while flag:\n",
    "    name = input('What Is Your Name? ').title()\n",
    "    if name =='Quit':\n",
    "        flag = False\n",
    "        print('Thank You! ')\n",
    "    if name != 'Quit':\n",
    "        print(f'Your Name Is {name} ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Object Oriented Programming"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Classes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Patient():\n",
    "    def __init__(self, name, age, gender, disease):\n",
    "        ######Attributes######\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "        self.age = age\n",
    "        self.gender = gender\n",
    "        self.disease = disease\n",
    "        ######Behaviours######\n",
    "    def take_madicine(self):\n",
    "        print(f'{self.name} is taking madicine ')\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def take_rest(self):\n",
    "        print(f'{self.name} is taking rest ')\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def deposit_money(self):\n",
    "        print(f'{self.name} is depositing fee ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "p123 = Patient('Saad', 17, 'Male', 'Flu')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "p124 = Patient('Ali', 55, 'Male', 'Fever')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Saad'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p123.name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "55"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p124.age"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Saad is depositing fee \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p123.deposit_money()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Ali is taking madicine \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p124.take_madicine()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Another Example"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Car():\n",
    "    def __init__(self, make, model, year):\n",
    "        self.make = make\n",
    "        self.model = model\n",
    "        self.year = year\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def get_descriptive_name(self):\n",
    "        long_name = self.make+' '+self.model+' '+str(self.year)\n",
    "        return long_name.title()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "newCar = Car('Audi', 'a4', 2019)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'a4'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "newCar.model"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'a4'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "newCar.model"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Audi A4 2019'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "newCar.get_descriptive_name()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "myCar = Car('Corolla', 'XLI', 2018)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Corolla Xli 2018'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "myCar.get_descriptive_name()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Setting A Default Value For An Attribute"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Car():\n",
    "    def __init__(self, make, model, year):\n",
    "        self.make = make\n",
    "        self.model = model\n",
    "        self.year = year\n",
    "        self.odometer_reading = 0\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def get_descriptive_name(self):\n",
    "        long_name = self.make+' '+self.model+' '+str(self.year)\n",
    "        return long_name.title()\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def read_odometer(self):\n",
    "        print(f'The car has travelled {self.odometer_reading} miles ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "abcCar = Car('Corolla', 'GLI', 2019)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "xyzCar = Car('Cultus', 'VXR', 2017)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The car has travelled 0 miles \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "abcCar.read_odometer()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The car has travelled 0 miles \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "xyzCar.read_odometer()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Modifying Attributes Value"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "1. Direct Access And Modify"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "abcCar.odometer_reading +=200"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The car has travelled 200 miles \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "abcCar.read_odometer()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "xyzCar.odometer_reading = 200"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The car has travelled 200 miles \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "xyzCar.read_odometer()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "2. Modifying Attribute Via Function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Car():\n",
    "    def __init__(self, make, model, year):\n",
    "        self.make = make\n",
    "        self.model = model\n",
    "        self.year = year\n",
    "        self.odometer_reading = 0\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def get_descriptive_name(self):\n",
    "        long_name = self.make+' '+self.model+' '+str(self.year)\n",
    "        return long_name.title()\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def read_odometer(self):\n",
    "        print(f'The car has travelled {self.odometer_reading} miles ')\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def update_odometer_reading(self, mileage):\n",
    "        self.odometer_reading = mileage\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def increase_odometer_reading(self, mileage):\n",
    "        if mileage>0:\n",
    "            self.odometer_reading += mileage\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print('You can not roll back odometer reading ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "Mycar = Car('Cultus', 'VXR', 2002)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "Thiscar = Car('Mehran', 'ATR', 2000)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Mehran Atr 2000'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Thiscar.get_descriptive_name()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The car has travelled 0 miles \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Thiscar.read_odometer()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "Thiscar.update_odometer_reading(100)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The car has travelled 100 miles \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Thiscar.read_odometer()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "Thiscar.increase_odometer_reading(200)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The car has travelled 300 miles \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Thiscar.read_odometer()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "You can not roll back odometer reading \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Thiscar.increase_odometer_reading(-200)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "You can not roll back odometer reading \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Thiscar.increase_odometer_reading(0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Student():\n",
    "    def __init__(self, name, father_name, age, gender, classs, degree):\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "        self.father_name = father_name\n",
    "        self.age = age\n",
    "        self.gender = gender\n",
    "        self.classs = classs\n",
    "        self.degree = degree\n",
    "    def student_info(self):\n",
    "        info = {'Name:': self.name, 'Father Name:': self.father_name, 'Age:': self.age, \n",
    "                'Gender:': self.gender, 'Class:': self.classs, 'Degree:': self.degree}\n",
    "        for a,b in info.items():\n",
    "            print(a,b)\n",
    "            \n",
    "    def update_student_degree(self, degree):\n",
    "        self.degree = degree"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "s1 = Student('Saad', 'Rehan', 17, 'Male', 'XII', 'Matric')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Name: Saad\n",
      "Father Name: Rehan\n",
      "Age: 17\n",
      "Gender: Male\n",
      "Class: XII\n",
      "Degree: Matric\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1.student_info()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "s1.update_student_degree('Inter')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Inter'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1.degree"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Saad'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1.name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Name: Saad\n",
      "Father Name: Rehan\n",
      "Age: 17\n",
      "Gender: Male\n",
      "Class: XII\n",
      "Degree: Inter\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1.student_info()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Patient():\n",
    "    def __init__(self, name, age, gender, disease):\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "        self.age = age\n",
    "        self.gender = gender\n",
    "        self.disease = disease\n",
    "\n",
    "    def patient_info(self):\n",
    "        pat_info = {'Name:': self.name, 'Age:': self.age, 'Gender:': self.gender, 'Disease:': self.disease}\n",
    "        for a,b in pat_info.items():\n",
    "            print(a,b)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "p1 = Patient('Saad', 17, 'Male', 'Fever')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Saad'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p1.name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Name: Saad\n",
      "Age: 17\n",
      "Gender: Male\n",
      "Disease: Fever\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "p1.patient_info()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Example Restaurant(9.1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Restaurant():\n",
    "    def __init__(self, restaurant_name, cuisine_type):\n",
    "        self.restaurant_name = restaurant_name\n",
    "        self.cuisine_type = cuisine_type\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def describe_restaurant(self):\n",
    "        info = {'Restaurant Name:': self.restaurant_name, 'Cuisine Type:': self.cuisine_type}\n",
    "        for a,b in info.items():\n",
    "            print(a,b)\n",
    "            \n",
    "    def restaurant_status(self):\n",
    "        print(f'{self.restaurant_name} is open ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "r1 = Restaurant('Pizza King', 'Pakistani')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Pizza King'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "r1.restaurant_name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Pakistani'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "r1.cuisine_type"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Restaurant Name: Pizza King\n",
      "Cuisine Type: Pakistani\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "r1.describe_restaurant()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Pizza King is open \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "r1.restaurant_status()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Example Restaurant(9.2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "r2 = Restaurant('United King', 'Chineese')\n",
    "r3 = Restaurant('KFC', 'Japnese')\n",
    "r4 = Restaurant('Dhaba', 'Tea')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Restaurant Name: United King\n",
      "Cuisine Type: Chineese\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "r2.describe_restaurant()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Restaurant Name: KFC\n",
      "Cuisine Type: Japnese\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "r3.describe_restaurant()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Restaurant Name: Dhaba\n",
      "Cuisine Type: Tea\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "r4.describe_restaurant()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Example Restaurant(9.3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class User():\n",
    "    def __init__(self, fname, lname, gender, age, email):\n",
    "        self.fname = fname\n",
    "        self.lname = lname\n",
    "        self.gender = gender\n",
    "        self.age = age\n",
    "        self.email = email\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def describe_user(self):\n",
    "        info = {'First Name:': self.fname, 'Last Name:': self.lname, 'Gender:': self.gender, 'Age:': self.age,\n",
    "               'Email:': self.email}\n",
    "        for a,b in info.items():\n",
    "            print(a,b)\n",
    "            \n",
    "    def greet_user(self):\n",
    "        print(f'Hello {self.fname} {self.lname} ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "user1 = User('Syed', 'Saad', 'Male', 17, 'syedsaad123@gmail.com')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "First Name: Syed\n",
      "Last Name: Saad\n",
      "Gender: Male\n",
      "Age: 17\n",
      "Email: syedsaad123@gmail.com\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user1.describe_user()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Syed Saad \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user1.greet_user()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "user2 = User('Ali', 'Khan', 'Male', 22, 'alikhan123@gmail.com')\n",
    "user3 = User('Naeem', 'Siddiqui', 'Male', 55, 'naeemsiddiqui123@gmail.com')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "First Name: Ali\n",
      "Last Name: Khan\n",
      "Gender: Male\n",
      "Age: 22\n",
      "Email: alikhan123@gmail.com\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user2.describe_user()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Ali Khan \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user2.greet_user()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "First Name: Naeem\n",
      "Last Name: Siddiqui\n",
      "Gender: Male\n",
      "Age: 55\n",
      "Email: naeemsiddiqui123@gmail.com\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user3.describe_user()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Naeem Siddiqui \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user3.greet_user()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'syedsaad123@gmail.com'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user1.email"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "17"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user1.age"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Inheritance"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Car():\n",
    "    def __init__(self, make, model, year):\n",
    "        self.make = make\n",
    "        self.model = model\n",
    "        self.year = year\n",
    "        self.odometer_reading = 0\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def get_descriptive_name(self):\n",
    "        long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model\n",
    "        return long_name.title()\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def read_odometer(self):\n",
    "        print(f'The car has travelled {self.odometer_reading} miles ')\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def update_odometer_reading(self, mileage):\n",
    "        self.odometer_reading = mileage\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def increase_odometer_reading(self, mileage):\n",
    "        if mileage >0:\n",
    "            self.odometer_reading += mileage\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print('You can not roll back odometer reading ')\n",
    "            \n",
    "    def get_fuel_tank_size(self):\n",
    "        print('100 liters ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class ElectricCar(Car):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, make, model, year):\n",
    "        super().__init__(make, model, year)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "eCar = ElectricCar('Toyota', 'Corolla', 1992)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'1992 Toyota Corolla'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "eCar.get_descriptive_name()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The car has travelled 0 miles \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "eCar.read_odometer()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "eCar.increase_odometer_reading(55)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The car has travelled 55 miles \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "eCar.read_odometer()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100 liters \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "eCar.get_fuel_tank_size()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1992"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "eCar.year"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class ElectricCar(Car):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, make, model, year):\n",
    "        super().__init__(make, model, year)\n",
    "        self.battery_size = 70\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def get_battery_size(self):\n",
    "        print(f'The battery size of the electric car is {self.battery_size} ')\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def set_battery_size(self, size):\n",
    "        if size >0:\n",
    "            self.battery_size = size\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print('You can not set battery size less than 0 ')\n",
    "            \n",
    "    def get_fuel_tank_size(self):\n",
    "        print('Electric car dosnt have fuel tank ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ECar = ElectricCar('Suzuki', 'Cultus', 2019)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The battery size of the electric car is 70 \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ECar.get_battery_size()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The battery size of the electric car is 100 \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ECar.set_battery_size(100)\n",
    "ECar.get_battery_size()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Electric car dosnt have fuel tank \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ECar.get_fuel_tank_size()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Inheritance As Attribute"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Battery():\n",
    "    def __init__(self, manufacturer, watt, year):\n",
    "        self.manufacturer = manufacturer\n",
    "        self.watt = watt\n",
    "        self.year = year\n",
    "        self.BatterySize = 70\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def description_about_battery(self):\n",
    "        info = {'Manufacturer:': self.manufacturer, 'Battery Watt:': self.watt, 'Battery Size:': self.BatterySize,\n",
    "                'Year Of Purchasing:': self.year}\n",
    "        for a,b in info.items():\n",
    "            print(a,b)\n",
    "            \n",
    "    def get_battery_size(self):\n",
    "        print(f'The battery size of the electric car is {self.BatterySize}')\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def set_battery_size(self, size):\n",
    "        if size >0:\n",
    "            self.BatterySize = size\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print('You can not set battery size less than 0 ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class ElectricCar(Car):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, make, model, year):\n",
    "        super().__init__(make, model, year)\n",
    "        self.battery = Battery('EXIDE', 200, 2019)\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def get_fuel_tank_size(self):\n",
    "        print('Electric car dosnt have fuel tank ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ElecCar = ElectricCar('Suzuki', 'Alto', 2019)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Manufacturer: EXIDE\n",
      "Battery Watt: 200\n",
      "Battery Size: 70\n",
      "Year Of Purchasing: 2019\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ElecCar.battery.description_about_battery()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'EXIDE'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ElecCar.battery.manufacturer"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Example User (9.3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class User():\n",
    "    def __init__(self, fname, lname, gender, age, email):\n",
    "        self.fname = fname\n",
    "        self.lname = lname\n",
    "        self.gender = gender\n",
    "        self.age = age\n",
    "        self.email = email\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def describe_user(self):\n",
    "        info = {'First Name:': self.fname, 'Last Name:': self.lname, 'Gender:': self.gender, 'Age:': self.age,\n",
    "                'Email ID:': self.email}\n",
    "        for a,b in info.items():\n",
    "            print(a,b)\n",
    "            \n",
    "    def greet_user(self):\n",
    "        print(f'Hello {self.fname} {self.lname}')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "user1 = User('Syed', 'Saad', 'Male', 17, 'syedsaad123@gmail.com')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "First Name: Syed\n",
      "Last Name: Saad\n",
      "Gender: Male\n",
      "Age: 17\n",
      "Email ID: syedsaad123@gmail.com\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user1.describe_user()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Syed Saad\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user1.greet_user()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "user2 = User('Ali', 'Khan', 'Male', 22, 'alikhan123@gmail.com')\n",
    "user3 = User('Naeem', 'Siddiqui', 'Male', 55, 'naeemsiddiqui123@gmail.com')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "First Name: Ali\n",
      "Last Name: Khan\n",
      "Gender: Male\n",
      "Age: 22\n",
      "Email ID: alikhan123@gmail.com\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user2.describe_user()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Ali Khan\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user2.greet_user()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "First Name: Naeem\n",
      "Last Name: Siddiqui\n",
      "Gender: Male\n",
      "Age: 55\n",
      "Email ID: naeemsiddiqui123@gmail.com\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user3.describe_user()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Naeem Siddiqui\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user3.greet_user()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'syedsaad123@gmail.com'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user1.email"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Example Restaurant (9.4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Restaurant():\n",
    "    def __init__(self, restaurant_name, cuisine_type):\n",
    "        self.restaurant_name = restaurant_name\n",
    "        self.cuisine_type = cuisine_type\n",
    "        self.number_served = 0\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def describe_restaurant(self):\n",
    "        info = {'Restaurant Name:': self.restaurant_name, 'Cuisine Type:': self.cuisine_type}\n",
    "        for a, b in info.items():\n",
    "            print(a, b)\n",
    "            \n",
    "    def restaurant_status(self):\n",
    "        print(f'{self.restaurant_name} is open ')\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def set_number_served(self, number):\n",
    "        if number>0:\n",
    "            self.number_served = number\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print('You can not set value less than 0 ')\n",
    "            \n",
    "    def increment_number_served(self, number):\n",
    "        if number>0:\n",
    "            self.number_served += number\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print('You can not set value less than 0 ')\n",
    "            \n",
    "    def get_number_served(self):\n",
    "        print(f'{self.number_served} customers are served ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "r1 = Restaurant('Pizza Master', 'Pakistani')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "r1.number_served #Direct hit & get value"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "r1.number_served = 22 #Direct hit & change value"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "22"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "r1.number_served"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "r1.set_number_served(100) #Change value via function getter"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "100"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "r1.number_served #Direct hit & get value"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "r1.increment_number_served(20) #Change value via function getter"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "120"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "r1.number_served #Direct hit & get value"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "120 customers are served \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "r1.get_number_served() #Get value via function getter"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Example User (9.5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class User():\n",
    "    def __init__(self, fname, lname, gender, age, email):\n",
    "        self.fname = fname\n",
    "        self.lname = lname\n",
    "        self.gender = gender\n",
    "        self. age = age\n",
    "        self.email = email\n",
    "        self.login_attempts = 0\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def describe_user(self):\n",
    "        info = {'First Name:': self.fname, 'Last Name:': self.lname, 'Gender:': self.gender, 'Age:': self.age,\n",
    "                'Email ID:': self.email}\n",
    "        for a,b in info.items():\n",
    "            print(a,b)\n",
    "            \n",
    "    def greet_user(self):\n",
    "        print(f'Hello {self.fname} {self.lname}')\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def increments_login_attempts(self):\n",
    "        self.login_attempts += 1\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def resert_login_attempts(self):\n",
    "        self.login_attempts = 0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "user1 = User('Syed', 'Saad', 'Male', 17, 'syedsaad123@gmail.com')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user1.login_attempts"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "user1.increments_login_attempts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "user1.increments_login_attempts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "user1.increments_login_attempts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user1.login_attempts"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "user1.resert_login_attempts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "user1.login_attempts"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Example Restaurant (9.6)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class IceCreamStand(Restaurant):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, restaurant_name, cuisene_type):\n",
    "        super().__init__(restaurant_name, cuisene_type)\n",
    "        self.flavors = ['Chocolate Flavour', 'Mango Flavour', 'Vanilla Flavour', 'Strawberry Flavour',\n",
    "                   'Orange Flavour']\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def get_flavours(self):\n",
    "        print('Flavours:')\n",
    "        for a in self.flavors:\n",
    "            print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "abc = IceCreamStand('Mehran Ice Cream', 'Pakistani')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Flavours:\n",
      "Chocolate Flavour\n",
      "Mango Flavour\n",
      "Vanilla Flavour\n",
      "Strawberry Flavour\n",
      "Orange Flavour\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "abc.get_flavours()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Example User (9.7)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Admin(User):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, fname, lname, gender, age, email):\n",
    "        super().__init__(fname, lname, gender, age, email)\n",
    "        self.privileges = ['Can Add Post', 'Can Delete Post', 'Can Ban User', 'Can Add Admin']\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def show_privileges(self):\n",
    "        print('Privileges:')\n",
    "        for a in self.privileges:\n",
    "            print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a1 = Admin('Syed', 'Saad', 'Male', 17, 'syedsaad123@gmail.com')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Privileges:\n",
      "Can Add Post\n",
      "Can Delete Post\n",
      "Can Ban User\n",
      "Can Add Admin\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a1.show_privileges()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Example User (9.8)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Privileges():\n",
    "    def __init__(self):\n",
    "        self.privileges = ['Can Add Post', 'Can Delete Post', 'Can Ban User', 'Can Add Admin']\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def show_privileges(self):\n",
    "        print('Privileges:')\n",
    "        for a in self.privileges:\n",
    "            print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Admin(User):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, fname, lname, gender, age, email):\n",
    "        super().__init__(fname, lname, gender, age, email)\n",
    "        self.priveleges = Privileges()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a2 = Admin('Syed', 'Saad', 'Male', 17, 'syedsaad123@gmail.com')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Privileges:\n",
      "Can Add Post\n",
      "Can Delete Post\n",
      "Can Ban User\n",
      "Can Add Admin\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a2.priveleges.show_privileges()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Exception Handling"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ZeroDivisionError",
     "evalue": "division by zero",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-1-fd98b4cb38e8>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[1;36m5\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m/\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'Hi'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m: division by zero"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "5/0\n",
    "print('Hi')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 3\n",
      "Enter another number: 2\n",
      "1.5\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    c = a/b\n",
    "    print(c)\n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 5\n",
      "Enter another number: 0\n",
      "Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    c = a/b\n",
    "    print(c)\n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 4\n",
      "Enter another number: 2\n",
      "2.0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    c = a/b\n",
    "    \n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError ')\n",
    "\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(c)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 4\n",
      "Enter another number: 0\n",
      "Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    c = a/b\n",
    "    \n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError ')\n",
    "\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(c)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 4\n",
      "Enter another number: 2\n",
      "End\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    c = a/b\n",
    "    \n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError ')\n",
    "\n",
    "print('End')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 3\n",
      "Enter another number: 0\n",
      "Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError \n",
      "End\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    c = a/b\n",
    "    \n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError ')\n",
    "\n",
    "print('End')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 4\n",
      "Enter another number: 2\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ename": "IndexError",
     "evalue": "list index out of range",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mIndexError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-9-8411849001cb>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mtry\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      5\u001b[0m     \u001b[0md\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m/\u001b[0m\u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 6\u001b[1;33m     \u001b[0me\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      7\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0me\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      8\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mexcept\u001b[0m \u001b[0mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mIndexError\u001b[0m: list index out of range"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "c = []\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    d = a/b\n",
    "    e = c[2]\n",
    "    print(e)\n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError ')\n",
    "\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(c)\n",
    "    \n",
    "print('Last')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 9\n",
      "Enter another number: 0\n",
      "Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError \n",
      "Last\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "c = []\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    d = a/b\n",
    "    e = c[2]\n",
    "    print(e)\n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError ')\n",
    "\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(c)\n",
    "    \n",
    "print('Last')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 5\n",
      "Enter another number: 2\n",
      "Exception is caused IndexError \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "c = []\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    d = a/b\n",
    "    e = c[2]\n",
    "    print(e)\n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError ')\n",
    "\n",
    "except IndexError:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused IndexError ')\n",
    "    \n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(c)\n",
    "    print(e)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 3\n",
      "Enter another number: 0\n",
      "Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "c = []\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    d = a/b\n",
    "    e = c[2]\n",
    "    print(e)\n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError ')\n",
    "\n",
    "except IndexError:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused IndexError ')\n",
    "    \n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(c)\n",
    "    print(e)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 5\n",
      "Enter another number: 2\n",
      "Exception is caused \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "#b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "#c = []\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "    b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "    c = []\n",
    "    d = a/b\n",
    "    e = c[2]\n",
    "    print(e)\n",
    "    \n",
    "except:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused ')\n",
    "    \n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(c)\n",
    "    #print(e)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 5\n",
      "Enter another number: 0\n",
      "Exception is caused \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "#b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "#c = []\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "    b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "    c = []\n",
    "    d = a/b\n",
    "    e = c[2]\n",
    "    print(e)\n",
    "    \n",
    "except:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused ')\n",
    "    \n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(c)\n",
    "    #print(e)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 4\n",
      "Enter another number: 2\n",
      "Exception = list index out of range\n",
      "Hi\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "#b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "#c = []\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "    b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "    c = []\n",
    "    d = a/b\n",
    "    e = c[2]\n",
    "    print(e)\n",
    "    \n",
    "except Exception as x:\n",
    "    print('Exception = ' + str(x))\n",
    "    \n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(c)\n",
    "print('Hi')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 66\n",
      "Enter another number: 0\n",
      "Exception = division by zero\n",
      "Hi\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "#b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "#c = []\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "    b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "    c = []\n",
    "    d = a/b\n",
    "    e = c[2]\n",
    "    print(e)\n",
    "    \n",
    "except Exception as x:\n",
    "    print('Exception = ' + str(x))\n",
    "    \n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(c)\n",
    "print('Hi')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 5\n",
      "Enter another number: t\n",
      "Exception = invalid literal for int() with base 10: 't'\n",
      "Hi\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "#b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "#c = []\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "    b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "    c = []\n",
    "    d = a/b\n",
    "    e = c[2]\n",
    "    print(e)\n",
    "    \n",
    "except Exception as x:\n",
    "    print('Exception = ' + str(x))\n",
    "    \n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(c)\n",
    "print('Hi')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 4\n",
      "Enter another number: 2\n",
      "Exception = list index out of range\n",
      "Hi\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "#b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "#c = []\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "    b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "    c = []\n",
    "    d = a/b\n",
    "    e = c[2]\n",
    "    print(e)\n",
    "    \n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError ')\n",
    "    \n",
    "except Exception as x:\n",
    "    print('Exception = ' + str(x))\n",
    "    \n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(c)\n",
    "print('Hi')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 5\n",
      "Enter another number: 0\n",
      "Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError \n",
      "Hi\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "#b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "#c = []\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "    b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "    c = []\n",
    "    d = a/b\n",
    "    e = c[2]\n",
    "    print(e)\n",
    "    \n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError ')\n",
    "    \n",
    "except Exception as x:\n",
    "    print('Exception = ' + str(x))\n",
    "    \n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(c)\n",
    "print('Hi')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 4\n",
      "Enter another number: 2\n",
      "Finally will always run \n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ename": "IndexError",
     "evalue": "list index out of range",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mIndexError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-21-123aaf0eb34f>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      7\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      8\u001b[0m     \u001b[0md\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m/\u001b[0m\u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 9\u001b[1;33m     \u001b[0me\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m     10\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0me\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m     11\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mIndexError\u001b[0m: list index out of range"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "#b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "#c = []\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "    b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "    c = []\n",
    "    d = a/b\n",
    "    e = c[2]\n",
    "    print(e)\n",
    "    \n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError ')\n",
    "    \n",
    "#except Exception as x:\n",
    "    #print('Exception = ' + str(x))\n",
    "    \n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(c)\n",
    "finally:\n",
    "    print('Finally will always run ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter a number: 3\n",
      "Enter another number: 0\n",
      "Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError \n",
      "Finally will always run \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "#b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "#c = []\n",
    "try:\n",
    "    a = int(input('Enter a number: '))\n",
    "    b = int(input('Enter another number: '))\n",
    "    c = []\n",
    "    d = a/b\n",
    "    e = c[2]\n",
    "    print(e)\n",
    "    \n",
    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
    "    print('Exception is caused ZeroDivisionError ')\n",
    "    \n",
    "#except Exception as x:\n",
    "    #print('Exception = ' + str(x))\n",
    "    \n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(c)\n",
    "finally:\n",
    "    print('Finally will always run ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Raising Own Exceptions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Student():\n",
    "    def __init__(self,name,age):\n",
    "        if age>80 or age<15:\n",
    "            raise Exception('Age can not be greater than 80 and less than 15 ')\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "        self.age = age"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter your age 100\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ename": "Exception",
     "evalue": "Age can not be greater than 80 and less than 15 ",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mException\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-22-599c48c33d1b>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0mage\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0minput\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'Enter your age '\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 2\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mst1\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mStudent\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'Saad'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mage\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mst1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mage\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-21-c9b27d0a1987>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m__init__\u001b[1;34m(self, name, age)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[1;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0m__init__\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0mname\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0mage\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      3\u001b[0m         \u001b[1;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mage\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m>\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m80\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mage\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m<\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m15\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 4\u001b[1;33m             \u001b[1;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'Age can not be greater than 80 and less than 15 '\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      5\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mname\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mname\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      6\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mage\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mage\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mException\u001b[0m: Age can not be greater than 80 and less than 15 "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "age = int(input('Enter your age '))\n",
    "st1 = Student('Saad', age)\n",
    "print(st1.age)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Student():\n",
    "    def __init__(self,name,age):\n",
    "        if age>80 or age<15:\n",
    "            raise Exception('Age can not be greater than 80 and less than 15 ')\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "        self.age = age"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter your age 222\n",
      "Exception: Age can not be greater than 80 and less than 15 \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    age = int(input('Enter your age '))\n",
    "    st1 = Student('Saad', age)\n",
    "except Exception as x:\n",
    "    print('Exception: ' + str(x))\n",
    "    \n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(st1.age)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter your age 14\n",
      "Exception: Age can not be greater than 80 and less than 15 \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    age = int(input('Enter your age '))\n",
    "    st1 = Student('Saad', age)\n",
    "except Exception as x:\n",
    "    print('Exception: ' + str(x))\n",
    "    \n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(st1.age)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter your age 22\n",
      "22\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    age = int(input('Enter your age '))\n",
    "    st1 = Student('Saad', age)\n",
    "except Exception as x:\n",
    "    print('Exception: ' + str(x))\n",
    "    \n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(st1.age)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Student():\n",
    "    def __init__(self,name,age):\n",
    "        if age>80 or age<15:\n",
    "            raise StudentAgeException('Age can not be greater than 80 and less than 15 ')\n",
    "        self.name = name\n",
    "        self.age = age\n",
    "        \n",
    "class StudentAgeException(Exception):\n",
    "    pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter your age 121\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ename": "StudentAgeException",
     "evalue": "Age can not be greater than 80 and less than 15 ",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mStudentAgeException\u001b[0m                       Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-30-52e1d29145c7>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0mage\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0minput\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'Enter your age '\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 2\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mst2\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mStudent\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'Saad'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mage\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mst2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mage\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-29-bb6e9ef24ef2>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m__init__\u001b[1;34m(self, name, age)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[1;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0m__init__\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0mname\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0mage\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      3\u001b[0m         \u001b[1;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mage\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m>\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m80\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mage\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m<\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m15\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 4\u001b[1;33m             \u001b[1;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mStudentAgeException\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'Age can not be greater than 80 and less than 15 '\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      5\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mname\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mname\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      6\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mage\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mage\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mStudentAgeException\u001b[0m: Age can not be greater than 80 and less than 15 "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "age = int(input('Enter your age '))\n",
    "st2 = Student('Saad', age)\n",
    "print(st2.age)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter your age 1212\n",
      "Exception: Age can not be greater than 80 and less than 15 \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "try:\n",
    "    age = int(input('Enter your age '))\n",
    "    st2 = Student('Saad', age)\n",
    "except StudentAgeException as x:\n",
    "    print('Exception: ' + str(x))\n",
    "else:    \n",
    "    print(st2.age)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# File Handling"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "FileNotFoundError",
     "evalue": "[Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'abc.txt'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mFileNotFoundError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-5-f4bd0fb6b2fc>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[1;32mwith\u001b[0m \u001b[0mopen\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'abc.txt'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfile_object\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mcontents\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfile_object\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mread\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcontents\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mFileNotFoundError\u001b[0m: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'abc.txt'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open('abc.txt') as file_object:\n",
    "    contents = file_object.read()\n",
    "    \n",
    "contents"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Syed Saad,\\nPIAIC\\nHi'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open('abc.txt') as file_object:\n",
    "    contents = file_object.read()\n",
    "    \n",
    "contents"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Syed Saad,\n",
      "PIAIC\n",
      "Hi\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(contents.rstrip())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Syed Saad,\n",
      "\n",
      "PIAIC\n",
      "\n",
      "Hi\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "filename = 'abc.txt'\n",
    "with open(filename) as f:\n",
    "    for a in f:\n",
    "        print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Syed Saad,\n",
      "PIAIC\n",
      "Hi\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "filename = 'abc.txt'\n",
    "with open(filename) as f:\n",
    "    lines = f.readlines()\n",
    "for line in lines:\n",
    "    print(line.rstrip())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['Syed Saad,\\n', 'PIAIC\\n', 'Hi']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lines"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Syed Saad,PIAICHi\n",
      "17\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "filename = 'abc.txt'\n",
    "with open(filename) as f:\n",
    "    lines = f.readlines()\n",
    "pi_str = ''\n",
    "for line in lines:\n",
    "    pi_str += line.rstrip()\n",
    "print(pi_str)\n",
    "print(len(pi_str))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Writing To A File"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open('programming.txt') as x:\n",
    "    con = x.read()\n",
    "    \n",
    "print(con)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "file_name = 'programming.txt'\n",
    "with open(file_name, 'w') as i:    #'w' means write and overwrite\n",
    "    i.write('Hi\\n')\n",
    "    i.write('I\\'m Syed Saad\\n')\n",
    "    i.write('PIAIC')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hi\n",
      "I'm Syed Saad\n",
      "PIAIC\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open('programming.txt') as x:\n",
    "    con = x.read()\n",
    "    \n",
    "print(con)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hi\n",
      "I'm Syed Saad\n",
      "PIAIC\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open(file_name, 'r+') as t:     #'r' means read and 'r+' means read & write\n",
    "    cont = t.read()\n",
    "    print(cont)\n",
    "    t.write('\\nOk')\n",
    "    cont2 = t.read()\n",
    "print(cont2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hi\n",
      "I'm Syed Saad\n",
      "PIAIC\n",
      "Ok\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open(file_name) as c:\n",
    "    con = c.read()\n",
    "    \n",
    "print(con)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hi\n",
      "I'm Syed Saad\n",
      "PIAIC\n",
      "Ok\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open(file_name, 'r') as x:\n",
    "    con = x.read()\n",
    "    \n",
    "print(con)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "with open(file_name, 'w') as x:\n",
    "    x.write('Hi')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hi\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open(file_name) as d:\n",
    "    cont = d.read()\n",
    "print(cont)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "with open(file_name, 'a') as q:     #'a' means append\n",
    "    q.write('Hi')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "HiHi\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open(file_name) as b:\n",
    "    cont = b.read()\n",
    "print(cont)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "with open(file_name, 'a') as q:     #'a' means append\n",
    "    q.write('\\tOk, By')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "HiHi\tOk, By\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open(file_name) as b:\n",
    "    cont = b.read()\n",
    "print(cont)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "This is HiHi\tOk, By\n",
      "This is \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "st = open(file_name, 'r+')\n",
    "c = st.read()\n",
    "print('This is ' + c)\n",
    "\n",
    "st.write('Saad')\n",
    "v = st.read()\n",
    "print('This is ' + v)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "HiHi\tOk, BySaad\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open('programming.txt') as h:\n",
    "    cont = h.read()\n",
    "print(cont)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# CSV File"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import csv"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "While File Is Not In Root Folder"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "FileNotFoundError",
     "evalue": "[Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'abc.csv'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mFileNotFoundError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-50-ce9e6477f0f3>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[1;32mwith\u001b[0m \u001b[0mopen\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'abc.csv'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0mi\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mcsv\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mreader\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mi\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      3\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mFileNotFoundError\u001b[0m: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'abc.csv'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open('abc.csv') as i:\n",
    "    x = csv.reader(i)\n",
    "    print(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Reading A File"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<_csv.reader object at 0x000001586E42ECE0>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open('abc.csv') as i:\n",
    "    x = csv.reader(i)\n",
    "    print(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[['Hi'], ['Syed'], ['Saad'], ['Here']]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open('abc.csv') as i:\n",
    "    x = csv.reader(i)\n",
    "    y = []\n",
    "    for s in x:\n",
    "        y.append(s)\n",
    "print(y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<_csv.reader object at 0x000001586E2CB3F0>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open('xyz.csv', 'w') as q:\n",
    "    x = csv.reader(q)\n",
    "    print(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['Hi']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open('xyz.csv') as i:\n",
    "    x = csv.reader(i)\n",
    "    for d in x:\n",
    "        print(d)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Writing And Creating A File"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "'w' Means Overwrite"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "with open('whatever.csv', 'w', newline='') as f:\n",
    "    data = csv.writer(f, delimiter = ',')\n",
    "    data.writerow(['Year', 'Event', 'Winner'])\n",
    "    data.writerow(['2006', 'World Cup', 'Burkina Faso'])\n",
    "    data.writerow(['2012', 'Coffee Cup', 'Brazil'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['Year', 'Event', 'Winner']\n",
      "['2006', 'World Cup', 'Burkina Faso']\n",
      "['2012', 'Coffee Cup', 'Brazil']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open('whatever.csv') as i:\n",
    "    x = csv.reader(i)\n",
    "    for d in x:\n",
    "        print(d)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "'a' Means Append"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "with open('whatever.csv', 'a', newline='') as f:\n",
    "    data = csv.writer(f, delimiter = ',')\n",
    "    data.writerow(['Year', 'Event', 'Winner'])\n",
    "    data.writerow(['2006', 'World Cup', 'Burkina Faso'])\n",
    "    data.writerow(['2012', 'Coffee Cup', 'Brazil'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['Year', 'Event', 'Winner']\n",
      "['2006', 'World Cup', 'Burkina Faso']\n",
      "['2012', 'Coffee Cup', 'Brazil']\n",
      "['Year', 'Event', 'Winner']\n",
      "['2006', 'World Cup', 'Burkina Faso']\n",
      "['2012', 'Coffee Cup', 'Brazil']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open('whatever.csv') as i:\n",
    "    x = csv.reader(i)\n",
    "    for d in x:\n",
    "        print(d)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "with open('whatever.csv', 'w', newline='') as f:\n",
    "    data = csv.writer(f, delimiter = ',')\n",
    "    data.writerow(['Year', 'Event', 'Winner'])\n",
    "    data.writerow(['2006', 'World Cup', 'Burkina Faso'])\n",
    "    data.writerow(['2012', 'Coffee Cup', 'Brazil'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['Year', 'Event', 'Winner']\n",
      "['2006', 'World Cup', 'Burkina Faso']\n",
      "['2012', 'Coffee Cup', 'Brazil']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open('whatever.csv') as i:\n",
    "    x = csv.reader(i)\n",
    "    for d in x:\n",
    "        print(d)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# JSON File"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import json"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "alphabet_letters = ['a','b','c','d','e']\n",
    "with open('alphabet_list.json', 'w') as f:\n",
    "    json.dump(alphabet_letters, f)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']\n",
      "a\n",
      "b\n",
      "c\n",
      "d\n",
      "e\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open('alphabet_list.json') as f:\n",
    "    x = json.load(f)\n",
    "    print(x)\n",
    "    for i in x:\n",
    "        print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "customer021 = {'First Name': \"Syed\",\n",
    "               'Last Name': \"Saad\",\n",
    "               'Address': \"House # L-1, Sec. 1\"}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "with open('abc.json', 'w') as f:\n",
    "    json.dump(customer021, f)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "{'First Name': 'Syed', 'Last Name': 'Saad', 'Address': 'House # L-1, Sec. 1'}\n",
      "First Name Syed\n",
      "Last Name Saad\n",
      "Address House # L-1, Sec. 1\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open('abc.json') as f:\n",
    "    x = json.load(f)\n",
    "    print(x)\n",
    "    for s,b in x.items():\n",
    "        print(s,b)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter Yes To Quit no\n",
      "Enter Your First Name: Syed\n",
      "Enter Your Last Name: Saad\n",
      "Enter Your Address: L-4 Sec.5\n",
      "Data Posted \n",
      "Enter Yes To Quit yes\n",
      "Data Posted \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "flag = True\n",
    "while flag:\n",
    "    user_input = input('Enter Yes To Quit ').lower()\n",
    "    if user_input == 'yes':\n",
    "        flag = False\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        data = {'First Name: ': input('Enter Your First Name: '),\n",
    "               'Last Name: ': input('Enter Your Last Name: '),\n",
    "               'Address: ': input('Enter Your Address: ')}\n",
    "        \n",
    "    with open('xyz.json', 'a') as f:\n",
    "        json.dump(data, f)\n",
    "    print('Data Posted ')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# List Comprehension"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "nums = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]\n",
    "nlist = []\n",
    "for num in nums:\n",
    "    nlist.append(num**2)\n",
    "    \n",
    "print(nlist)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "[num**2 for num in range(1,9)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = [num**2 for num in [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]]\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import MyMath"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2+2=4\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "MyMath.add(2,2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "5-3=2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "MyMath.sub(5,3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "3*2=6\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "MyMath.mul(3,2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "16/4=4.0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "MyMath.div(16,4)"
   ]
  }
 ],
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