diff --git a/taichi/codegen/codegen.cpp b/taichi/codegen/codegen.cpp
index bf051e5894f40..b8cccd81630ca 100644
--- a/taichi/codegen/codegen.cpp
+++ b/taichi/codegen/codegen.cpp
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 #if defined(TI_WITH_LLVM)
 #include "taichi/codegen/cpu/codegen_cpu.h"
 #include "taichi/codegen/wasm/codegen_wasm.h"
+#include "taichi/runtime/llvm/llvm_offline_cache.h"
+#include "taichi/runtime/program_impls/llvm/llvm_program.h"
 #endif
 #if defined(TI_WITH_CUDA)
 #include "taichi/codegen/cuda/codegen_cuda.h"
@@ -53,6 +55,34 @@ std::unique_ptr<KernelCodeGen> KernelCodeGen::create(Arch arch,
 }
 #ifdef TI_WITH_LLVM
 
+bool KernelCodeGen::maybe_read_compilation_from_cache(
+    const std::string &kernel_key,
+    std::vector<LLVMCompiledData> &data) {
+  const auto &config = prog->config;
+  auto reader =
+      LlvmOfflineCacheFileReader::make(config.offline_cache_file_path);
+  if (!reader) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  LlvmOfflineCache::KernelCacheData cache_data;
+  auto *tlctx = get_llvm_program(prog)->get_llvm_context(config.arch);
+  auto &llvm_ctx = *tlctx->get_this_thread_context();
+
+  if (!reader->get_kernel_cache(cache_data, kernel_key, llvm_ctx)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  data.swap(cache_data.compiled_data_list);
+  kernel->set_from_offline_cache();
+  return true;
+}
+
+void KernelCodeGen::cache_module(const std::string &kernel_key,
+                                 const std::vector<LLVMCompiledData> &data) {
+  get_llvm_program(prog)->cache_kernel(kernel_key, data,
+                                       infer_launch_args(kernel));
+}
+
 ModuleToFunctionConverter::ModuleToFunctionConverter(
     TaichiLLVMContext *tlctx,
     LlvmRuntimeExecutor *executor)
diff --git a/taichi/codegen/codegen.h b/taichi/codegen/codegen.h
index bda8e0a203c5c..6dbeb21060637 100644
--- a/taichi/codegen/codegen.h
+++ b/taichi/codegen/codegen.h
@@ -28,12 +28,20 @@ class KernelCodeGen {
                                                Stmt *stmt = nullptr);
 
   virtual FunctionType codegen() = 0;
+  virtual bool supports_offline_cache() const {
+    return false;
+  }
+
 #ifdef TI_WITH_LLVM
   virtual LLVMCompiledData modulegen(
       std::unique_ptr<llvm::Module> &&module = nullptr,
       OffloadedStmt *stmt = nullptr) {
     TI_NOT_IMPLEMENTED
   }
+  bool maybe_read_compilation_from_cache(const std::string &kernel_key,
+                                         std::vector<LLVMCompiledData> &data);
+  void cache_module(const std::string &kernel_key,
+                    const std::vector<LLVMCompiledData> &data);
 #endif
 };
 
diff --git a/taichi/codegen/cpu/codegen_cpu.cpp b/taichi/codegen/cpu/codegen_cpu.cpp
index 75428471246ab..245596cf57ce7 100644
--- a/taichi/codegen/cpu/codegen_cpu.cpp
+++ b/taichi/codegen/cpu/codegen_cpu.cpp
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@
 #include "taichi/ir/ir.h"
 #include "taichi/ir/statements.h"
 #include "taichi/util/statistics.h"
-
+#include "taichi/ir/transforms.h"
+#include "taichi/ir/analysis.h"
+#include "taichi/analysis/offline_cache_util.h"
 TLANG_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
 namespace {
@@ -22,10 +24,6 @@ class CodeGenLLVMCPU : public CodeGenLLVM {
     TI_AUTO_PROF
   }
 
-  bool supports_offline_cache() const override {
-    return true;
-  }
-
   void create_offload_range_for(OffloadedStmt *stmt) override {
     int step = 1;
 
@@ -221,16 +219,6 @@ class CodeGenLLVMCPU : public CodeGenLLVM {
       TI_NOT_IMPLEMENTED
     }
   }
-
-  FunctionType gen() override {
-    auto compiled_res = run_compilation();
-
-    CPUModuleToFunctionConverter converter{
-        tlctx, get_llvm_program(prog)->get_runtime_executor()};
-    std::vector<LLVMCompiledData> data;
-    data.push_back(std::move(compiled_res));
-    return converter.convert(kernel, std::move(data));
-  }
 };
 
 }  // namespace
@@ -286,11 +274,45 @@ FunctionType CPUModuleToFunctionConverter::convert(
   };
 }
 
+LLVMCompiledData CodeGenCPU::modulegen(std::unique_ptr<llvm::Module> &&module,
+                                       OffloadedStmt *stmt) {
+  CodeGenLLVMCPU gen(kernel, stmt);
+  return gen.run_compilation();
+}
 #endif  // TI_WITH_LLVM
 
 FunctionType CodeGenCPU::codegen() {
   TI_AUTO_PROF;
-  return CodeGenLLVMCPU(kernel, ir).gen();
-}
+  auto *llvm_prog = get_llvm_program(prog);
+  auto *tlctx = llvm_prog->get_llvm_context(kernel->arch);
+  auto &config = prog->config;
+  std::string kernel_key = get_hashed_offline_cache_key(&config, kernel);
+  kernel->set_kernel_key_for_cache(kernel_key);
+  if (config.offline_cache && !config.async_mode &&
+      this->supports_offline_cache() && !kernel->is_evaluator) {
+    std::vector<LLVMCompiledData> res;
+    const bool ok = maybe_read_compilation_from_cache(kernel_key, res);
+    if (ok) {
+      CPUModuleToFunctionConverter converter(
+          tlctx, get_llvm_program(prog)->get_runtime_executor());
+      return converter.convert(kernel, std::move(res));
+    }
+  }
+  if (!kernel->lowered()) {
+    kernel->lower(/*to_executable=*/false);
+  }
+
+  CodeGenLLVMCPU gen(kernel, ir);
+  auto compiled_res = gen.run_compilation();
 
+  CPUModuleToFunctionConverter converter{gen.tlctx,
+                                         llvm_prog->get_runtime_executor()};
+  std::vector<LLVMCompiledData> data_list;
+  data_list.push_back(std::move(compiled_res));
+  if (!kernel->is_evaluator) {
+    cache_module(kernel_key, data_list);
+  }
+
+  return converter.convert(this->kernel, std::move(data_list));
+}
 TLANG_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/taichi/codegen/cpu/codegen_cpu.h b/taichi/codegen/cpu/codegen_cpu.h
index 7aa0369a29d23..6cf2b728c8c02 100644
--- a/taichi/codegen/cpu/codegen_cpu.h
+++ b/taichi/codegen/cpu/codegen_cpu.h
@@ -20,6 +20,12 @@ class CodeGenCPU : public KernelCodeGen {
                                                         IRNode *ir);
 #endif  // TI_WITH_LLVM
 
+  bool supports_offline_cache() const override {
+    return true;
+  }
+  LLVMCompiledData modulegen(std::unique_ptr<llvm::Module> &&module = nullptr,
+                             OffloadedStmt *stmt = nullptr) override;
+
   FunctionType codegen() override;
 };
 
diff --git a/taichi/codegen/cuda/codegen_cuda.cpp b/taichi/codegen/cuda/codegen_cuda.cpp
index b35017ef795c3..140ff8e740c4e 100644
--- a/taichi/codegen/cuda/codegen_cuda.cpp
+++ b/taichi/codegen/cuda/codegen_cuda.cpp
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #include "taichi/rhi/cuda/cuda_context.h"
 #include "taichi/runtime/program_impls/llvm/llvm_program.h"
 #include "taichi/util/action_recorder.h"
-
+#include "taichi/analysis/offline_cache_util.h"
 TLANG_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
 using namespace llvm;
@@ -31,21 +31,6 @@ class CodeGenLLVMCUDA : public CodeGenLLVM {
       : CodeGenLLVM(kernel, ir) {
   }
 
-  bool supports_offline_cache() const override {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  FunctionType gen() override {
-    auto compiled_res = run_compilation();
-
-    auto *llvm_prog = get_llvm_program(kernel->program);
-    CUDAModuleToFunctionConverter converter{tlctx,
-                                            llvm_prog->get_runtime_executor()};
-    std::vector<LLVMCompiledData> data;
-    data.push_back(std::move(compiled_res));
-    return converter.convert(this->kernel, std::move(data));
-  }
-
   llvm::Value *create_print(std::string tag,
                             DataType dt,
                             llvm::Value *value) override {
@@ -737,7 +722,38 @@ static void set_arg_external_array(RuntimeContext *ctx,
 
 FunctionType CodeGenCUDA::codegen() {
   TI_AUTO_PROF
-  return CodeGenLLVMCUDA(kernel, ir).gen();
+  // TODO: move the offline cache part to the base class
+  auto *llvm_prog = get_llvm_program(prog);
+  auto *tlctx = llvm_prog->get_llvm_context(kernel->arch);
+  auto &config = prog->config;
+  std::string kernel_key = get_hashed_offline_cache_key(&config, kernel);
+  kernel->set_kernel_key_for_cache(kernel_key);
+  if (config.offline_cache && !config.async_mode &&
+      this->supports_offline_cache() && !kernel->is_evaluator) {
+    std::vector<LLVMCompiledData> res;
+    const bool ok = maybe_read_compilation_from_cache(kernel_key, res);
+    if (ok) {
+      CUDAModuleToFunctionConverter converter(
+          tlctx, get_llvm_program(prog)->get_runtime_executor());
+      return converter.convert(kernel, std::move(res));
+    }
+  }
+  if (!kernel->lowered()) {
+    kernel->lower(/*to_executable=*/false);
+  }
+
+  CodeGenLLVMCUDA gen(kernel, ir);
+  auto compiled_res = gen.run_compilation();
+
+  CUDAModuleToFunctionConverter converter{gen.tlctx,
+                                          llvm_prog->get_runtime_executor()};
+  std::vector<LLVMCompiledData> data_list;
+  data_list.push_back(std::move(compiled_res));
+  if (!kernel->is_evaluator) {
+    cache_module(kernel_key, data_list);
+  }
+
+  return converter.convert(this->kernel, std::move(data_list));
 }
 
 FunctionType CUDAModuleToFunctionConverter::convert(
diff --git a/taichi/codegen/cuda/codegen_cuda.h b/taichi/codegen/cuda/codegen_cuda.h
index ab1a47f4baceb..4cac2d4f40227 100644
--- a/taichi/codegen/cuda/codegen_cuda.h
+++ b/taichi/codegen/cuda/codegen_cuda.h
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ class CodeGenCUDA : public KernelCodeGen {
                                                         IRNode *ir);
 #endif  // TI_WITH_LLVM
 
+  bool supports_offline_cache() const override {
+    return true;
+  }
+
   FunctionType codegen() override;
 };
 
diff --git a/taichi/codegen/llvm/codegen_llvm.cpp b/taichi/codegen/llvm/codegen_llvm.cpp
index 1b033660ef6a1..f8e7cbc5d13a3 100644
--- a/taichi/codegen/llvm/codegen_llvm.cpp
+++ b/taichi/codegen/llvm/codegen_llvm.cpp
@@ -2547,58 +2547,15 @@ void CodeGenLLVM::emit_to_module() {
 }
 
 LLVMCompiledData CodeGenLLVM::run_compilation() {
-  const auto &config = prog->config;
-  std::string kernel_key =
-      get_hashed_offline_cache_key(&kernel->program->config, kernel);
-  kernel->set_kernel_key_for_cache(kernel_key);
-  if (config.offline_cache && !config.async_mode &&
-      this->supports_offline_cache() && !kernel->is_evaluator) {
-    LLVMCompiledData res;
-    const bool ok = maybe_read_compilation_from_cache(kernel_key, &res);
-    if (ok) {
-      return res;
-    }
-  }
+  // Final lowering
+
+  auto config = kernel->program->config;
+  kernel->offload_to_executable(ir);
 
-  if (!kernel->lowered()) {
-    kernel->lower();
-  }
   emit_to_module();
   eliminate_unused_functions();
 
-  // Updates LlvmProgramImpl->cache_data_ to save the compiled kernel
-  // information for successive uses in AOT or CGraph.
-  if (!kernel->is_evaluator) {
-    cache_module(kernel_key);
-  }
-
-  LLVMCompiledData res;
-  res.tasks = std::move(this->offloaded_tasks);
-  res.module = std::move(this->module);
-  return res;
-}
-
-bool CodeGenLLVM::maybe_read_compilation_from_cache(
-    const std::string &kernel_key,
-    LLVMCompiledData *data) {
-  const auto &config = prog->config;
-  auto reader =
-      LlvmOfflineCacheFileReader::make(config.offline_cache_file_path);
-  if (!reader) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  LlvmOfflineCache::KernelCacheData cache_data;
-  auto *tlctx = get_llvm_program(prog)->get_llvm_context(config.arch);
-  auto &llvm_ctx = *tlctx->get_this_thread_context();
-
-  if (!reader->get_kernel_cache(cache_data, kernel_key, llvm_ctx)) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  data->tasks = std::move(cache_data.compiled_data_list[0].tasks);
-  data->module = std::move(cache_data.compiled_data_list[0].module);
-  kernel->set_from_offline_cache();
-  return true;
+  return {std::move(this->offloaded_tasks), std::move(this->module)};
 }
 
 llvm::Value *CodeGenLLVM::create_xlogue(std::unique_ptr<Block> &block) {
@@ -2672,13 +2629,6 @@ void CodeGenLLVM::visit(FuncCallStmt *stmt) {
   }
 }
 
-void CodeGenLLVM::cache_module(const std::string &kernel_key) {
-  std::vector<LLVMCompiledData> data;
-  data.emplace_back(offloaded_tasks, llvm::CloneModule(*module));
-  get_llvm_program(prog)->cache_kernel(kernel_key, data,
-                                       infer_launch_args(kernel));
-}
-
 LLVMCompiledData LLVMCompiledData::clone() const {
   return {tasks, llvm::CloneModule(*module)};
 }
diff --git a/taichi/codegen/llvm/codegen_llvm.h b/taichi/codegen/llvm/codegen_llvm.h
index 3b2328e7b594e..6c05a6f5e117f 100644
--- a/taichi/codegen/llvm/codegen_llvm.h
+++ b/taichi/codegen/llvm/codegen_llvm.h
@@ -139,15 +139,7 @@ class CodeGenLLVM : public IRVisitor, public LLVMModuleBuilder {
    *
    * @return LLVMCompiledData
    */
-  LLVMCompiledData run_compilation();
-
-  // TODO: This function relies largely on `run_compilation()`. Name it better.
-  virtual FunctionType gen(){TI_NOT_IMPLEMENTED};
-
-  virtual bool supports_offline_cache() const {
-    return false;
-  }
-
+  virtual LLVMCompiledData run_compilation();
   // For debugging only
   virtual llvm::Value *create_print(std::string tag,
                                     DataType dt,
@@ -429,12 +421,6 @@ class CodeGenLLVM : public IRVisitor, public LLVMModuleBuilder {
   llvm::Value *bitcast_to_u64(llvm::Value *val, DataType type);
 
   ~CodeGenLLVM() override = default;
-
- private:
-  bool maybe_read_compilation_from_cache(const std::string &kernel_key,
-                                         LLVMCompiledData *data);
-
-  void cache_module(const std::string &kernel_key);
 };
 
 }  // namespace lang
diff --git a/taichi/codegen/wasm/codegen_wasm.cpp b/taichi/codegen/wasm/codegen_wasm.cpp
index 46c7f29df65e7..0b92c03cd571f 100644
--- a/taichi/codegen/wasm/codegen_wasm.cpp
+++ b/taichi/codegen/wasm/codegen_wasm.cpp
@@ -215,8 +215,7 @@ class CodeGenLLVMWASM : public CodeGenLLVM {
     TI_ASSERT(!llvm::verifyFunction(*func, &llvm::errs()));
   }
 
-  FunctionType gen() override {
-    TI_AUTO_PROF
+  LLVMCompiledData run_compilation() override {
     // lower kernel
     if (!kernel->lowered()) {
       kernel->lower();
@@ -236,19 +235,24 @@ class CodeGenLLVMWASM : public CodeGenLLVM {
           }
           return func_name == offloaded_task_name;
         });
-    tlctx->add_module(std::move(module));
-    auto kernel_symbol = tlctx->lookup_function_pointer(offloaded_task_name);
-    return [=](RuntimeContext &context) {
-      TI_TRACE("Launching Taichi Kernel Function");
-      auto func = (int32(*)(void *))kernel_symbol;
-      func(&context);
-    };
+    LLVMCompiledData res;
+    res.tasks.emplace_back(offloaded_task_name);
+    res.module = std::move(this->module);
+    return res;
   }
 };
 
 FunctionType CodeGenWASM::codegen() {
   TI_AUTO_PROF
-  return CodeGenLLVMWASM(kernel, ir).gen();
+  CodeGenLLVMWASM gen(kernel, ir);
+  auto res = gen.run_compilation();
+  gen.tlctx->add_module(std::move(res.module));
+  auto kernel_symbol = gen.tlctx->lookup_function_pointer(res.tasks[0].name);
+  return [=](RuntimeContext &context) {
+    TI_TRACE("Launching Taichi Kernel Function");
+    auto func = (int32(*)(void *))kernel_symbol;
+    func(&context);
+  };
 }
 
 LLVMCompiledData CodeGenWASM::modulegen(std::unique_ptr<llvm::Module> &&module,
diff --git a/taichi/program/kernel.cpp b/taichi/program/kernel.cpp
index a608315d40c5f..92e050af1a57f 100644
--- a/taichi/program/kernel.cpp
+++ b/taichi/program/kernel.cpp
@@ -454,4 +454,20 @@ bool Kernel::supports_lowering(Arch arch) {
   return arch_is_cpu(arch) || (arch == Arch::cuda) || (arch == Arch::metal);
 }
 
+void Kernel::offload_to_executable(IRNode *stmt) {
+  CurrentCallableGuard _(program, this);
+  auto config = program->config;
+  bool verbose = config.print_ir;
+  if ((is_accessor && !config.print_accessor_ir) ||
+      (is_evaluator && !config.print_evaluator_ir))
+    verbose = false;
+  irpass::offload_to_executable(
+      stmt, config, this, verbose,
+      /*determine_ad_stack_size=*/autodiff_mode == AutodiffMode::kReverse,
+      /*lower_global_access=*/true,
+      /*make_block_local=*/config.make_thread_local,
+      /*make_block_local=*/
+      is_extension_supported(config.arch, Extension::bls) &&
+          config.make_block_local);
+}
 TLANG_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/taichi/program/kernel.h b/taichi/program/kernel.h
index ffac88a969a57..3311e5e22ec43 100644
--- a/taichi/program/kernel.h
+++ b/taichi/program/kernel.h
@@ -148,6 +148,7 @@ class TI_DLL_EXPORT Kernel : public Callable {
   const std::string &get_cached_kernel_key() {
     return kernel_key_;
   }
+  void offload_to_executable(IRNode *stmt);
 
  private:
   void init(Program &program,