diff --git a/sdk/common/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/Attributes.scala b/sdk/common/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/Attributes.scala
index 7a70e7e14..32783439c 100644
--- a/sdk/common/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/Attributes.scala
+++ b/sdk/common/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/Attributes.scala
@@ -16,9 +16,7 @@
 
 package org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk
 
-import cats.Applicative
 import cats.Hash
-import cats.Monad
 import cats.Monoid
 import cats.Show
 import cats.implicits._
@@ -26,12 +24,15 @@ import org.typelevel.otel4s.Attribute
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.Attribute.KeySelect
 import org.typelevel.otel4s.AttributeKey
 
+import scala.collection.SpecificIterableFactory
+import scala.collection.mutable
+
 /** An immutable collection of [[Attribute]]s. It contains only unique keys.
   *
   * @see
   *   [[https://opentelemetry.io/docs/specs/otel/common/#attribute-collections]]
   */
-sealed trait Attributes {
+sealed trait Attributes extends Iterable[Attribute[_]] {
 
   /** Returns an attribute for the given attribute name, or `None` if not found.
     */
@@ -41,31 +42,10 @@ sealed trait Attributes {
     */
   def get[T](key: AttributeKey[T]): Option[Attribute[T]]
 
-  /** Whether the attributes collection is empty or not.
-    */
-  def isEmpty: Boolean
-
-  /** The size of the attributes collection.
-    */
-  def size: Int
-
   /** Whether this attributes collection contains the given key.
     */
   def contains(key: AttributeKey[_]): Boolean
 
-  /** Applies an operation to each attribute and accumulates the results from
-    * left to right.
-    */
-  def foldLeft[F[_]: Monad, B](z: B)(f: (B, Attribute[_]) => F[B]): F[B]
-
-  /** Checks if the given predicate holds for all attributes in the collection.
-    */
-  def forall[F[_]: Monad](p: Attribute[_] => F[Boolean]): F[Boolean]
-
-  /** Applies the given operation to each attribute in the collection.
-    */
-  def foreach[F[_]: Applicative](f: Attribute[_] => F[Unit]): F[Unit]
-
   /** Returns the `Map` representation of the attributes collection.
     */
   def toMap: Map[AttributeKey[_], Attribute[_]]
@@ -87,55 +67,8 @@ sealed trait Attributes {
     Show[Attributes].show(this)
 }
 
-object Attributes {
-
-  /** A '''mutable''' builder of [[Attributes]].
-    */
-  sealed trait Builder {
-
-    /** Adds the given `attribute` to the builder.
-      *
-      * @note
-      *   if the key of the given `attribute` is already present in the builder,
-      *   the value will be overwritten with the corresponding given attribute.
-      *
-      * @param attribute
-      *   the attribute to add
-      */
-    def addOne[A](attribute: Attribute[A]): Builder
-
-    /** Adds the attribute with the given `key` and `value` to the builder.
-      *
-      * @note
-      *   if the given `key` is already present in the builder, the value will
-      *   be overwritten with the given `value`.
-      *
-      * @param key
-      *   the key of the attribute. Denotes the types of the `value`
-      *
-      * @param value
-      *   the value of the attribute
-      */
-    def addOne[A](key: AttributeKey[A], value: A): Builder
-
-    /** Adds the given `attributes` to the builder.
-      *
-      * @note
-      *   if the keys of the given `attributes` are already present in the
-      *   builder, the values will be overwritten with the corresponding given
-      *   attributes.
-      *
-      * @param attributes
-      *   the attributes to add
-      */
-    def addAll(attributes: Attributes): Builder
-
-    /** Creates [[Attributes]] with the attributes of this builder.
-      */
-    def result(): Attributes
-  }
-
-  val Empty: Attributes = new MapAttributes(Map.empty)
+object Attributes extends SpecificIterableFactory[Attribute[_], Attributes] {
+  private val Empty = new MapAttributes(Map.empty)
 
   /** Creates [[Attributes]] with the given `attributes`.
     *
@@ -146,10 +79,18 @@ object Attributes {
     * @param attributes
     *   the attributes to use
     */
-  def apply(attributes: Attribute[_]*): Attributes =
-    fromIterable(attributes)
+  override def apply(attributes: Attribute[_]*): Attributes =
+    fromSpecific(attributes)
 
-  /** Creates [[Attributes]] from the given collection of `attributes`.
+  /** Creates an empty [[Builder]] of [[Attributes]].
+    */
+  def newBuilder: Builder = new Builder
+
+  /** Returns empty [[Attributes]].
+    */
+  def empty: Attributes = Empty
+
+  /** Creates [[Attributes]] from the given collection.
     *
     * @note
     *   if there are duplicated keys in the given `attributes`, only the last
@@ -158,13 +99,11 @@ object Attributes {
     * @param attributes
     *   the attributes to use
     */
-  def fromIterable(attributes: Iterable[Attribute[_]]): Attributes = {
-    val builder = Map.newBuilder[AttributeKey[_], Attribute[_]]
-    attributes.foreach { a =>
-      builder += (a.key -> a)
+  def fromSpecific(attributes: IterableOnce[Attribute[_]]): Attributes =
+    attributes match {
+      case a: Attributes => a
+      case other         => (newBuilder ++= other).result()
     }
-    new MapAttributes(builder.result())
-  }
 
   /** Creates [[Attributes]] from the given map of `attributes`.
     *
@@ -174,11 +113,6 @@ object Attributes {
   def fromMap(attributes: Map[AttributeKey[_], Attribute[_]]): Attributes =
     new MapAttributes(attributes)
 
-  /** Creates an empty [[Builder]] of [[Attributes]].
-    */
-  def builder: Builder =
-    new MutableBuilder
-
   implicit val showAttributes: Show[Attributes] = Show.show { attributes =>
     attributes.toList
       .map(a => show"$a")
@@ -197,6 +131,72 @@ object Attributes {
         else new MapAttributes(x.toMap ++ y.toMap)
     }
 
+  /** A '''mutable''' builder of [[Attributes]].
+    */
+  final class Builder extends mutable.Builder[Attribute[_], Attributes] {
+    private val builder = Map.newBuilder[AttributeKey[_], Attribute[_]]
+
+    /** Adds the attribute with the given `key` and `value` to the builder.
+      *
+      * @note
+      *   if the given `key` is already present in the builder, the value will
+      *   be overwritten with the given `value`.
+      *
+      * @param key
+      *   the key of the attribute. Denotes the types of the `value`
+      *
+      * @param value
+      *   the value of the attribute
+      */
+    def addOne[A](key: AttributeKey[A], value: A): this.type = {
+      builder.addOne((key, Attribute(key, value)))
+      this
+    }
+
+    /** Adds the given `attribute` to the builder.
+      *
+      * @note
+      *   if the key of the given `attribute` is already present in the builder,
+      *   the value will be overwritten with the corresponding given attribute.
+      *
+      * @param attribute
+      *   the attribute to add
+      */
+    def addOne(attribute: Attribute[_]): this.type = {
+      builder.addOne((attribute.key, attribute))
+      this
+    }
+
+    /** Adds the given `attributes` to the builder.
+      *
+      * @note
+      *   if the keys of the given `attributes` are already present in the
+      *   builder, the values will be overwritten with the corresponding given
+      *   attributes.
+      *
+      * @param attributes
+      *   the attributes to add
+      */
+    override def addAll(attributes: IterableOnce[Attribute[_]]): this.type = {
+      attributes match {
+        case a: Attributes => builder.addAll(a.toMap)
+        case other         => super.addAll(other)
+      }
+      this
+    }
+
+    override def sizeHint(size: Int): Unit =
+      builder.sizeHint(size)
+
+    def clear(): Unit =
+      builder.clear()
+
+    /** Creates [[Attributes]] with the attributes of this builder.
+      */
+    def result(): Attributes =
+      new MapAttributes(builder.result())
+  }
+
   private final class MapAttributes(
       private val m: Map[AttributeKey[_], Attribute[_]]
   ) extends Attributes {
@@ -208,50 +208,24 @@ object Attributes {
     def get[T](key: AttributeKey[T]): Option[Attribute[T]] =
       m.get(key).map(_.asInstanceOf[Attribute[T]])
 
-    def isEmpty: Boolean = m.isEmpty
-
-    def size: Int = m.size
-
     def contains(key: AttributeKey[_]): Boolean = m.contains(key)
-
-    def foldLeft[F[_]: Monad, B](z: B)(f: (B, Attribute[_]) => F[B]): F[B] =
-      m.foldLeft(Monad[F].pure(z)) { (acc, v) =>
-        acc.flatMap(b => f(b, v._2))
-      }
-
-    def forall[F[_]: Monad](p: Attribute[_] => F[Boolean]): F[Boolean] =
-      foldLeft(true) { (b, a) =>
-        if (b) p(a).map(b && _)
-        else Monad[F].pure(false)
-      }
-
-    def foreach[F[_]: Applicative](f: Attribute[_] => F[Unit]): F[Unit] =
-      m.foldLeft(Applicative[F].unit)((acc, v) => acc *> f(v._2))
-
     def toMap: Map[AttributeKey[_], Attribute[_]] = m
-
-    def toList: List[Attribute[_]] = m.values.toList
+    def iterator: Iterator[Attribute[_]] = m.valuesIterator
+
+    override def isEmpty: Boolean = m.isEmpty
+    override def size: Int = m.size
+    override def knownSize: Int = m.knownSize
+    override def empty: Attributes = Attributes.empty
+    override def toList: List[Attribute[_]] = m.values.toList
+
+    override protected def fromSpecific(
+        coll: IterableOnce[Attribute[_]]
+    ): Attributes =
+      Attributes.fromSpecific(coll)
+
+    override protected def newSpecificBuilder
+        : mutable.Builder[Attribute[_], Attributes] =
+      Attributes.newBuilder
   }
 
-  private final class MutableBuilder extends Builder {
-    private val builder = Map.newBuilder[AttributeKey[_], Attribute[_]]
-
-    def addOne[A](attribute: Attribute[A]): Builder = {
-      val _ = builder.addOne((attribute.key, attribute))
-      this
-    }
-
-    def addOne[A](key: AttributeKey[A], value: A): Builder = {
-      val _ = builder.addOne((key, Attribute(key, value)))
-      this
-    }
-
-    def addAll(attributes: Attributes): Builder = {
-      val _ = builder.addAll(attributes.toMap)
-      this
-    }
-
-    def result(): Attributes =
-      new MapAttributes(builder.result())
-  }
 }
diff --git a/sdk/common/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/Resource.scala b/sdk/common/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/Resource.scala
index 3547b19ed..a9819af3a 100644
--- a/sdk/common/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/Resource.scala
+++ b/sdk/common/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/Resource.scala
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ object Resource {
     * @return
     *   an empty [[Resource]].
     */
-  val Empty: Resource = Resource(Attributes.Empty)
+  val Empty: Resource = Resource(Attributes.empty)
 
   private val TelemetrySdk: Resource = Resource(
     Attributes(
diff --git a/sdk/common/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/common/InstrumentationScope.scala b/sdk/common/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/common/InstrumentationScope.scala
index ee2b43927..093203c53 100644
--- a/sdk/common/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/common/InstrumentationScope.scala
+++ b/sdk/common/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/common/InstrumentationScope.scala
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ object InstrumentationScope {
   }
 
   private val Empty: InstrumentationScope =
-    apply("", None, None, Attributes.Empty)
+    apply("", None, None, Attributes.empty)
 
   /** An empty [[InstrumentationScope]] */
   def empty: InstrumentationScope = Empty
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ object InstrumentationScope {
     *   the name of the instrumentation scope
     */
   def builder(name: String): Builder =
-    ScopeImpl(name, None, None, Attributes.Empty)
+    ScopeImpl(name, None, None, Attributes.empty)
 
   /** Creates an [[InstrumentationScope]].
     *
diff --git a/sdk/common/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/AttributesProps.scala b/sdk/common/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/AttributesProps.scala
index e189b504b..3099e4742 100644
--- a/sdk/common/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/AttributesProps.scala
+++ b/sdk/common/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/AttributesProps.scala
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 package org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk
 
-import cats.Id
 import cats.Show
 import cats.syntax.semigroup._
 import munit.ScalaCheckSuite
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ class AttributesProps extends ScalaCheckSuite {
   property("Attributes#size is equal to the number of unique keys") {
     forAll(listOfAttributes) { attributes =>
       val keysSet = attributes.map(_.key).toSet
-      val attrs = Attributes(attributes: _*)
+      val attrs = Attributes.fromSpecific(attributes)
 
       keysSet.size == attrs.size
     }
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ class AttributesProps extends ScalaCheckSuite {
   property("Attributes#isEmpty is true when there are no attributes") {
     forAll(listOfAttributes) { attributes =>
       val keysSet = attributes.map(_.key).toSet
-      val attrs = Attributes(attributes: _*)
+      val attrs = Attributes.fromSpecific(attributes)
 
       keysSet.isEmpty == attrs.isEmpty
     }
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ class AttributesProps extends ScalaCheckSuite {
   property("Attributes#contains is true when the key is present") {
     forAll(listOfAttributes) { attributes =>
       val keysSet = attributes.map(_.key).toSet
-      val attrs = Attributes(attributes: _*)
+      val attrs = Attributes.fromSpecific(attributes)
 
       keysSet.forall(attrs.contains)
     }
@@ -60,10 +59,10 @@ class AttributesProps extends ScalaCheckSuite {
 
   property("Attributes#foreach iterates over all attributes") {
     forAll(listOfAttributes) { attributes =>
-      val attrs = Attributes(attributes: _*)
+      val attrs = Attributes.fromSpecific(attributes)
 
       var count = 0
-      attrs.foreach[Id] { _ => count += 1 }
+      attrs.foreach(_ => count += 1)
 
       count == attrs.size
     }
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ class AttributesProps extends ScalaCheckSuite {
 
   property("Attributes#toList returns a list of all attributes") {
     forAll(listOfAttributes) { attributes =>
-      val attrs = Attributes(attributes: _*)
+      val attrs = Attributes.fromSpecific(attributes)
       val list = attrs.toList
 
       list.size == attrs.size && list.forall(a => attrs.contains(a.key))
@@ -80,10 +79,10 @@ class AttributesProps extends ScalaCheckSuite {
 
   property("Attributes#foldLeft folds over all attributes") {
     forAll(listOfAttributes) { attributes =>
-      val attrs = Attributes(attributes: _*)
+      val attrs = Attributes.fromSpecific(attributes)
       val list = attrs.toList
 
-      val folded = attrs.foldLeft[Id, Int](0) { (acc, _) => acc + 1 }
+      val folded = attrs.foldLeft[Int](0) { (acc, _) => acc + 1 }
 
       folded == list.size
     }
@@ -93,15 +92,15 @@ class AttributesProps extends ScalaCheckSuite {
     "Attributes#forall returns true when all attributes match the predicate"
   ) {
     forAll(listOfAttributes) { attributes =>
-      val attrs = Attributes(attributes: _*)
+      val attrs = Attributes.fromSpecific(attributes)
 
-      attrs.forall[Id](_ => true)
+      attrs.forall(_ => true)
     }
   }
 
   property("Attributes#toMap returns a map of all attributes") {
     forAll(listOfAttributes) { attributes =>
-      val attrs = Attributes(attributes: _*)
+      val attrs = Attributes.fromSpecific(attributes)
       val map = attrs.toMap
 
       map.size == attrs.size && map.forall { case (k, v) =>
diff --git a/sdk/common/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/ResourceProps.scala b/sdk/common/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/ResourceProps.scala
index 488016cb4..63a646bb1 100644
--- a/sdk/common/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/ResourceProps.scala
+++ b/sdk/common/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/ResourceProps.scala
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 package org.typelevel.otel4s.sdk
 
-import cats.Id
 import cats.Show
 import cats.syntax.show._
 import munit.ScalaCheckSuite
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ class ResourceProps extends ScalaCheckSuite {
           val keys =
             resource1.attributes.toMap.keySet ++ resource2.attributes.toMap.keySet
 
-          mergedAttrs.size == keys.size && mergedAttrs.forall[Id] { a =>
+          mergedAttrs.size == keys.size && mergedAttrs.forall { a =>
             resource2.attributes
               .get(a.key)
               .orElse(resource1.attributes.get(a.key))
diff --git a/sdk/common/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/ResourceSuite.scala b/sdk/common/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/ResourceSuite.scala
index de75cd99b..abfcd7693 100644
--- a/sdk/common/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/ResourceSuite.scala
+++ b/sdk/common/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/ResourceSuite.scala
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ class ResourceSuite extends FunSuite {
       expected: Either[ResourceInitiationError, Option[String]]
   ): Unit =
     assertEquals(
-      Resource(Attributes.Empty, leftSchemaUrl)
-        .mergeInto(Resource(Attributes.Empty, rightSchemaUrl))
+      Resource(Attributes.empty, leftSchemaUrl)
+        .mergeInto(Resource(Attributes.empty, rightSchemaUrl))
         .map(_.schemaUrl),
       expected
     )
diff --git a/sdk/common/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/common/InstrumentationScopeSuite.scala b/sdk/common/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/common/InstrumentationScopeSuite.scala
index 419fda2c1..3e337c91a 100644
--- a/sdk/common/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/common/InstrumentationScopeSuite.scala
+++ b/sdk/common/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/common/InstrumentationScopeSuite.scala
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class InstrumentationScopeSuite extends DisciplineSuite {
   }
 
   test("empty instance") {
-    val expected = InstrumentationScope("", None, None, Attributes.Empty)
+    val expected = InstrumentationScope("", None, None, Attributes.empty)
     assertEquals(InstrumentationScope.empty, expected)
   }
 
diff --git a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/data/EventData.scala b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/data/EventData.scala
index e43d5a99b..cdf78599f 100644
--- a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/data/EventData.scala
+++ b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/data/EventData.scala
@@ -105,19 +105,17 @@ object EventData {
       attributes: Attributes,
       escaped: Boolean
   ): EventData = {
-    import SemanticAttributes.ExceptionEscaped
-    import SemanticAttributes.ExceptionMessage
-    import SemanticAttributes.ExceptionStacktrace
-    import SemanticAttributes.ExceptionType
-
     val allAttributes = {
-      val builder = Attributes.builder
+      val builder = Attributes.newBuilder
 
-      builder.addOne(ExceptionType, exception.getClass.getName)
+      builder.addOne(
+        SemanticAttributes.ExceptionType,
+        exception.getClass.getName
+      )
 
       val message = exception.getMessage
       if (message != null) {
-        val _ = builder.addOne(ExceptionMessage, message)
+        builder.addOne(SemanticAttributes.ExceptionMessage, message)
       }
 
       if (exception.getStackTrace.nonEmpty) {
@@ -125,10 +123,13 @@ object EventData {
         val printWriter = new PrintWriter(stringWriter)
         exception.printStackTrace(printWriter)
 
-        val _ = builder.addOne(ExceptionStacktrace, stringWriter.toString)
+        builder.addOne(
+          SemanticAttributes.ExceptionStacktrace,
+          stringWriter.toString
+        )
       }
 
-      builder.addOne(ExceptionEscaped, escaped)
+      builder.addOne(SemanticAttributes.ExceptionEscaped, escaped)
       builder.addAll(attributes)
 
       builder.result()
diff --git a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/data/LinkData.scala b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/data/LinkData.scala
index 7abb9ebdf..d48d43ead 100644
--- a/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/data/LinkData.scala
+++ b/sdk/trace/src/main/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/data/LinkData.scala
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ object LinkData {
     *   the context of the span the link refers to
     */
   def apply(context: SpanContext): LinkData =
-    Impl(context, Attributes.Empty)
+    Impl(context, Attributes.empty)
 
   /** Creates a [[LinkData]] with the given `context`.
     *
diff --git a/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/Gens.scala b/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/Gens.scala
index c5a55c947..718885612 100644
--- a/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/Gens.scala
+++ b/sdk/trace/src/test/scala/org/typelevel/otel4s/sdk/trace/Gens.scala
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ object Gens {
   val attributes: Gen[Attributes] =
     for {
       attributes <- Gen.listOf(attribute)
-    } yield Attributes.fromIterable(attributes)
+    } yield Attributes.fromSpecific(attributes)
 
   val instrumentationScope: Gen[InstrumentationScope] =
     for {