diff --git a/.github/workflows/swift-integration.yml b/.github/workflows/swift-integration.yml
index 14f50e4e..b320ce6a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/swift-integration.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/swift-integration.yml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
         xcode-version: '14.3.1'
     - uses: actions/checkout@v3
     - name: Setup Docker on macOS using Colima, Lima-VM, and Homebrew.
-      uses: 7hong13/setup-docker-macos-action@fix_formula_paths
+      uses: douglascamata/setup-docker-macos-action@fix-python-dep
       id: docker
     - run: docker-compose -f docker/docker-compose-ci.yml up --build -d
     - name: Run tests
diff --git a/Sources/API/Converter.swift b/Sources/API/Converter.swift
index 6eb32d06..6cdeb02c 100644
--- a/Sources/API/Converter.swift
+++ b/Sources/API/Converter.swift
@@ -89,21 +89,13 @@ extension Converter {
     /**
      * `toPresence` converts the given model to Protobuf format.
      */
-    static func toPresence(presence: PresenceData) -> PbPresence {
+    static func toPresence(presence: StringValueTypeDictionary) -> PbPresence {
         var pbPresence = PbPresence()
         
         for (key, value) in presence {
-            if value is AnyValueTypeDictionary || value is [Any],
-               let jsonObject = try? JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: value),
-               let jsonString = String(data: jsonObject, encoding: .utf8) {
-                pbPresence.data[key] = jsonString
-            } else if value is String {
-                pbPresence.data[key] = "\"\(value)\""
-            } else {
-                pbPresence.data[key] = "\(value)"
-            }
+            pbPresence.data[key] = value
         }
-
+        
         return pbPresence
     }
 
@@ -127,35 +119,11 @@ extension Converter {
     /**
      * `fromPresence` converts the given Protobuf format to model format.
      */
-    static func fromPresence(pbPresence: PbPresence) -> PresenceData {
-        var data = PresenceData()
+    static func fromPresence(pbPresence: PbPresence) -> StringValueTypeDictionary {
+        var data = StringValueTypeDictionary()
 
         pbPresence.data.forEach { (key, value) in
-            if let dataValue = value.data(using: .utf8), let jsonValue = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: dataValue) as? AnyValueTypeDictionary {
-                data[key] = jsonValue
-            } else {
-                if value.first == "\"" && value.last == "\"" {
-                    // Sring.
-                    data[key] = value.substring(from: 1, to: value.count - 2)
-                } else if value.first == "[", value.last == "]",
-                          let dataValue = "{\"\(key)\":\(value)}".data(using: .utf8), let jsonValue = try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: dataValue) as? AnyValueTypeDictionary {
-                    // Array. eg. "[\"a\", \"b\"]"
-                    data.merge(jsonValue, uniquingKeysWith: { _, last in last })
-                } else {
-                    if let intValue = Int(value) {
-                        data[key] = intValue
-                    } else if let doubleValue = Double(value) {
-                        data[key] = doubleValue
-                    } else if "\(true)" == value.lowercased() {
-                        data[key] = true
-                    } else if "\(false)" == value.lowercased() {
-                        data[key] = false
-                    } else {
-                        data[key] = value
-                        assertionFailure("Invalid Presence Value [\(key)]:[\(value)]")
-                    }
-                }
-            }
+            data[key] = value
         }
 
         return data
@@ -178,7 +146,7 @@ extension Converter {
     /**
      * `fromPresences` converts the given Protobuf format to model format.
      */
-    static func fromPresences(_ pbPresences: [String: PbPresence]) -> [ActorID: PresenceData] {
+    static func fromPresences(_ pbPresences: [String: PbPresence]) -> [ActorID: StringValueTypeDictionary] {
         pbPresences.mapValues { fromPresence(pbPresence: $0) }
     }
 }
@@ -1166,7 +1134,7 @@ extension Converter {
     /**
      * `bytesToSnapshot` creates a Snapshot from the given byte array.
      */
-    static func bytesToSnapshot(bytes: Data) throws -> (root: CRDTObject, presences: [ActorID: PresenceData]) {
+    static func bytesToSnapshot(bytes: Data) throws -> (root: CRDTObject, presences: [ActorID: StringValueTypeDictionary]) {
         if bytes.isEmpty {
             return (CRDTObject(createdAt: TimeTicket.initial), [:])
         }
diff --git a/Sources/Core/Client.swift b/Sources/Core/Client.swift
index 9eaaa9b1..e2f14783 100644
--- a/Sources/Core/Client.swift
+++ b/Sources/Core/Client.swift
@@ -732,9 +732,9 @@ public actor Client {
                 // NOTE(chacha912): There is no presence, when PresenceChange(clear) is applied before unwatching.
                 // In that case, the 'unwatched' event is triggered while handling the PresenceChange.
                 let presence = await self.attachmentMap[docKey]?.doc.getPresence(publisher)
-                
+
                 await self.attachmentMap[docKey]?.doc.removeOnlineClient(publisher)
-                
+
                 if let presence {
                     await self.attachmentMap[docKey]?.doc.publishPresenceEvent(.unwatched, publisher, presence)
                 }
diff --git a/Sources/Document/CRDT/CRDTTree.swift b/Sources/Document/CRDT/CRDTTree.swift
index bd2b0393..be7daac7 100644
--- a/Sources/Document/CRDT/CRDTTree.swift
+++ b/Sources/Document/CRDT/CRDTTree.swift
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ extension CRDTTreeNodeID {
 /**
  * `CRDTTreePosStruct` represents the structure of CRDTTreePos.
  */
-struct CRDTTreePosStruct {
+struct CRDTTreePosStruct: Codable {
     let parentID: CRDTTreeNodeIDStruct
     let leftSiblingID: CRDTTreeNodeIDStruct
 }
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ struct CRDTTreePosStruct {
  * `CRDTTreeNodeIDStruct` represents the structure of CRDTTreePos.
  * It is used to serialize and deserialize the CRDTTreePos.
  */
-struct CRDTTreeNodeIDStruct {
+struct CRDTTreeNodeIDStruct: Codable {
     let createdAt: TimeTicketStruct
     let offset: Int32
 }
@@ -323,17 +323,17 @@ final class CRDTTreeNode: IndexTreeNode {
      * `clone` clones this node with the given offset.
      */
     func clone(offset: Int32) -> CRDTTreeNode {
-        let clone = CRDTTreeNode(id: CRDTTreeNodeID(createdAt: self.id.createdAt, offset: offset), type: self.type, attributes:  self.attrs)
+        let clone = CRDTTreeNode(id: CRDTTreeNodeID(createdAt: self.id.createdAt, offset: offset), type: self.type, attributes: self.attrs)
         clone.removedAt = self.removedAt
         clone.value = self.value
         clone.size = self.size
         clone.innerChildren = self.innerChildren.compactMap {
             let childClone = $0.deepcopy()
             childClone?.parent = clone
-            
+
             return childClone
         }
-        
+
         return clone
     }
 
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ final class CRDTTreeNode: IndexTreeNode {
             }
 
             return JSONTreeElementNode(type: self.type,
-                                       attributes: attrs.anyValueTypeDictionary,
+                                       attributes: attrs.toJSONObejct,
                                        children: self.children.compactMap { $0.toJSONTreeNode })
         }
     }
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ class CRDTTree: CRDTGCElement {
             self.nodeMapByID.put(node.id, node)
         }
     }
-    
+
     /**
      * `findFloorNode` finds node of given id.
      */
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ class CRDTTree: CRDTGCElement {
         if index <= parentNode.innerChildren.count {
             for idx in index ..< parentNode.innerChildren.count {
                 let next = parentNode.innerChildren[idx]
-                
+
                 if next.id.createdAt.after(editedAt) {
                     leftSiblingNode = next
                 } else {
@@ -614,30 +614,22 @@ class CRDTTree: CRDTGCElement {
             if node.isText == false, contain != .all {
                 return
             }
-            
+
             guard let actorID = node.createdAt.actorID else {
                 throw YorkieError.unexpected(message: "Can't get actorID")
             }
-            
+
             let latestCreatedAt = latestCreatedAtMapByActor.isEmpty == false ? latestCreatedAtMapByActor[actorID] ?? TimeTicket.initial : TimeTicket.max
-            
+
             if node.canDelete(editedAt, latestCreatedAt) {
                 let latestCreatedAt = latestCreatedAtMap[actorID]
                 let createdAt = node.createdAt
-                
+
                 if latestCreatedAt == nil || createdAt.after(latestCreatedAt!) {
                     latestCreatedAtMap[actorID] = createdAt
                 }
-                
-                toBeRemoveds.append(node)
-            }
-        }
 
-        for node in toBeRemoveds {
-            node.remove(editedAt)
-
-            if node.isRemoved {
-                self.removedNodeMap[node.id.toIDString] = node
+                toBeRemoveds.append(node)
             }
         }
 
@@ -685,13 +677,14 @@ class CRDTTree: CRDTGCElement {
                                     _ fromLeft: CRDTTreeNode,
                                     _ toParent: CRDTTreeNode,
                                     _ toLeft: CRDTTreeNode,
-                                    callback: @escaping (CRDTTreeNode, TagContained) throws -> Void) throws {
-       let fromIdx = try self.toIndex(fromParent, fromLeft)
-       let toIdx = try self.toIndex(toParent, toLeft)
+                                    callback: @escaping (CRDTTreeNode, TagContained) throws -> Void) throws
+    {
+        let fromIdx = try self.toIndex(fromParent, fromLeft)
+        let toIdx = try self.toIndex(toParent, toLeft)
+
+        return try self.indexTree.nodesBetween(fromIdx, toIdx, callback)
+    }
 
-       return try self.indexTree.nodesBetween(fromIdx, toIdx, callback)
-     }
-    
     /**
      * `editByIndex` edits the given range with the given value.
      * This method uses indexes instead of a pair of TreePos for testing.
diff --git a/Sources/Document/CRDT/ElementRHT.swift b/Sources/Document/CRDT/ElementRHT.swift
index fac644fc..51c09309 100644
--- a/Sources/Document/CRDT/ElementRHT.swift
+++ b/Sources/Document/CRDT/ElementRHT.swift
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class ElementRHT {
      * `get` returns the value of the given key.
      */
     func get(key: String) -> CRDTElement? {
-        nodeMapByKey[key]?.value
+        self.nodeMapByKey[key]?.value
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/Sources/Document/CRDT/RGATreeSplit.swift b/Sources/Document/CRDT/RGATreeSplit.swift
index 9a8d8036..519c41f6 100644
--- a/Sources/Document/CRDT/RGATreeSplit.swift
+++ b/Sources/Document/CRDT/RGATreeSplit.swift
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ protocol RGATreeSplitValue {
  * `RGATreeSplitPosStruct` is a structure represents the meta data of the node pos.
  * It is used to serialize and deserialize the node pos.
  */
-public struct RGATreeSplitPosStruct {
+public struct RGATreeSplitPosStruct: Codable {
     let id: RGATreeSplitNodeIDStruct
     let relativeOffset: Int32
 }
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ public struct RGATreeSplitPosStruct {
  * `RGATreeSplitNodeIDStruct` is a structure represents the meta data of the node id.
  * It is used to serialize and deserialize the node id.
  */
-public struct RGATreeSplitNodeIDStruct {
+public struct RGATreeSplitNodeIDStruct: Codable {
     let createdAt: TimeTicketStruct
     let offset: Int32
 }
diff --git a/Sources/Document/Change/Change.swift b/Sources/Document/Change/Change.swift
index fe99f55f..07d6be53 100644
--- a/Sources/Document/Change/Change.swift
+++ b/Sources/Document/Change/Change.swift
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ public struct Change {
      * `execute` executes the operations of this change to the given root.
      */
     @discardableResult
-    func execute(root: CRDTRoot, presences: inout [ActorID: PresenceData]) throws -> [any OperationInfo] {
+    func execute(root: CRDTRoot, presences: inout [ActorID: StringValueTypeDictionary]) throws -> [any OperationInfo] {
         let opInfos = try self.operations.flatMap {
             try $0.execute(root: root)
         }
diff --git a/Sources/Document/DocEvent.swift b/Sources/Document/DocEvent.swift
index 083c287f..63cfcd3f 100644
--- a/Sources/Document/DocEvent.swift
+++ b/Sources/Document/DocEvent.swift
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ public struct RemoteChangeEvent: ChangeEvent {
 /**
  * `PeersChangedValue` represents the value of the PeersChanged event.
  */
-public typealias PeerElement = (clientID: ActorID, presence: PresenceData)
+public typealias PeerElement = (clientID: ActorID, presence: [String: Any])
 
 public struct InitializedEvent: DocEvent {
     /**
diff --git a/Sources/Document/Document.swift b/Sources/Document/Document.swift
index f3de40ac..40826b09 100644
--- a/Sources/Document/Document.swift
+++ b/Sources/Document/Document.swift
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ public actor Document {
     private var localChanges: [Change]
 
     private var root: CRDTRoot
-    private var clone: (root: CRDTRoot, presences: [ActorID: PresenceData])?
+    private var clone: (root: CRDTRoot, presences: [ActorID: StringValueTypeDictionary])?
 
     private var defaultSubscribeCallback: SubscribeCallback?
     private var subscribeCallbacks: [String: SubscribeCallback]
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ public actor Document {
     /**
      * `presences` is a map of client IDs to their presence information.
      */
-    private var presences: [ActorID: PresenceData]
+    private var presences: [ActorID: StringValueTypeDictionary]
 
     public init(key: String) {
         self.key = key
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ public actor Document {
                 self.publish(changeEvent)
             }
 
-            if change.presenceChange != nil, let presence = self.presences[actorID] {
+            if change.presenceChange != nil, let presence = self.getPresence(actorID) {
                 self.publish(PresenceChangedEvent(value: (actorID, presence)))
             }
 
@@ -384,9 +384,9 @@ public actor Document {
                     // their presence was initially absent, we can consider that we have
                     // received their initial presence, so trigger the 'watched' event
                     if self.onlineClients.contains(actorID) {
-                        let peer = (actorID, presence)
+                        let peer = (actorID, presence.toJSONObejct)
 
-                        if self.presences[actorID] != nil {
+                        if self.getPresence(actorID) != nil {
                             presenceEvent = PresenceChangedEvent(value: peer)
                         } else {
                             presenceEvent = WatchedEvent(value: peer)
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ public actor Document {
         "[\(self.key)]"
     }
 
-    func publishPresenceEvent(_ eventType: DocEventType, _ peerActorID: ActorID? = nil, _ presence: PresenceData? = nil) {
+    func publishPresenceEvent(_ eventType: DocEventType, _ peerActorID: ActorID? = nil, _ presence: [String: Any]? = nil) {
         switch eventType {
         case .initialized:
             self.publish(InitializedEvent(value: self.getPresences()))
@@ -618,30 +618,30 @@ public actor Document {
     /**
      * `getMyPresence` returns the presence of the current client.
      */
-    public func getMyPresence() -> PresenceData? {
+    public func getMyPresence() -> [String: Any]? {
         guard self.status == .attached, let id = self.changeID.getActorID() else {
             return nil
         }
-        
-        return self.presences[id]
+
+        return self.presences[id]?.mapValues { $0.toJSONObject }
     }
 
     /**
      * `getPresence` returns the presence of the given clientID.
      */
-    public func getPresence(_ clientID: ActorID) -> PresenceData? {
+    public func getPresence(_ clientID: ActorID) -> [String: Any]? {
         guard self.onlineClients.contains(clientID) else {
             return nil
         }
 
-        return self.presences[clientID]
+        return self.presences[clientID]?.mapValues { $0.toJSONObject }
     }
 
     /**
      * `getPresenceForTest` returns the presence of the given clientID.
      */
-    public func getPresenceForTest(_ clientID: ActorID) -> PresenceData? {
-        self.presences[clientID]
+    public func getPresenceForTest(_ clientID: ActorID) -> [String: Any]? {
+        self.presences[clientID]?.mapValues { $0.toJSONObject }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ public actor Document {
         var presences = [PeerElement]()
 
         for clientID in self.onlineClients {
-            if let presence = self.presences[clientID] {
+            if let presence = getPresence(clientID) {
                 presences.append((clientID, presence))
             }
         }
diff --git a/Sources/Document/Json/JSONTree.swift b/Sources/Document/Json/JSONTree.swift
index a03c3bde..ba3d5753 100644
--- a/Sources/Document/Json/JSONTree.swift
+++ b/Sources/Document/Json/JSONTree.swift
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ public class JSONTree {
     /**
      * `styleByPath` sets the attributes to the elements of the given path.
      */
-    public func styleByPath(_ path: [Int], _ attributes: [String: Any]) throws {
+    public func styleByPath(_ path: [Int], _ attributes: [String: Codable]) throws {
         guard let context, let tree else {
             throw YorkieError.unexpected(message: "it is not initialized yet")
         }
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ public class JSONTree {
     /**
      * `style` sets the attributes to the elements of the given range.
      */
-    public func style(_ fromIdx: Int, _ toIdx: Int, _ attributes: [String: Any]) throws {
+    public func style(_ fromIdx: Int, _ toIdx: Int, _ attributes: [String: Codable]) throws {
         guard let context, let tree else {
             throw YorkieError.unexpected(message: "it is not initialized yet")
         }
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ public class JSONTree {
  * `TimeTicketStruct` is a structure represents the meta data of the ticket.
  * It is used to serialize and deserialize the ticket.
  */
-struct TimeTicketStruct {
+struct TimeTicketStruct: Codable {
     let lamport: String
     let delimiter: UInt32
     let actorID: ActorID?
diff --git a/Sources/Document/Operation/Operation.swift b/Sources/Document/Operation/Operation.swift
index 8a0446c4..18e90100 100644
--- a/Sources/Document/Operation/Operation.swift
+++ b/Sources/Document/Operation/Operation.swift
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ public struct TreeStyleOpInfo: OperationInfo {
     public let from: Int
     public let to: Int
     public let fromPath: [Int]
-    public let value: [String: Any]
+    public let value: [String: Codable]
 
     public static func == (lhs: TreeStyleOpInfo, rhs: TreeStyleOpInfo) -> Bool {
         if lhs.type != lhs.type {
diff --git a/Sources/Document/Operation/TreeEditOperation.swift b/Sources/Document/Operation/TreeEditOperation.swift
index 996494ff..24f53e01 100644
--- a/Sources/Document/Operation/TreeEditOperation.swift
+++ b/Sources/Document/Operation/TreeEditOperation.swift
@@ -72,9 +72,13 @@ struct TreeEditOperation: Operation {
         }
 
         return changes.compactMap { change in
-            guard case .nodes(let nodes) = change.value else {
-                return nil
-            }
+            let value: [TreeNode] = {
+                if case .nodes(let nodes) = change.value {
+                    return nodes
+                } else {
+                    return []
+                }
+            }()
 
             return TreeEditOpInfo(
                 path: path,
@@ -82,7 +86,7 @@ struct TreeEditOperation: Operation {
                 to: change.to,
                 fromPath: change.fromPath,
                 toPath: change.toPath,
-                value: nodes
+                value: value
             )
         }
     }
diff --git a/Sources/Document/Operation/TreeSytleOperation.swift b/Sources/Document/Operation/TreeSytleOperation.swift
index a9ac0b8b..236aaeda 100644
--- a/Sources/Document/Operation/TreeSytleOperation.swift
+++ b/Sources/Document/Operation/TreeSytleOperation.swift
@@ -67,16 +67,20 @@ class TreeStyleOperation: Operation {
         }
 
         return changes.compactMap { change in
-            guard case .attributes(let attributes) = change.value else {
-                return nil
-            }
+            let attributes: [String: Codable] = {
+                if case .attributes(let attributes) = change.value {
+                    return attributes
+                } else {
+                    return [:]
+                }
+            }()
 
             return TreeStyleOpInfo(
                 path: path,
                 from: change.from,
                 to: change.to,
                 fromPath: change.fromPath,
-                value: attributes.anyValueTypeDictionary
+                value: attributes
             )
         }
     }
diff --git a/Sources/Document/Presence/Presence.swift b/Sources/Document/Presence/Presence.swift
index cbc4eed1..94571155 100644
--- a/Sources/Document/Presence/Presence.swift
+++ b/Sources/Document/Presence/Presence.swift
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import Foundation
  * PresenceData key, value dictionary
  * Similar to an Indexable in JS SDK
  */
-public typealias PresenceData = [String: Any]
+public typealias PresenceData = [String: Codable]
 
 /**
  * `PresenceChangeType` represents the type of presence change.
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ enum PresenceChangeType {
 }
 
 enum PresenceChange {
-    case put(presence: PresenceData)
+    case put(presence: StringValueTypeDictionary)
     case clear
 }
 
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ enum PresenceChange {
  */
 public class Presence {
     private var changeContext: ChangeContext
-    private(set) var presence: PresenceData
+    private(set) var presence: StringValueTypeDictionary
 
-    init(changeContext: ChangeContext, presence: PresenceData) {
+    init(changeContext: ChangeContext, presence: StringValueTypeDictionary) {
         self.changeContext = changeContext
         self.presence = presence
     }
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ public class Presence {
     /**
      * `set` updates the presence based on the partial presence.
      */
-    func set(_ presence: PresenceData) {
+    public func set(_ presence: PresenceData) {
         for (key, value) in presence {
-            self.presence[key] = value
+            self.presence[key] = value.toJSONString ?? ""
         }
 
         let presenceChange = PresenceChange.put(presence: self.presence)
@@ -62,8 +62,12 @@ public class Presence {
     /**
      * `get` returns the presence value of the given key.
      */
-    public func get(_ key: PresenceData.Key) -> Any? {
-        self.presence[key]
+    public func get<T: Codable>(_ key: PresenceData.Key) -> T? {
+        if let data = self.presence[key]?.data(using: .utf8) {
+            return try? JSONDecoder().decode(T.self, from: data)
+        }
+
+        return nil
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/Sources/Util/Codable+Extension.swift b/Sources/Util/Codable+Extension.swift
index a17e930c..285016d2 100644
--- a/Sources/Util/Codable+Extension.swift
+++ b/Sources/Util/Codable+Extension.swift
@@ -27,6 +27,17 @@ extension Encodable {
 
         return (try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data) as? [String: Any]) ?? [:]
     }
+
+    var toJSONString: String? {
+        let encoder = JSONEncoder()
+        encoder.outputFormatting = .sortedKeys
+
+        guard let data = try? encoder.encode(self) else {
+            return nil
+        }
+
+        return String(data: data, encoding: .utf8)
+    }
 }
 
 extension Encodable where Self == String {
diff --git a/Sources/Util/Dictionary+Extension.swift b/Sources/Util/Dictionary+Extension.swift
index 3aa7254e..26119545 100644
--- a/Sources/Util/Dictionary+Extension.swift
+++ b/Sources/Util/Dictionary+Extension.swift
@@ -27,21 +27,11 @@ extension AnyValueTypeDictionary {
         var convertedDictionary: [String: String] = [:]
 
         for (key, value) in dictionary {
-            if let stringValue = value as? String {
-                let jsonString = "\"\(stringValue)\""
-                convertedDictionary[key] = jsonString
-            } else if let convertibleToString = value as? CustomStringConvertible {
-                let jsonString = "\(convertibleToString.description)"
-                convertedDictionary[key] = jsonString
-            } else if let nestedDictionary = value as? [String: Any] {
-                // If the value is a nested dictionary, recursively convert it
-                let nestedConverted = self.convertToDictionaryStringValues(nestedDictionary)
-                // Convert the nested dictionary to its JSON representation
-                if let jsonString = try? JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: nestedConverted) {
-                    convertedDictionary[key] = String(data: jsonString, encoding: .utf8)
-                } else {
-                    convertedDictionary[key] = "null"
-                }
+            if let value = value as? Encodable,
+               let jsonData = try? JSONEncoder().encode(value),
+               let stringValue = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8)
+            {
+                convertedDictionary[key] = stringValue
             } else {
                 print("Warning: Skipping non-convertible value for key '\(key)': \(value)")
             }
@@ -99,4 +89,32 @@ extension StringValueTypeDictionary {
 
         return result
     }
+
+    var toJSONObejct: [String: Any] {
+        self.compactMapValues { $0.toJSONObject }
+    }
+}
+
+typealias CodableValueTypeDictionary = [String: Codable]
+
+extension CodableValueTypeDictionary {
+    var stringValueTypeDictionary: [String: String] {
+        self.convertToDictionaryStringValues(self)
+    }
+
+    func convertToDictionaryStringValues(_ dictionary: [String: Codable]) -> [String: String] {
+        var convertedDictionary: [String: String] = [:]
+
+        for (key, value) in dictionary {
+            if let jsonData = try? JSONEncoder().encode(value),
+               let stringValue = String(data: jsonData, encoding: .utf8)
+            {
+                convertedDictionary[key] = stringValue
+            } else {
+                print("Warning: Skipping non-convertible value for key '\(key)': \(value)")
+            }
+        }
+
+        return convertedDictionary
+    }
 }
diff --git a/Sources/Util/String+Extensions.swift b/Sources/Util/String+Extensions.swift
index 10c4aaff..33e85f43 100644
--- a/Sources/Util/String+Extensions.swift
+++ b/Sources/Util/String+Extensions.swift
@@ -37,4 +37,12 @@ extension String {
 
         return regex?.stringByReplacingMatches(in: lower, options: [], range: NSRange(0 ..< lower.count), withTemplate: "-").substring(from: 0, to: 119) ?? ""
     }
+
+    var toJSONObject: Any {
+        if let data = self.data(using: .utf8) {
+            return (try? JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: [.fragmentsAllowed])) ?? self
+        }
+
+        return self
+    }
 }
diff --git a/Tests/Integration/ClientIntegrationTests.swift b/Tests/Integration/ClientIntegrationTests.swift
index 5fe479ca..25d15250 100644
--- a/Tests/Integration/ClientIntegrationTests.swift
+++ b/Tests/Integration/ClientIntegrationTests.swift
@@ -317,12 +317,4 @@ final class ClientIntegrationTests: XCTestCase {
         try await c2.deactivate()
         try await c3.deactivate()
     }
-
-    private func decodePresence<T: Decodable>(_ dictionary: [String: Any]) -> T? {
-        guard let data = try? JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: dictionary, options: []) else {
-            return nil
-        }
-
-        return try? JSONDecoder().decode(T.self, from: data)
-    }
 }
diff --git a/Tests/Integration/GCTests.swift b/Tests/Integration/GCTests.swift
index bcb13dcc..27e2aa6e 100644
--- a/Tests/Integration/GCTests.swift
+++ b/Tests/Integration/GCTests.swift
@@ -321,10 +321,10 @@ class GCTests: XCTestCase {
             do {
                 try (root.t as? JSONTree)?.editByPath([0], [1],
                                                       [JSONTreeElementNode(type: "p",
-                                                                          children: [
-                                                                              JSONTreeElementNode(type: "tn",
-                                                                                                  children: [JSONTreeTextNode(value: "ab")])
-                                                                          ])])
+                                                                           children: [
+                                                                               JSONTreeElementNode(type: "tn",
+                                                                                                   children: [JSONTreeTextNode(value: "ab")])
+                                                                           ])])
             } catch {
                 assertionFailure("Can't editByPath")
             }
@@ -360,8 +360,8 @@ class GCTests: XCTestCase {
         try await client1.activate()
         try await client2.activate()
 
-        try await client1.attach(doc1)
-        try await client2.attach(doc2)
+        try await client1.attach(doc1, [:], false)
+        try await client2.attach(doc2, [:], false)
 
         try await doc1.update { root, _ in
             root.t = JSONTree(initialRoot:
diff --git a/Tests/Integration/PresenceTests.swift b/Tests/Integration/PresenceTests.swift
index 48c49880..bf76d111 100644
--- a/Tests/Integration/PresenceTests.swift
+++ b/Tests/Integration/PresenceTests.swift
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ final class PresenceTests: XCTestCase {
         try await c2.attach(doc2, ["counter": 0], false)
 
         try await doc1.update { _, presence in
-            if let counter = presence.get("counter") as? Int {
+            if let counter: Int = presence.get("counter") {
                 presence.set(["counter": counter + 1])
             }
         }
diff --git a/Tests/Integration/TreeIntegrationTests.swift b/Tests/Integration/TreeIntegrationTests.swift
index 95ffff4d..649b80b4 100644
--- a/Tests/Integration/TreeIntegrationTests.swift
+++ b/Tests/Integration/TreeIntegrationTests.swift
@@ -736,11 +736,11 @@ final class TreeIntegrationEditTests: XCTestCase {
             ]))
         }
     }
-    
+
     func test_delete_nodes_in_a_multi_level_range_test() async throws {
         let docKey = "\(self.description)-\(Date().description)".toDocKey
         let doc = Document(key: docKey)
-        
+
         try await doc.update { root, _ in
             root.t = JSONTree(initialRoot:
                 JSONTreeElementNode(type: "doc", children: [
@@ -777,10 +777,10 @@ final class TreeIntegrationEditTests: XCTestCase {
         try await doc.update { root, _ in
             try (root.t as? JSONTree)?.edit(2, 18)
         }
-        
+
         docXML = await(doc.getRoot().t as? JSONTree)?.toXML()
         XCTAssertEqual(docXML, /* html */ "<doc><p>a</p><p>f</p></doc>")
-        
+
         // TODO(sejongk): Use the below assertion after implementing Tree.Move.
         // assert.equal(doc.getRoot().t.toXML(), /*html*/ `<doc><p>af</p></doc>`);
     }
@@ -896,32 +896,32 @@ final class TreeIntegrationStyleTests: XCTestCase {
             XCTAssertEqual(d2XML, /* html */ "<doc><p bold=\"true\" italic=\"true\">hello</p></doc>")
         }
     }
-    
+
     func test_style_node_with_element_attributes_test() async throws {
         let docKey = "\(self.description)-\(Date().description)".toDocKey
         let doc = Document(key: docKey)
-        
+
         try await doc.update { root, _ in
             root.t = JSONTree(initialRoot:
-                                JSONTreeElementNode(type: "doc", children: [
-                                    JSONTreeElementNode(type: "p",
-                                                        children: [
-                                                            JSONTreeTextNode(value: "ab")
-                                                        ]),
-                                    JSONTreeElementNode(type: "p",
-                                                        children: [
-                                                            JSONTreeTextNode(value: "cd")
-                                                        ])
-                                ])
+                JSONTreeElementNode(type: "doc", children: [
+                    JSONTreeElementNode(type: "p",
+                                        children: [
+                                            JSONTreeTextNode(value: "ab")
+                                        ]),
+                    JSONTreeElementNode(type: "p",
+                                        children: [
+                                            JSONTreeTextNode(value: "cd")
+                                        ])
+                ])
             )
-            
+
             XCTAssertEqual((root.t as? JSONTree)?.toXML(), /* html */ "<doc><p>ab</p><p>cd</p></doc>")
-            
+
             // 01. style attributes to an element node.
             // style attributes with opening tag
             try (root.t as? JSONTree)?.style(0, 1, ["weight": "bold"])
             XCTAssertEqual((root.t as? JSONTree)?.toXML(), /* html */ "<doc><p weight=\"bold\">ab</p><p>cd</p></doc>")
-            
+
             // style attributes with closing tag
             try (root.t as? JSONTree)?.style(3, 4, ["color": "red"])
             XCTAssertEqual((root.t as? JSONTree)?.toXML(), /* html */ "<doc><p color=\"red\" weight=\"bold\">ab</p><p>cd</p></doc>")
@@ -929,7 +929,7 @@ final class TreeIntegrationStyleTests: XCTestCase {
             // style attributes with the whole
             try (root.t as? JSONTree)?.style(0, 4, ["size": "small"])
             XCTAssertEqual((root.t as? JSONTree)?.toXML(), /* html */ "<doc><p color=\"red\" size=\"small\" weight=\"bold\">ab</p><p>cd</p></doc>")
-            
+
             // 02. style attributes to elements.
             try (root.t as? JSONTree)?.style(0, 5, ["style": "italic"])
             XCTAssertEqual((root.t as? JSONTree)?.toXML(), /* html */ "<doc><p color=\"red\" size=\"small\" style=\"italic\" weight=\"bold\">ab</p><p style=\"italic\">cd</p></doc>")
diff --git a/Tests/Unit/API/V1/ConverterTests.swift b/Tests/Unit/API/V1/ConverterTests.swift
index 1937121c..6d4d3128 100644
--- a/Tests/Unit/API/V1/ConverterTests.swift
+++ b/Tests/Unit/API/V1/ConverterTests.swift
@@ -359,7 +359,9 @@ class ConverterTests: XCTestCase {
     func test_presence() {
         let samplePresence: PresenceData = ["a": "str", "b": 10, "c": 0.5, "d": false, "e": ["a", "b", "c"], "f": ""]
 
-        let converted = Converter.fromPresence(pbPresence: Converter.toPresence(presence: samplePresence))
+        let stringPresence = samplePresence.mapValues { $0.toJSONString ?? "" }
+
+        let converted = Converter.fromPresence(pbPresence: Converter.toPresence(presence: stringPresence))
 
         XCTAssert(!(samplePresence == converted))
     }
diff --git a/Tests/Unit/Document/CRDT/CRDTObjectTests.swift b/Tests/Unit/Document/CRDT/CRDTObjectTests.swift
index 8c8ea274..aabf166b 100644
--- a/Tests/Unit/Document/CRDT/CRDTObjectTests.swift
+++ b/Tests/Unit/Document/CRDT/CRDTObjectTests.swift
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class CRDTObjectTests: XCTestCase {
         target.set(key: "K3", value: a3)
 
         try target.deleteByKey(key: targetKey,
-                          executedAt: TimeTicket(lamport: 4, delimiter: 0, actorID: self.actorId))
+                               executedAt: TimeTicket(lamport: 4, delimiter: 0, actorID: self.actorId))
 
         XCTAssertFalse(target.has(key: targetKey))
 
diff --git a/Tests/Unit/Document/CRDT/CRDTTreeTests.swift b/Tests/Unit/Document/CRDT/CRDTTreeTests.swift
index db3da9c2..789f80ee 100644
--- a/Tests/Unit/Document/CRDT/CRDTTreeTests.swift
+++ b/Tests/Unit/Document/CRDT/CRDTTreeTests.swift
@@ -219,42 +219,42 @@ final class CRDTTreeTests: XCTestCase {
 
 final class CRDTTreeMoveTests: XCTestCase {
     func test_can_delete_nodes_between_element_nodes_with_edit() async throws {
-      // 01. Create a tree with 2 paragraphs.
-      //       0   1 2 3    4   5 6 7    8
-      // <root> <p> a b </p> <p> c d </p> </root>
+        // 01. Create a tree with 2 paragraphs.
+        //       0   1 2 3    4   5 6 7    8
+        // <root> <p> a b </p> <p> c d </p> </root>
         let tree = CRDTTree(root: CRDTTreeNode(id: issuePos(), type: DefaultTreeNodeType.root.rawValue), createdAt: issueTime)
         try tree.editByIndex((0, 0), [CRDTTreeNode(id: issuePos(), type: "p")], issueTime)
         try tree.editByIndex((1, 1),
-                         [CRDTTreeNode(id: issuePos(), type: DefaultTreeNodeType.text.rawValue, value: "ab")],
-                         issueTime)
+                             [CRDTTreeNode(id: issuePos(), type: DefaultTreeNodeType.text.rawValue, value: "ab")],
+                             issueTime)
         try tree.editByIndex((4, 4), [CRDTTreeNode(id: issuePos(), type: "p")], issueTime)
         try tree.editByIndex((5, 5),
                              [CRDTTreeNode(id: issuePos(), type: DefaultTreeNodeType.text.rawValue, value: "cd")],
                              issueTime)
-        
-        XCTAssertEqual(tree.toXML(), /*html*/ "<root><p>ab</p><p>cd</p></root>")
 
-      // 02. delete b, c and first paragraph.
-      //       0   1 2 3    4
-      // <root> <p> a d </p> </root>
+        XCTAssertEqual(tree.toXML(), /* html */ "<root><p>ab</p><p>cd</p></root>")
+
+        // 02. delete b, c and first paragraph.
+        //       0   1 2 3    4
+        // <root> <p> a d </p> </root>
         try tree.editByIndex((2, 6), nil, issueTime)
-        XCTAssertEqual(tree.toXML(), /*html*/ "<root><p>a</p><p>d</p></root>")
-
-      // TODO(sejongk): Use the below assertion after implementing Tree.Move.
-      // assert.deepEqual(tree.toXML(), /*html*/ `<root><p>ad</p></root>`);
-
-      // const treeNode = tree.toTestTreeNode();
-      // assert.equal(treeNode.size, 4); // root
-      // assert.equal(treeNode.children![0].size, 2); // p
-      // assert.equal(treeNode.children![0].children![0].size, 1); // a
-      // assert.equal(treeNode.children![0].children![1].size, 1); // d
-
-      // // 03. insert a new text node at the start of the first paragraph.
-      // tree.editByIndex(
-      //   [1, 1],
-      //   [new CRDTTreeNode(issuePos(), 'text', '@')],
-      //   issueTime(),
-      // );
-      // assert.deepEqual(tree.toXML(), /*html*/ `<root><p>@ad</p></root>`);
+        XCTAssertEqual(tree.toXML(), /* html */ "<root><p>a</p><p>d</p></root>")
+
+        // TODO(sejongk): Use the below assertion after implementing Tree.Move.
+        // assert.deepEqual(tree.toXML(), /*html*/ `<root><p>ad</p></root>`);
+
+        // const treeNode = tree.toTestTreeNode();
+        // assert.equal(treeNode.size, 4); // root
+        // assert.equal(treeNode.children![0].size, 2); // p
+        // assert.equal(treeNode.children![0].children![0].size, 1); // a
+        // assert.equal(treeNode.children![0].children![1].size, 1); // d
+
+        // // 03. insert a new text node at the start of the first paragraph.
+        // tree.editByIndex(
+        //   [1, 1],
+        //   [new CRDTTreeNode(issuePos(), 'text', '@')],
+        //   issueTime(),
+        // );
+        // assert.deepEqual(tree.toXML(), /*html*/ `<root><p>@ad</p></root>`);
     }
 }
diff --git a/Tests/Unit/Document/Change/ChangeTests.swift b/Tests/Unit/Document/Change/ChangeTests.swift
index 7e1e58a9..fc1a0c81 100644
--- a/Tests/Unit/Document/Change/ChangeTests.swift
+++ b/Tests/Unit/Document/Change/ChangeTests.swift
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class ChangeTests: XCTestCase {
                        {"k-a1":"a1","k-a3":{"k-b1":"b1"}}
                        """)
 
-        var presences = [ActorID: PresenceData]()
+        var presences = [ActorID: StringValueTypeDictionary]()
 
         try target.execute(root: root, presences: &presences)
 
diff --git a/Tests/Unit/Util/IndexTreeTests.swift b/Tests/Unit/Util/IndexTreeTests.swift
index fc45fee8..12f2904f 100644
--- a/Tests/Unit/Util/IndexTreeTests.swift
+++ b/Tests/Unit/Util/IndexTreeTests.swift
@@ -158,7 +158,8 @@ final class IndexTreeTests: XCTestCase {
             "text.b:All",
             "p:Closing",
             "text.cde:All",
-            "p:Opening"])
+            "p:Opening"
+        ])
         try self.nodesBetweenEqual(tree, 0, 1, ["p:Opening"])
         try self.nodesBetweenEqual(tree, 3, 4, ["p:Closing"])
         try self.nodesBetweenEqual(tree, 3, 5, ["p:Closing", "p:Opening"])