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karma学习笔记(一)
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<h2 id="介绍"><a href="#介绍" class="headerlink" title="介绍"></a>介绍</h2><p>Karma本质上是一个工具，它产生一个Web服务器，对每个连接的浏览器执行测试代码的源代码。对每个浏览器的每个测试的结果都进行检查，并通过命令行显示给开发人员，以便他们可以看到哪些浏览器和测试通过或失败。</p>
<h2 id="安装"><a href="#安装" class="headerlink" title="安装"></a>安装</h2><p>请先确保已安装Node</p>
<ol>
<li><p>建立文件夹</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">$ mkdir karma-demo && cd karma-demo</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>初始化一个node项目</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">$ npm init</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>安装karma</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">$ npm install karma --save-dev // 本地安装</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">$ npm install -g karma-cli //全局安装</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<p>接下来初始化一个karma项目</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">$ ./node_modules/karma/bin/karma init 或者 karma init（如果全局安装过） </div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">Which testing framework do you want to use ?</div><div class="line">Press tab to list possible options. Enter to move to the next question.</div><div class="line">> jasmine // 需要安装依赖 $ npm install jasmine-core --save-dev</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">Do you want to use Require.js ?</div><div class="line">This will add Require.js plugin.</div><div class="line">Press tab to list possible options. Enter to move to the next question.</div><div class="line">> no</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">Do you want to capture any browsers automatically ?</div><div class="line">Press tab to list possible options. Enter empty string to move to the next question.</div><div class="line">> Chrome</div><div class="line">// 可能的值：</div><div class="line">// Chrome （需要插件:karma-chrome-launcher）</div><div class="line">// ChromeCanary （需要插件:karma-chrome-launcher）</div><div class="line">// PhantomJS （需要插件:karma-phantomjs-launcher）</div><div class="line">// Firefox （需要插件:karma-firefox-launcher）</div><div class="line">// Opera （需要插件:karma-opera-launcher）</div><div class="line">// IE （需要插件:karma-ie-launcher）</div><div class="line">// Safari （需要插件:karma-safari-launcher） </div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">What is the location of your source and test files ?</div><div class="line">You can use glob patterns, eg. "js/*.js" or "test/**/*Spec.js".</div><div class="line">Enter empty string to move to the next question.</div><div class="line">> test/**/*[sS]pec.js</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">Do you want Karma to watch all the files and run the tests on change ?</div><div class="line">Press tab to list possible options.</div><div class="line">> yes</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">Config file generated at "/**/karma-demo/karma.conf.js".</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>我们会发现项目目录下多出了一个 <code>karma.conf.js</code><br>启动karma<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">$ karma start</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">Chrome 62.0.3202 (Mac OS X 10.13.1): Executed 0 of 0 ERROR (0.013 secs / 0 secs)</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>由于 没有测试脚本，所以执行结果为 0/0<br>接下来我们添加一个最简单的<code>jasmine</code>测试脚本 </p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">// test/index.spec.js</div><div class="line">describe("A suite", function() { </div><div class="line"> it("contains spec with an expectation", function() {</div><div class="line"> expect(true).toBe(true);</div><div class="line"> });</div><div class="line">});</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>控制台输出<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">Chrome 62.0.3202 (Mac OS X 10.13.1): Executed 1 of 1 SUCCESS (0.002 secs / 0.004 secs)</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>接下来写一个方法来测试下<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">// src/index.js 获取字符串后四位</div><div class="line">export function tailNum(value, count = 4) {</div><div class="line"> let len = value.length</div><div class="line"> return value.substring(len - count)</div><div class="line">}</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line">// test/index.spec.js</div><div class="line">var tailNum = require('../src/index')</div><div class="line">describe("获取字符串后四位", function() { </div><div class="line"> it("123456789=>6789", function() {</div><div class="line"> expect(tailNum(123456789)).toBe(6789);</div><div class="line"> });</div><div class="line">});</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>没想到控制台报了错<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">Chrome 62.0.3202 (Mac OS X 10.13.1) ERROR</div><div class="line"> Uncaught ReferenceError: require is not defined</div><div class="line"> at test/index.spec.js:</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>细细想来，也是，我们在浏览器里跑测试用例，使用require句法，浏览器自然是不支持的<br>有几种方式能帮我们解决这个问题</p>
<ul>
<li>karma-browserify + babelify</li>
<li>webpack + babel-loader </li>
<li>requireJS </li>
</ul>
<p>那么下一章再来写通过 webpack + babel-loader 来引入模块</p>
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<h3 id="介绍"><a href="#介绍" class="headerlink" title="介绍"></a>介绍</h3><p>JavaScript没有内置的模块支持，但社区已经创造了令人印象深刻的解决方案。</p>
<h4 id="CommonJS模块"><a href="#CommonJS模块" class="headerlink" title="CommonJS模块"></a>CommonJS模块</h4><p>这个标准的主要实现在Node.js中（Node.js模块有一些超越CommonJS的特性）。特点：</p>
<ul>
<li>紧凑的语法</li>
<li>专为同步加载而设计 </li>
</ul>
<h4 id="异步模块定义（AMD）"><a href="#异步模块定义（AMD）" class="headerlink" title="异步模块定义（AMD）"></a>异步模块定义（AMD）</h4><p>这个标准最流行的实现是RequireJS。特点：</p>
<ul>
<li>稍微复杂一点的语法，使AMD不用eval（）（或编译步骤）就可以工作。</li>
<li>专为异步加载和浏览器而设计 </li>
</ul>
<h4 id="ES6模块"><a href="#ES6模块" class="headerlink" title="ES6模块"></a>ES6模块</h4><p>ES6模块从CommonJS模块格式中提取设计思路。<br>ES6内置了对模块的支持。但是，还没有JavaScript引擎支持它们。不过，诸如<code>browserify</code>，<code>webpack</code>或<code>jspm</code>之类的工具可以让您使用ES6语法来创建模块，从而使您编写的代码具有未来性。<br>ECMAScript 6模块的目标是创建CommonJS和AMD的用户满意的格式<br>与CommonJS类似，它们具有简洁的语法，对单个导出的偏好和对循环依赖的支持。<br>与AMD类似，它们直接支持异步加载和可配置的模块加载。</p>
<ul>
<li>它们的语法比CommonJS更紧凑。</li>
<li>他们的结构可以静态分析（静态检查，优化等）。</li>
<li>他们对循环依赖的支持比CommonJS更好。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="模块句法"><a href="#模块句法" class="headerlink" title="模块句法"></a>模块句法</h3><h4 id="CommonJS-在node中实现"><a href="#CommonJS-在node中实现" class="headerlink" title="CommonJS(在node中实现)"></a>CommonJS(在node中实现)</h4><p>require 和exports/module.exports </p>
<h4 id="ES6"><a href="#ES6" class="headerlink" title="ES6"></a>ES6</h4><p>import 和 export/export default (注意，不能使用var，let或const作为默认导出。) </p>
<!-- CommonJS 规范是为了解决 JavaScript 的作用域问题而定义的模块形式，可以使每个模块它自身的命名空间中执行。该规范的主要内容是，模块必须通过 module.exports 导出对外的变量或接口，通过 require() 来导入其他模块的输出到当前模块作用域中。 -->
<h3 id="加载方式"><a href="#加载方式" class="headerlink" title="加载方式"></a>加载方式</h3><p>来看一个经典的例子 </p>
<h4 id="CommonJS"><a href="#CommonJS" class="headerlink" title="CommonJS"></a>CommonJS</h4><figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="comment">// a.js</span></div><div class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> counter = <span class="number">3</span>;</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">incCounter</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>{</div><div class="line"> counter++;</div><div class="line">}</div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">module</span>.exports = {</div><div class="line"> <span class="attr">counter</span>: counter,</div><div class="line"> <span class="attr">incCounter</span>: incCounter,</div><div class="line">};</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">// main.js</span></div><div class="line"><span class="keyword">var</span> mod = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'./a'</span>);</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(mod.counter); </div><div class="line">mod.incCounter();</div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(mod.counter); </div><div class="line">mod.incCounter();</div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(mod.counter);</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>执行命令<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">$ node main.js</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>// 结果<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"></div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">3</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h4 id="ES6-1"><a href="#ES6-1" class="headerlink" title="ES6"></a>ES6</h4><figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="comment">// a.js</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="keyword">export</span> <span class="keyword">let</span> counter = <span class="number">3</span>;</div><div class="line"> <span class="keyword">export</span> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> <span class="title">incCounter</span>(<span class="params"></span>) </span>{</div><div class="line"> counter++;</div><div class="line"> }</div><div class="line"> <span class="comment">// b.js</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="keyword">import</span> { counter, incCounter } <span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="string">'./a.js'</span>;</div><div class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(counter)</div><div class="line"> incCounter()</div><div class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(counter)</div><div class="line"> incCounter()</div><div class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(counter)</div><div class="line"> <span class="keyword">export</span> { counter }</div><div class="line"> <span class="comment">// main.js</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="keyword">import</span> { counter, incCounter } <span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="string">'./a.js'</span>;</div><div class="line"> <span class="keyword">import</span> { counter <span class="keyword">as</span> bbb } <span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="string">'./b.js'</span></div><div class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">'------main111'</span>)</div><div class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(counter)</div><div class="line"> incCounter()</div><div class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(counter)</div><div class="line"> incCounter()</div><div class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(counter)</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">'------main2222'</span>)</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>执行命令<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">$ babel-node main.js</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p> // 结果<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"></div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">------main111</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">------main2222</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>CommonJS 模块输出的是一个值的拷贝，ES6 模块输出的是值的引用。<br>CommonJS 模块是运行时加载，ES6 模块是编译时输出接口。</p>
<h3 id="其他"><a href="#其他" class="headerlink" title="其他"></a>其他</h3><p>Babel可以将es6模块转换为几种不同的格式，包括Common.js，AMD，System和UMD。</p>
<h3 id="参考链接"><a href="#参考链接" class="headerlink" title="参考链接"></a>参考链接</h3><p><a href="http://javascript.ruanyifeng.com/nodejs/module.html" target="_blank" rel="external">CommonJs规范</a><br><a href="http://nodejs.cn/api/modules.html" target="_blank" rel="external">nodeJS modules</a><br><a href="http://es6.ruanyifeng.com/#docs/module-loader" target="_blank" rel="external">ES6入门</a><br><a href="http://exploringjs.com/es6/ch_modules.html#sec_modules-in-javascript" target="_blank" rel="external">ES6模块</a></p>
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<h2 id="安装"><a href="#安装" class="headerlink" title="安装"></a>安装</h2><p>通过 Package Control 搜索安装</p>
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