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NIO


简介:

NIO 是java 1.4引入的新特性。是对原来的standard IO的扩展。

Standard IO是对字节流的读写,在进行IO之前,首先创建一个流对象,流对象进行读写操作都是按字节 ,一个字节一个字节的来读或写。而NIO把IO抽象成块,类似磁盘的读写,每次IO操作的单位都是一个块,块被读入内存之后就是一个byte[],NIO一次可以读或写多个字节。

#####NIO的几大组件:

#####1.Selector

多路复用选择器,基于“事件驱动”,其核心就是通过Selector来轮询注册在其上的Channel,当发现某个或多个Channel处于就绪状态后,从阻塞状态返回就绪的Channel的SelectionKey集合,进行I/O操作。

  • 创建多路复用器并启动线程
 Selector selector=Selector.open();
 new Thread(new ReactorTask()).start();
 
  • 创建Channel
// 打开ServerSocketChannel,用于监听客户端的连接
ServerSocketChannel ssc=ServerSocketChannel.open();
//设置连接为非阻塞模式
ssc.configureBlocking(false);
//绑定监听端口
ServerSocket ss=ssc.socket();
ss.bind(new InetSocketAddress(InetAdderss.getByName("ip"),port));
//将ServerSocketChannel注册到多路复用器Selector上,监听ACCEPT事件
ssc.register(selector,SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);

  • 等待客户端的连接
 while (true) {
            // selector.select是阻塞的,一直等到有客户端连接过来才返回,然后会检查发生的是哪一种事件,然后根据不同的事件做不同的操作
            selector.select();
            Set<SelectionKey> selectionKeys = selector.selectedKeys();
            Iterator<SelectionKey> it = selectionKeys.iterator();
            while (it.hasNext()) {
                SelectionKey key = it.next();
                if (key.isAcceptable()) {
                    // 处理新接入的请求消息
                    ServerSocketChannel ssc = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();
                    SocketChannel sc = ssc.accept();
                    sc.configureBlocking(false);
                    // 注册读事件
                    sc.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
                }
                if (key.isReadable()) {
                    // 处理读请求
                    SocketChannel sc = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
                    ByteBuffer readBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
                    int readBytes = sc.read(readBuffer);
                    if (readBytes > 0) {
                        readBuffer.flip();
                        byte[] bytes = new byte[readBuffer.remaining()];
                        readBuffer.get(bytes);
                        System.out.println(new String(bytes, "UTF-8"));
                    }
                }

            }
        }

#####2.Channel Channel是NIO对IO抽象的一个新概念,NIO在进行IO时需要创建一个Channel对象,是双向的,不象Standard IO分为输入流和输出流

#####3.Buffer

Buffer和Channel都是一起使用的,每次都是从一个Channel中读出一个Buffer或者把一个Buffer写入到一个Channel中

                    // 处理读请求
                    SocketChannel sc = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
                    ByteBuffer readBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
                    int readBytes = sc.read(readBuffer);
                    if (readBytes > 0) {
                        readBuffer.flip();
                        byte[] bytes = new byte[readBuffer.remaining()];
                        readBuffer.get(bytes);
                        System.out.println(new String(bytes, "UTF-8"));
                    }
                    

Buffer有3个重要的属性

  • position 正整数,指向Buffer中下一个要读取或写入的字节位置
  • limit 正整数,指向Buffer中的某个位置,在IO时只读写下标小于limit的字节内容
  • capacity 正整数,Buffer所能容纳的最大字节数

0 <= position <= limit <= capacity

初始状态: image

从Channel中读入5个字到ByteBuffer image

flip(),准备写入或输出

public final Buffer flip() {
        limit = position;
        position = 0;
        mark = -1;
        return this;
    }

image

输出内容后,position就移动到跟limit相同的位置上 image

ByteBuffer如果要重复利用,需要清理,position和limit回到初始状态时的位置,然后可以接着用这个Buffer来读写数据,不需要再New 新的Buffer

    public final Buffer clear() {
        position = 0;
        limit = capacity;
        mark = -1;
        return this;
    }

image

比较好的基于NIO的开源框架(Netty)

优点:

  • api简单,开发门槛低
  • 功能强大,内置了多种编码、解码功能
  • 与其它业界主流的NIO框架对比,netty的综合性能最优
  • 社区活跃,使用广泛,经历过很多商业应用项目的考验
  • 定制能力强,可以对框架进行灵活的扩展
<dependency>
     <groupId>org.jboss.netty</groupId>
     <artifactId>netty</artifactId>
     <version>3.2.5.Final</version>
</dependency>

例子:

  • 服务端。接收客户端请求并将内容打印出来,同时发送一个消息收到回执。
public class NettyServer {

    private static int HEADER_LENGTH = 4;

    public void bind(int port) throws Exception {

        ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap(new NioServerSocketChannelFactory(Executors.newCachedThreadPool(),
                                                                                  Executors.newCachedThreadPool()));

        // 构造对应的pipeline
        b.setPipelineFactory(new ChannelPipelineFactory() {

            public ChannelPipeline getPipeline() throws Exception {
                ChannelPipeline pipelines = Channels.pipeline();
                pipelines.addLast(MessageHandler.class.getName(), new MessageHandler());
                return pipelines;
            }
        });
        // 监听端口号
        b.bind(new InetSocketAddress(port));
    }

    // 处理消息
    static class MessageHandler extends SimpleChannelHandler {

        public void messageReceived(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, MessageEvent e) throws Exception {
            // 接收客户端请求
            ChannelBuffer buffer = (ChannelBuffer) e.getMessage();
            String message = new String(buffer.readBytes(buffer.readableBytes()).array(), "UTF-8");
            System.out.println("<服务端>收到内容=" + message);

            // 给客户端发送回执
            byte[] body = "服务端已收到".getBytes();
            byte[] header = ByteBuffer.allocate(HEADER_LENGTH).order(ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).putInt(body.length).array();
            Channels.write(ctx.getChannel(), ChannelBuffers.wrappedBuffer(header, body));
            System.out.println("<服务端>发送回执,time=" + System.currentTimeMillis());

        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            new NettyServer().bind(1088);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        ;
    }
}
  • 客户端。向服务端发送一个请求,然后打印服务端响应的内容。
public class NettyClient {

    private final ByteBuffer readHeader  = ByteBuffer.allocate(4).order(ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
    private final ByteBuffer writeHeader = ByteBuffer.allocate(4).order(ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
    private SocketChannel    channel;

    public void sendMessage(byte[] body) throws Exception {
        // 创建客户端通道
        channel = SocketChannel.open();
        channel.socket().setSoTimeout(60000);
        channel.connect(new InetSocketAddress(AddressUtils.getHostIp(), 1088));

        // 客户端发请求
        writeWithHeader(channel, body);

        // 接收服务端响应的信息
        readHeader.clear();
        read(channel, readHeader);
        int bodyLen = readHeader.getInt(0);
        ByteBuffer bodyBuf = ByteBuffer.allocate(bodyLen).order(ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
        read(channel, bodyBuf);
        System.out.println("<客户端>收到响应内容:" + new String(bodyBuf.array(), "UTF-8") + ",长度:" + bodyLen);
    }

    private void writeWithHeader(SocketChannel channel, byte[] body) throws IOException {
        writeHeader.clear();
        writeHeader.putInt(body.length);
        writeHeader.flip();
        // channel.write(writeHeader);
        channel.write(ByteBuffer.wrap(body));
    }

    private void read(SocketChannel channel, ByteBuffer buffer) throws IOException {
        while (buffer.hasRemaining()) {
            int r = channel.read(buffer);
            if (r == -1) {
                throw new IOException("end of stream when reading header");
            }
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String body = "客户发的测试请求!";
        try {
            new NettyClient().sendMessage(body.getBytes());
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}