How to deploy a three-tier architecture in AWS using Terraform?

What is Terraform?

Terraform is an open-source infrastructure as a code (IAC) tool that allows to create, manage & deploy the production-ready environment. Terraform codifies cloud APIs into declarative configuration files. Terraform can manage both existing service providers and custom in-house solutions.

In this tutorial, I will deploy a three-tier application in AWS using Terraform.

Prerequisites:

• Basic knowledge of AWS & Terraform
• AWS account
• AWS Access & Secret Key

In this project, I have used some variables also that I will discuss later in this article.

Step 1:- Create a file for the VPC

• Create vpc.tf file and add the below code to it

  # Creating VPC
  resource "aws_vpc" "demovpc" {
    cidr_block       = "${var.vpc_cidr}"
    instance_tenancy = "default"
  tags = {
    Name = "Demo VPC"
  }
  }
  

Step 2:- Create a file for the Subnet

• For this project, I will create total 6 subnets for the front-end tier and back-end tier with a mixture of public & private subnet

• Create subnet.tf file and add the below code to it

  # Creating 1st web subnet 
  resource "aws_subnet" "public-subnet-1" {
    vpc_id                  = "${aws_vpc.demovpc.id}"
    cidr_block             = "${var.subnet_cidr}"
    map_public_ip_on_launch = true
    availability_zone = "us-east-1a"
  tags = {
    Name = "Web Subnet 1"
  }
  }
  # Creating 2nd web subnet 
  resource "aws_subnet" "public-subnet-2" {
    vpc_id                  = "${aws_vpc.demovpc.id}"
    cidr_block             = "${var.subnet1_cidr}"
    map_public_ip_on_launch = true
    availability_zone = "us-east-1b"
  tags = {
    Name = "Web Subnet 2"
  }
  }
  # Creating 1st application subnet 
  resource "aws_subnet" "application-subnet-1" {
    vpc_id                  = "${aws_vpc.demovpc.id}"
    cidr_block             = "${var.subnet2_cidr}"
    map_public_ip_on_launch = false
    availability_zone = "us-east-1a"
  tags = {
    Name = "Application Subnet 1"
  }
  }
  # Creating 2nd application subnet 
  resource "aws_subnet" "application-subnet-2" {
    vpc_id                  = "${aws_vpc.demovpc.id}"
    cidr_block             = "${var.subnet3_cidr}"
    map_public_ip_on_launch = false
    availability_zone = "us-east-1b"
  tags = {
    Name = "Application Subnet 2"
  }
  }
  # Create Database Private Subnet
  resource "aws_subnet" "database-subnet-1" {
    vpc_id            = "${aws_vpc.demovpc.id}"
    cidr_block        = "${var.subnet4_cidr}"
    availability_zone = "us-east-1a"
  tags = {
    Name = "Database Subnet 1"
  }
  }
  # Create Database Private Subnet
  resource "aws_subnet" "database-subnet-2" {
    vpc_id            = "${aws_vpc.demovpc.id}"
    cidr_block        = "${var.subnet5_cidr}"
    availability_zone = "us-east-1a"
  tags = {
    Name = "Database Subnet 1"
  }
  }
  

Step 3:- Create a file for the Internet Gateway

• Create igw.tf file and add the below code to it

  # Creating Internet Gateway 
  resource "aws_internet_gateway" "demogateway" {
    vpc_id = "${aws_vpc.demovpc.id}"
  }
  

Step 4:- Create a file for the Route table

• Create route_table_public.tf file and add the below code to it

  # Creating Route Table
  resource "aws_route_table" "route" {
    vpc_id = "${aws_vpc.demovpc.id}"
  route {
        cidr_block = "0.0.0.0/0"
        gateway_id = "${aws_internet_gateway.demogateway.id}"
    }
  tags = {
        Name = "Route to internet"
    }
  }
  # Associating Route Table
  resource "aws_route_table_association" "rt1" {
    subnet_id = "${aws_subnet.demosubnet.id}"
    route_table_id = "${aws_route_table.route.id}"
  }
  # Associating Route Table
  resource "aws_route_table_association" "rt2" {
    subnet_id = "${aws_subnet.demosubnet1.id}"
    route_table_id = "${aws_route_table.route.id}"
  }
  

• In the above code, I am creating a new route table and forwarding all the requests to the 0.0.0.0/0 CIDR block.

• I am also attaching this route table to the subnet created earlier. So, it will work as the Public Subnet

Step 5:- Create a file for EC2 instances

• Create ec2.tf file and add the below code to it

  # Creating 1st EC2 instance in Public Subnet
  resource "aws_instance" "demoinstance" {
    ami                         = "ami-087c17d1fe0178315"
    instance_type               = "t2.micro"
    count                       = 1
    key_name                    = "tests"
    vpc_security_group_ids      = ["${aws_security_group.demosg.id}"]
    subnet_id                   = "${aws_subnet.demoinstance.id}"
    associate_public_ip_address = true
    user_data                   = "${file("data.sh")}"
  tags = {
    Name = "My Public Instance"
  }
  }
  # Creating 2nd EC2 instance in Public Subnet
  resource "aws_instance" "demoinstance1" {
    ami                         = "ami-087c17d1fe0178315"
    instance_type               = "t2.micro"
    count                       = 1
    key_name                    = "tests"
    vpc_security_group_ids      = ["${aws_security_group.demosg.id}"]
    subnet_id                   = "${aws_subnet.demoinstance.id}"
    associate_public_ip_address = true
    user_data                   = "${file("data.sh")}"
  tags = {
    Name = "My Public Instance 2"
  }
  }
  

• I have used the userdata to configure the EC2 instance, I will discuss data.sh file later in the article

Step 6:- Create a file for Security Group for the FrontEnd tier

• Create web_sg.tf file and add the below code to it

  # Creating Security Group 
  resource "aws_security_group" "demosg" {
    vpc_id = "${aws_vpc.demovpc.id}"
  # Inbound Rules
  # HTTP access from anywhere
  ingress {
    from_port   = 80
    to_port     = 80
    protocol    = "tcp"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
  }
  # HTTPS access from anywhere
  ingress {
    from_port   = 443
    to_port     = 443
    protocol    = "tcp"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
  }
  # SSH access from anywhere
  ingress {
    from_port   = 22
    to_port     = 22
    protocol    = "tcp"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
  }
  # Outbound Rules
  # Internet access to anywhere
  egress {
    from_port   = 0
    to_port     = 0
    protocol    = "-1"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
  }
  tags = {
    Name = "Web SG"
  }
  }
  

• I have opened 80,443 & 22 ports for the inbound connection and I have opened all the ports for the outbound connection

Step 7:- Create a file for Security Group for the Database tier

• Create database_sg.tf file and add the below code to it

  # Create Database Security Group
  resource "aws_security_group" "database-sg" {
    name        = "Database SG"
    description = "Allow inbound traffic from application layer"
    vpc_id      = aws_vpc.demovpc.id
  ingress {
    description     = "Allow traffic from application layer"
    from_port       = 3306
    to_port         = 3306
    protocol        = "tcp"
    security_groups = [aws_security_group.demosg.id]
  }
  egress {
    from_port   = 32768
    to_port     = 65535
    protocol    = "tcp"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
  }
  tags = {
    Name = "Database SG"
  }
  }
  

• I have opened 3306 ports for the inbound connection and I have opened all the ports for the outbound connection.

Step 8:- Create a file Application Load Balancer

• Create alb.tf file and add the below code to it

  # Creating External LoadBalancer
  resource "aws_lb" "external-alb" {
    name               = "External LB"
    internal           = false
    load_balancer_type = "application"
    security_groups    = [aws_security_group.demosg.id]
    subnets            = [aws_subnet.public-subnet-1.id, aws_subnet.public-subnet-1.id]
  }
  resource "aws_lb_target_group" "target-elb" {
    name     = "ALB TG"
    port     = 80
    protocol = "HTTP"
    vpc_id   = aws_vpc.demovpc.id
  }
  resource "aws_lb_target_group_attachment" "attachment" {
    target_group_arn = aws_lb_target_group.external-alb.arn
    target_id        = aws_instance.demoinstance.id
    port             = 80
  depends_on = [
    aws_instance.demoinstance,
  ]
  }
  resource "aws_lb_target_group_attachment" "attachment" {
    target_group_arn = aws_lb_target_group.external-alb.arn
    target_id        = aws_instance.demoinstance1.id
    port             = 80
  depends_on = [
    aws_instance.demoinstance1,
  ]
  }
  resource "aws_lb_listener" "external-elb" {
    load_balancer_arn = aws_lb.external-alb.arn
    port              = "80"
    protocol          = "HTTP"
  default_action {
    type             = "forward"
    target_group_arn = aws_lb_target_group.external-alb.arn
  }
  }
  

• The above load balancer is of type external

• Load balancer type is set to application

• The aws_lb_target_group_attachment resource will attach our instances to the Target Group.

• The load balancer will listen requests on port 80

Step 9:- Create a file for the RDS instance

• Create a rds.tf file and add the below code to it

  # Creating RDS Instance
  resource "aws_db_subnet_group" "default" {
    name       = "main"
    subnet_ids = [aws_subnet.database-subnet-1.id, aws_subnet.database-subnet-1.id]
  tags = {
    Name = "My DB subnet group"
  }
  }
  resource "aws_db_instance" "default" {
    allocated_storage      = 10
    db_subnet_group_name   = aws_db_subnet_group.default.id
    engine                 = "mysql"
    engine_version         = "8.0.20"
    instance_class         = "db.t2.micro"
    multi_az               = true
    name                   = "mydb"
    username               = "username"
    password               = "password"
    skip_final_snapshot    = true
    vpc_security_group_ids = [aws_security_group.database-sg.id]
  }
  

• In the above code, you need to change the value of username & password

• multi-az is set to true for the high availability

Step 10:- Create a file for outputs

• Create outputs.tf file and add the below code to it

  # Getting the DNS of load balancer
  output "lb_dns_name" {
    description = "The DNS name of the load balancer"
    value       = "${aws_lb.external-alb.dns_name}"
  }
  

• From the above code, I will get the DNS of the application load balancer.

Step 11:- Create a file for variable

• Create vars.tf file and add the below code to it

  # Defining CIDR Block for VPC
  variable "vpc_cidr" {
    default = "10.0.0.0/16"
  }
  # Defining CIDR Block for 1st Subnet
  variable "subnet_cidr" {
    default = "10.0.1.0/24"
  }
  # Defining CIDR Block for 2nd Subnet
  variable "subnet1_cidr" {
    default = "10.0.2.0/24"
  }
  # Defining CIDR Block for 3rd Subnet
  variable "subnet2_cidr" {
    default = "10.0.3.0/24"
  }
  # Defining CIDR Block for 3rd Subnet
  variable "subnet2_cidr" {
    default = "10.0.4.0/24"
  }
  # Defining CIDR Block for 3rd Subnet
  variable "subnet2_cidr" {
    default = "10.0.5.0/24"
  }
  # Defining CIDR Block for 3rd Subnet
  variable "subnet2_cidr" {
    default = "10.0.6.0/24" 
  }
  

Step 12:- Create a file for user data

• Create data.sh file and add the below code to it

  #!/bin/bash
  yum update -y
  yum install -y httpd.x86_64
  systemctl start httpd.service
  systemctl enable httpd.service
  echo "Hello World from $(hostname -f)" > /var/www/html/index.html
  

• The above code will install an apache webserver in the EC2 instances

So, now our entire code is ready. We need to run the below steps to create infrastructure.

• terraform init is to initialize the working directory and downloading plugins of the provider
• terraform plan is to create the execution plan for our code
• terraform apply is to create the actual infrastructure. It will ask you to provide the Access Key and Secret Key in order to create the infrastructure. So, instead of hardcoding the Access Key and Secret Key, it is better to apply at the run time.

Step 13:- Verify the resources

• Terraform will create below resources

  • VPC
  • Application Load Balancer
  • Public & Private Subnets
  • EC2 instances
  • RDS instance
  • Route Table
  • Internet Gateway
  • Security Groups for Web & RDS instances
  • Route Table

Once the resource creation finishes you can get the DNS of a load balancer and paste it into the browser and you can see load balancer will send the request to two instances.

That’s it now, you have learned how to create various resources in AWS using Terraform.