Map plots with latest iris=3.10.0 and cartopy=0.24.0 fail

[schlunma]

Describe the bug
Running recipes that use iris to plot map plots (e.g., recipe_python.yml) currently fail with iris=3.10.0 and cartopy=0.24.0. This affects the current development version of ESMValTool, but also the released ESMValTool v2.11.0 on conda-forge (and possibly earlier versions, too).

Corresponding iris issue and PR:

• Remove GeoAxes patch at next Cartopy release SciTools/iris#5977
• Update lock files, pin Cartopy!=0.23 SciTools/iris#6171

Here is the traceback:

Traceback (most recent call last):
194   File "/home/manuel/micromamba/envs/test/lib/python3.12/site-packages/esmvaltool/diag_scripts/examples/diagnostic.py", line 111, in <module>
195     main(config)
196   File "/home/manuel/micromamba/envs/test/lib/python3.12/site-packages/esmvaltool/diag_scripts/examples/diagnostic.py", line 105, in main
197     plot_diagnostic(cube, output_basename, provenance_record, cfg)
198   File "/home/manuel/micromamba/envs/test/lib/python3.12/site-packages/esmvaltool/diag_scripts/examples/diagnostic.py", line 65, in plot_diagnostic
199     save_figure(basename, provenance_record, cfg)
200   File "/home/manuel/micromamba/envs/test/lib/python3.12/site-packages/esmvaltool/diag_scripts/shared/_base.py", line 101, in save_figure
201     fig.savefig(filename, **kwargs)
202   File "/home/manuel/micromamba/envs/test/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py", line 1134, in savefig
203     res = fig.savefig(*args, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[func-returns-value]
204           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
205   File "/home/manuel/micromamba/envs/test/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py", line 3390, in savefig
206     self.canvas.print_figure(fname, **kwargs)
207   File "/home/manuel/micromamba/envs/test/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py", line 2193, in print_figure
208     result = print_method(
209              ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
210   File "/home/manuel/micromamba/envs/test/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py", line 2043, in <lambda>
211     print_method = functools.wraps(meth)(lambda *args, **kwargs: meth(
212                                                                  ^^^^^
213   File "/home/manuel/micromamba/envs/test/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py", line 497, in print_png
214     self._print_pil(filename_or_obj, "png", pil_kwargs, metadata)
215   File "/home/manuel/micromamba/envs/test/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py", line 445, in _print_pil
216     FigureCanvasAgg.draw(self)
217   File "/home/manuel/micromamba/envs/test/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py", line 388, in draw
218     self.figure.draw(self.renderer)
219   File "/home/manuel/micromamba/envs/test/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py", line 95, in draw_wrapper
220     result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
221              ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
222   File "/home/manuel/micromamba/envs/test/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py", line 72, in draw_wrapper
223     return draw(artist, renderer)
224            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
225   File "/home/manuel/micromamba/envs/test/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py", line 3154, in draw
226     mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
227   File "/home/manuel/micromamba/envs/test/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py", line 132, in _draw_list_compositing_images
228     a.draw(renderer)
229   File "/home/manuel/micromamba/envs/test/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py", line 72, in draw_wrapper
230     return draw(artist, renderer)
231            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
232   File "/home/manuel/micromamba/envs/test/lib/python3.12/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py", line 509, in draw
233     self._draw_preprocess()
234 TypeError: _GeoAxesPatched._draw_preprocess() missing 1 required positional argument: 'renderer'

[valeriupredoi]

we may want to open a followup issue "Unpin Cartopy" like we did for curl, after we merge #3768 - cartopy is one of those big deps that it's good to have as up to date as possible

[schlunma]

See #3769