Strong zero in Diagonal triple multiplication (#55927)

Currently, triple multiplication with a `LinearAlgebra.BandedMatrix`
sandwiched between two `Diagonal`s isn't associative, as this is
implemented using broadcasting, which doesn't assume a strong zero,
whereas the two-term matrix multiplication does.
```julia
julia> D = Diagonal(StepRangeLen(NaN, 0, 3));

julia> B = Bidiagonal(1:3, 1:2, :U);

julia> D * B * D
3×3 Matrix{Float64}:
 NaN  NaN  NaN
 NaN  NaN  NaN
 NaN  NaN  NaN

julia> (D * B) * D
3×3 Bidiagonal{Float64, Vector{Float64}}:
 NaN    NaN       ⋅ 
    ⋅   NaN    NaN
    ⋅      ⋅   NaN

julia> D * (B * D)
3×3 Bidiagonal{Float64, Vector{Float64}}:
 NaN    NaN       ⋅ 
    ⋅   NaN    NaN
    ⋅      ⋅   NaN
```
This PR ensures that the 3-term multiplication is evaluated as a
sequence of two-term multiplications, which fixes this issue. This also
improves performance, as only the bands need to be evaluated now.
```julia
julia> D = Diagonal(1:1000); B = Bidiagonal(1:1000, 1:999, :U);

julia> @Btime $D * $B * $D;
  656.364 μs (11 allocations: 7.63 MiB) # v"1.12.0-DEV.1262"
  2.483 μs (12 allocations: 31.50 KiB) # This PR
```

stdlib/LinearAlgebra/src/special.jl

@@ -112,6 +112,8 @@ for op in (:+, :-)
     end
 end
 
+(*)(Da::Diagonal, A::BandedMatrix, Db::Diagonal) = _tri_matmul(Da, A, Db)
+
 # disambiguation between triangular and banded matrices, banded ones "dominate"
 _mul!(C::AbstractMatrix, A::AbstractTriangular, B::BandedMatrix, alpha::Number, beta::Number) =
     @stable_muladdmul _mul!(C, A, B, MulAddMul(alpha, beta))

stdlib/LinearAlgebra/test/diagonal.jl

@@ -1265,6 +1265,17 @@ end
     @test *(Diagonal(ones(n)), Diagonal(1:n), Diagonal(ones(n)), Diagonal(1:n)) isa Diagonal
 end
 
+@testset "triple multiplication with a sandwiched BandedMatrix" begin
+    D = Diagonal(StepRangeLen(NaN, 0, 4));
+    B = Bidiagonal(1:4, 1:3, :U)
+    C = D * B * D
+    @test iszero(diag(C, 2))
+    # test associativity
+    C1 = (D * B) * D
+    C2 = D * (B * D)
+    @test diag(C,2) == diag(C1,2) == diag(C2,2)
+end
+
 @testset "diagind" begin
     D = Diagonal(1:4)
     M = Matrix(D)