Documenting macro-generated code

This adds a `@__doc__` macro, not exported currently, for use by macro authors
that want their macros to hook into the docsystem properly.

Usage:

    macro example(f)
        quote
            $(f)() = 0
            @__doc__ $(f)(x) = 1
            $(f)(x, y) = 2
        end |> esc
    end

    "Docs for `g(x)` only."
    @example g

will attach the docstring to the 1-arg method only.

Fixes #12705.

base/docs/Docs.jl

@@ -402,6 +402,40 @@ end
 
 multidoc(meta, objs) = quote $([:(@doc $(esc(meta)) $(esc(obj))) for obj in objs]...) end
 
+doc"""
+    @__doc__(ex)
+
+Low-level macro used to mark expressions returned by a macro that should be documented. If
+more than one expression is marked then the same docstring is applied to each expression.
+
+    macro example(f)
+        quote
+            $(f)() = 0
+            @__doc__ $(f)(x) = 1
+            $(f)(x, y) = 2
+        end |> esc
+    end
+
+`@__doc__` has no effect when a macro that uses it is not documented.
+"""
+macro __doc__(ex) esc(Expr(:block, symbol("#doc#"), ex)) end
+
+function __doc__!(meta, def::Expr)
+    if isexpr(def, :block) && def.args[1] == symbol("#doc#") && length(def.args) == 2
+        # Convert `Expr(:block, :#doc#, ...)` created by `@__doc__` to an `@doc`.
+        def.head = :macrocall
+        def.args = [symbol("@doc"), meta, def.args[end]]
+        true
+    else
+        found = false
+        for each in def.args
+            found |= __doc__!(meta, each)
+        end
+        found
+    end
+end
+__doc__!(meta, def) = false
+
 fexpr(ex) = isexpr(ex, :function, :stagedfunction, :(=)) && isexpr(ex.args[1], :call)
 
 function docm(meta, def, define = true)
@@ -428,6 +462,7 @@ function docm(meta, def, define = true)
                  :global)      ?  vardoc(meta, def, namify(def′)) :
     isvar(def′)                ? objdoc(meta, def′) :
     isexpr(def′, :tuple)       ? multidoc(meta, def′.args) :
+    __doc__!(meta, def′)       ? esc(def′) :
     isa(def′, Expr)            ? error("Invalid doc expression $def′") :
     objdoc(meta, def′)
 end

test/docs.jl

@@ -209,6 +209,54 @@ let fields = meta(DocsTest)[DocsTest.FieldDocs].fields
     @test haskey(fields, :two) && fields[:two] == doc"two"
 end
 
+# Document specific expressions generated by macro calls.
+module MacroGenerated
+
+import Base.Docs.@__doc__
+
+macro example_1(f)
+    quote
+        $(f)() = 0
+        @__doc__ $(f)(x) = x
+        $(f)(x, y) = x + y
+    end |> esc
+end
+
+"f"
+@example_1 f
+
+@example_1 _f
+
+macro example_2(f)
+    quote
+        $(f)() = 0
+        @__doc__ $(f)(x) = x
+        @__doc__ $(f)(x, y) = x + y
+    end |> esc
+end
+
+"g"
+@example_2 g
+
+@example_2 _g
+
+end
+
+let funcdoc = meta(MacroGenerated)[MacroGenerated.f]
+    @test funcdoc.order == [Tuple{Any}]
+    @test funcdoc.meta[Tuple{Any}] == doc"f"
+end
+
+@test isdefined(MacroGenerated, :_f)
+
+let funcdoc = meta(MacroGenerated)[MacroGenerated.g]
+    @test funcdoc.order == [Tuple{Any}, Tuple{Any, Any}]
+    @test funcdoc.meta[Tuple{Any}] == doc"g"
+    @test funcdoc.meta[Tuple{Any, Any}] == doc"g"
+end
+
+@test isdefined(MacroGenerated, :_g)
+
 # Issue #12700.
 @test @doc(DocsTest.@m) == doc"Inner.@m"