Improve documentation of sort-related functions

In particular:

* document the `order` keyword in `sort!`
* list explicitly the required properties of `lt` in `sort!`
* clarify the sequence of "by" transformations if both `by` and `order` are given
* show default values in the signatures for `searchsorted` and related functions
* add `isunordered` to the manual (it's already exported)

base/operators.jl

@@ -154,15 +154,17 @@ Values that are normally unordered, such as `NaN`,
 are ordered after regular values.
 [`missing`](@ref) values are ordered last.
 
-This is the default comparison used by [`sort`](@ref).
+This is the default comparison used by [`sort!`](@ref).
 
 # Implementation
 Non-numeric types with a total order should implement this function.
 Numeric types only need to implement it if they have special values such as `NaN`.
 Types with a partial order should implement [`<`](@ref).
-See the documentation on [Alternate orderings](@ref) for how to define alternate
+See the documentation on [Alternate Orderings](@ref) for how to define alternate
 ordering methods that can be used in sorting and related functions.
 
+See also [`isequal`](@ref), [`isunordered`](@ref).
+
 # Examples
 ```jldoctest
 julia> isless(1, 3)
@@ -1344,7 +1346,7 @@ corresponding position in `collection`. To get a vector indicating whether each
 in `items` is in `collection`, wrap `collection` in a tuple or a `Ref` like this:
 `in.(items, Ref(collection))` or `items .∈ Ref(collection)`.
 
-See also: [`∉`](@ref).
+See also: [`∉`](@ref), [`insorted`](@ref), [`contains`](@ref), [`occursin`](@ref), [`issubset`](@ref).
 
 # Examples
 ```jldoctest
@@ -1382,8 +1384,6 @@ julia> [1, 2] .∈ ([2, 3],)
  0
  1
 ```
-
-See also: [`insorted`](@ref), [`contains`](@ref), [`occursin`](@ref), [`issubset`](@ref).
 """
 in
 

base/sort.jl

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ end
     issorted(v, lt=isless, by=identity, rev::Bool=false, order::Ordering=Forward)
 
 Test whether a vector is in sorted order. The `lt`, `by` and `rev` keywords modify what
-order is considered to be sorted just as they do for [`sort`](@ref).
+order is considered to be sorted just as they do for [`sort!`](@ref).
 
 # Examples
 ```jldoctest
@@ -94,14 +94,17 @@ maybeview(v, k) = view(v, k)
 maybeview(v, k::Integer) = v[k]
 
 """
-    partialsort!(v, k; by=<transform>, lt=<comparison>, rev=false)
+    partialsort!(v, k; by=identity, lt=isless, rev=false)
 
-Partially sort the vector `v` in place, according to the order specified by `by`, `lt` and
-`rev` so that the value at index `k` (or range of adjacent values if `k` is a range) occurs
+Partially sort the vector `v` in place  so that the value at index `k` (or
+range of adjacent values if `k` is a range) occurs
 at the position where it would appear if the array were fully sorted. If `k` is a single
 index, that value is returned; if `k` is a range, an array of values at those indices is
 returned. Note that `partialsort!` may not fully sort the input array.
 
+For the keyword arguments, see the documentation of [`sort!`](@ref).
+
+
 # Examples
 ```jldoctest
 julia> a = [1, 2, 4, 3, 4]
@@ -148,9 +151,9 @@ partialsort!(v::AbstractVector, k::Union{Integer,OrdinalRange};
     partialsort!(v, k, ord(lt,by,rev,order))
 
 """
-    partialsort(v, k, by=<transform>, lt=<comparison>, rev=false)
+    partialsort(v, k, by=identity, lt=isless, rev=false)
 
-Variant of [`partialsort!`](@ref) which copies `v` before partially sorting it, thereby returning the
+Variant of [`partialsort!`](@ref) that copies `v` before partially sorting it, thereby returning the
 same thing as `partialsort!` but leaving `v` unmodified.
 """
 partialsort(v::AbstractVector, k::Union{Integer,OrdinalRange}; kws...) =
@@ -288,14 +291,16 @@ for s in [:searchsortedfirst, :searchsortedlast, :searchsorted]
 end
 
 """
-    searchsorted(a, x; by=<transform>, lt=<comparison>, rev=false)
+    searchsorted(a, x; by=identity, lt=isless, rev=false)
 
-Return the range of indices of `a` which compare as equal to `x` (using binary search)
-according to the order specified by the `by`, `lt` and `rev` keywords, assuming that `a`
-is already sorted in that order. Return an empty range located at the insertion point
-if `a` does not contain values equal to `x`.
+Return the range of indices of `a` that compare as equal to `x` (using binary
+search), assuming that `a` is already sorted. Return an empty range located at
+the insertion point if `a` does not contain values equal to `x`.
 
-See also: [`insorted`](@ref), [`searchsortedfirst`](@ref), [`sort`](@ref), [`findall`](@ref).
+The `by`, `lt` and `rev` keywords modify what order is assumed for the data,
+as described in the [`sort!`](@ref) documentation.
+
+See also: [`insorted`](@ref), [`searchsortedfirst`](@ref), [`sort!`](@ref), [`findall`](@ref).
 
 # Examples
 ```jldoctest
@@ -317,14 +322,17 @@ julia> searchsorted([1, 2, 4, 5, 5, 7], 0) # no match, insert at start
 """ searchsorted
 
 """
-    searchsortedfirst(a, x; by=<transform>, lt=<comparison>, rev=false)
+    searchsortedfirst(a, x; by=identity, lt=isless, rev=false)
 
-Return the index of the first value in `a` greater than or equal to `x`, according to the
-specified order. Return `lastindex(a) + 1` if `x` is greater than all values in `a`.
-`a` is assumed to be sorted.
+Return the index of the first value in `a` greater than or equal to `x`,
+assuming that `a` is already sorted. Return `lastindex(a) + 1` if `x` is
+greater than all values in `a`.
 
 `insert!`ing `x` at this index will maintain sorted order.
 
+The `by`, `lt` and `rev` keywords modify what order is assumed for the data,
+as described in the [`sort!`](@ref) documentation.
+
 See also: [`searchsortedlast`](@ref), [`searchsorted`](@ref), [`findfirst`](@ref).
 
 # Examples
@@ -347,11 +355,12 @@ julia> searchsortedfirst([1, 2, 4, 5, 5, 7], 0) # no match, insert at start
 """ searchsortedfirst
 
 """
-    searchsortedlast(a, x; by=<transform>, lt=<comparison>, rev=false)
+    searchsortedlast(a, x; by=identity, lt=isless, rev=false)
 
-Return the index of the last value in `a` less than or equal to `x`, according to the
-specified order. Return `firstindex(a) - 1` if `x` is less than all values in `a`. `a` is
-assumed to be sorted.
+Return the index of the last value in `a` less than or equal to `x`, assuming
+that `a` is already sorted. Return `firstindex(a) - 1` if `x` is less than all
+values in `a`. The `by`, `lt` and `rev` keywords modify what order is assumed
+for the data, as described in the [`sort!`](@ref) documentation.
 
 # Examples
 ```jldoctest
@@ -373,12 +382,12 @@ julia> searchsortedlast([1, 2, 4, 5, 5, 7], 0) # no match, insert at start
 """ searchsortedlast
 
 """
-    insorted(x, a; by=<transform>, lt=<comparison>, rev=false) -> Bool
+    insorted(x, a; by=identity, lt=isless, rev=false) -> Bool
 
 Determine whether an item `x` is in the sorted collection `a`, in the sense that
-it is [`==`](@ref) to one of the values of the collection according to the order
-specified by the `by`, `lt` and `rev` keywords, assuming that `a` is already
-sorted in that order, see [`sort`](@ref) for the keywords.
+it is [`==`](@ref) to one of the values of the collection. The `by`, `lt` and
+`rev` keywords modify what order is assumed for the collection, as described in
+the [`sort!`](@ref) documentation.
 
 See also [`in`](@ref).
 
@@ -524,7 +533,7 @@ Base.size(v::WithoutMissingVector) = size(v.data)
     send_to_end!(f::Function, v::AbstractVector; [lo, hi])
 
 Send every element of `v` for which `f` returns `true` to the end of the vector and return
-the index of the last element which for which `f` returns `false`.
+the index of the last element for which `f` returns `false`.
 
 `send_to_end!(f, v, lo, hi)` is equivalent to `send_to_end!(f, view(v, lo:hi))+lo-1`
 
@@ -724,8 +733,8 @@ Insertion sort traverses the collection one element at a time, inserting
 each element into its correct, sorted position in the output vector.
 
 Characteristics:
-* *stable*: preserves the ordering of elements which compare equal
-(e.g. "a" and "A" in a sort of letters which ignores case).
+* *stable*: preserves the ordering of elements that compare equal
+(e.g. "a" and "A" in a sort of letters that ignores case).
 * *in-place* in memory.
 * *quadratic performance* in the number of elements to be sorted:
 it is well-suited to small collections but should not be used for large ones.
@@ -965,8 +974,8 @@ is treated as the first or last index of the input, respectively.
 `lo` and `hi` may be specified together as an `AbstractUnitRange`.
 
 Characteristics:
-  * *stable*: preserves the ordering of elements which compare equal
-    (e.g. "a" and "A" in a sort of letters which ignores case).
+  * *stable*: preserves the ordering of elements that compare equal
+    (e.g. "a" and "A" in a sort of letters that ignores case).
   * *not in-place* in memory.
   * *divide-and-conquer*: sort strategy similar to [`QuickSort`](@ref).
   * *linear runtime* if `length(lo:hi)` is constant
@@ -1242,7 +1251,7 @@ Otherwise, we dispatch to [`InsertionSort`](@ref) for inputs with `length <= 40`
 perform a presorted check ([`CheckSorted`](@ref)).
 
 We check for short inputs before performing the presorted check to avoid the overhead of the
-check for small inputs. Because the alternate dispatch is to [`InseritonSort`](@ref) which
+check for small inputs. Because the alternate dispatch is to [`InsertionSort`](@ref) which
 has efficient `O(n)` runtime on presorted inputs, the check is not necessary for small
 inputs.
 
@@ -1323,15 +1332,31 @@ defalg(v::AbstractArray{Union{}}) = DEFAULT_UNSTABLE # for method disambiguation
 """
     sort!(v; alg::Algorithm=defalg(v), lt=isless, by=identity, rev::Bool=false, order::Ordering=Forward)
 
-Sort the vector `v` in place. A stable algorithm is used by default. You can select a
-specific algorithm to use via the `alg` keyword (see [Sorting Algorithms](@ref) for
-available algorithms). The `by` keyword lets you provide a function that will be applied to
-each element before comparison; the `lt` keyword allows providing a custom "less than"
-function (note that for every `x` and `y`, only one of `lt(x,y)` and `lt(y,x)` can return
-`true`); use `rev=true` to reverse the sorting order. These options are independent and can
-be used together in all possible combinations: if both `by` and `lt` are specified, the `lt`
-function is applied to the result of the `by` function; `rev=true` reverses whatever
-ordering specified via the `by` and `lt` keywords.
+Sort the vector `v` in place. A stable algorithm is used by default. A specific
+algorithm can be selected via the `alg` keyword (see [Sorting Algorithms](@ref)
+for available algorithms). Elements are first transformed by the function `by`
+and then compared according to either the function `lt` or the ordering
+`order`. Finally, the resulting order is reversed if `rev=true`.
+
+The `lt` function should define a strict partial order, that is, it should be
+
+- irreflexive: `lt(x, x)` always yields `false`,
+- asymmetric: if `lt(x, y)` yields `true` then `lt(y, x)` yields `false`,
+- transitive: `lt(x, y) && lt(y, z)` implies `lt(x, z)`.
+
+For example `<` is a valid `lt` function but `≤` is not.
+
+Passing an `lt` other than `isless` along with an `order` other than
+[`Base.Order.Forward`](@ref) or [`Base.Order.Reverse`](@ref) is not permitted,
+otherwise all options are independent and can be used together in all possible
+combinations. Note that `order` can also include a "by" transformation, in
+which case it is applied after that defined with the `by` keyword. For more
+information on `order` values see the documentation on [Alternate
+Orderings](@ref).
+
+See also [`sort`](@ref), [`sortperm`](@ref), [`sortslices`](@ref),
+[`partialsort!`](@ref), [`partialsortperm`](@ref), [`issorted`](@ref),
+[`searchsorted`](@ref), [`insorted`](@ref), [`Base.Order.ord`](@ref).
 
 # Examples
 ```jldoctest
@@ -1358,6 +1383,13 @@ julia> v = [(1, "c"), (3, "a"), (2, "b")]; sort!(v, by = x -> x[2]); v
  (3, "a")
  (2, "b")
  (1, "c")
+
+julia> sort(0:3, by=x->x-2, order=Base.Order.By(abs)) # same as sort(0:3, by=abs(x->x-2))
+4-element Vector{Int64}:
+ 2
+ 1
+ 3
+ 0
 ```
 """
 function sort!(v::AbstractVector{T};
@@ -1398,15 +1430,15 @@ sort(v::AbstractVector; kws...) = sort!(copymutable(v); kws...)
 ## partialsortperm: the permutation to sort the first k elements of an array ##
 
 """
-    partialsortperm(v, k; by=<transform>, lt=<comparison>, rev=false)
+    partialsortperm(v, k; by=ientity, lt=isless, rev=false)
 
 Return a partial permutation `I` of the vector `v`, so that `v[I]` returns values of a fully
 sorted version of `v` at index `k`. If `k` is a range, a vector of indices is returned; if
 `k` is an integer, a single index is returned. The order is specified using the same
 keywords as `sort!`. The permutation is stable, meaning that indices of equal elements
 appear in ascending order.
 
-Note that this function is equivalent to, but more efficient than, calling `sortperm(...)[k]`.
+This function is equivalent to, but more efficient than, calling `sortperm(...)[k]`.
 
 # Examples
 ```jldoctest
@@ -1432,7 +1464,7 @@ partialsortperm(v::AbstractVector, k::Union{Integer,OrdinalRange}; kwargs...) =
     partialsortperm!(similar(Vector{eltype(k)}, axes(v,1)), v, k; kwargs...)
 
 """
-    partialsortperm!(ix, v, k; by=<transform>, lt=<comparison>, rev=false)
+    partialsortperm!(ix, v, k; by=identity, lt=isless, rev=false)
 
 Like [`partialsortperm`](@ref), but accepts a preallocated index vector `ix` the same size as
 `v`, which is used to store (a permutation of) the indices of `v`.
@@ -1732,7 +1764,8 @@ end
     sort!(A; dims::Integer, alg::Algorithm=defalg(A), lt=isless, by=identity, rev::Bool=false, order::Ordering=Forward)
 
 Sort the multidimensional array `A` along dimension `dims`.
-See [`sort!`](@ref) for a description of possible keyword arguments.
+See the vector version of [`sort!`](@ref) for a description of possible keyword
+arguments.
 
 To sort slices of an array, refer to [`sortslices`](@ref).
 
@@ -1886,8 +1919,8 @@ algorithm. Partial quick sort returns the smallest `k` elements sorted from smal
 to largest, finding them and sorting them using [`QuickSort`](@ref).
 
 Characteristics:
-  * *not stable*: does not preserve the ordering of elements which
-    compare equal (e.g. "a" and "A" in a sort of letters which
+  * *not stable*: does not preserve the ordering of elements that
+    compare equal (e.g. "a" and "A" in a sort of letters that
     ignores case).
   * *in-place* in memory.
   * *divide-and-conquer*: sort strategy similar to [`MergeSort`](@ref).
@@ -1903,8 +1936,8 @@ Indicate that a sorting function should use the quick sort
 algorithm, which is *not* stable.
 
 Characteristics:
-  * *not stable*: does not preserve the ordering of elements which
-    compare equal (e.g. "a" and "A" in a sort of letters which
+  * *not stable*: does not preserve the ordering of elements that
+    compare equal (e.g. "a" and "A" in a sort of letters that
     ignores case).
   * *in-place* in memory.
   * *divide-and-conquer*: sort strategy similar to [`MergeSort`](@ref).
@@ -1922,8 +1955,8 @@ subcollection at each step, until the entire
 collection has been recombined in sorted form.
 
 Characteristics:
-  * *stable*: preserves the ordering of elements which compare
-    equal (e.g. "a" and "A" in a sort of letters which ignores
+  * *stable*: preserves the ordering of elements that compare
+    equal (e.g. "a" and "A" in a sort of letters that ignores
     case).
   * *not in-place* in memory.
   * *divide-and-conquer* sort strategy.

doc/src/base/base.md

@@ -126,6 +126,7 @@ Core.:(===)
 Core.isa
 Base.isequal
 Base.isless
+Base.isunordered
 Base.ifelse
 Core.typeassert
 Core.typeof

doc/src/base/sort.md

@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ Base.Sort.defalg(::AbstractArray{<:Union{SmallInlineStrings, Missing}}) = Inline
     The default sorting algorithm (returned by `Base.Sort.defalg`) is guaranteed
     to be stable since Julia 1.9. Previous versions had unstable edge cases when sorting numeric arrays.
 
-## Alternate orderings
+## Alternate Orderings
 
 By default, `sort` and related functions use [`isless`](@ref) to compare two
 elements in order to determine which should come first. The

doc/src/manual/missing.md

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ true
 ```
 
 The [`isless`](@ref) operator is another exception: `missing` is considered
-as greater than any other value. This operator is used by [`sort`](@ref),
+as greater than any other value. This operator is used by [`sort!`](@ref),
 which therefore places `missing` values after all other values:
 
 ```jldoctest