LAPACK: validate input parameters to throw informative errors (#53631)

This PR validates the input parameters to the Julia LAPACK wrappers, so
that the error messages are more informative.
On nightly
```julia
julia> using LinearAlgebra

julia> LAPACK.geev!('X', 'X', rand(2,2))
 ** On entry to DGEEV  parameter number  1 had an illegal value
ERROR: ArgumentError: invalid argument #1 to LAPACK call
```
This PR
```julia
julia> using LinearAlgebra

julia> LAPACK.geev!('X', 'X', rand(2,2))
ERROR: ArgumentError: argument #1: jobvl must be one of ('N', 'V'), but 'X' was passed
```

Secondly, moved certain allocations (e.g. in `geevx`) below the
validation checks, so that these only happen for valid parameter values.

Thirdly, added `require_one_based_indexing` checks to functions where
these were missing.

stdlib/LinearAlgebra/src/blas.jl

@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ end
 "Check that upper/lower (for special matrices) is correctly specified"
 function chkuplo(uplo::AbstractChar)
     if !(uplo == 'U' || uplo == 'L')
-        throw(ArgumentError(lazy"uplo argument must be 'U' (upper) or 'L' (lower), got $uplo"))
+        throw(ArgumentError(lazy"uplo argument must be 'U' (upper) or 'L' (lower), got '$uplo'"))
     end
     uplo
 end