Merge #19269

19269: cpu/gd32v/periph_i2c: interrupt based driver r=gschorcht a=gschorcht

### Contribution description

This PR provides an interrupt-driven version of the I2C low-level driver.

The existing I2C low-level driver for GDVF103 uses a busy-waiting approach where the status register is continuously polled while waiting for a certain status when sending or receiving. The MCU is thus occupied the whole time during a send or receive operation.

The driver provided with this PR uses an interrupt-driven approach. This is, while waiting for a certain status when sending or receiving, the calling thread is suspended and woken up by interrupts.

Since the I2C controller allows to receive up to two bytes before the application has to react, receiving a single byte, two bytes or more than two bytes needs a different handling for correct receiption. This requires a tricky implementation which distinguish a number of different case. There the driver requires 860 byte more ROM and 8 byte more RAM.

### Testing procedure

The driver should work with any I2C sensor/actuator. It was tested with
- `tests/driver_bmp180`
   <details>
  
   ```
    main(): This is RIOT! (Version: 2023.04-devel-355-g940c7-cpu/gd32v/periph_i2c_interrupt_driven)
    BMP180 test application
    
    +------------Initializing------------+
    Initialization successful
    
    +------------Calibration------------+
    AC1: 8448
    AC2: -1208
    AC3: -14907
    AC4: 33310
    AC5: 24774
    AC6: 19213
    B1: 6515
    B2: 49
    MB: -32768
    MC: -11786
    MD: 2958
    
    +--------Starting Measurements--------+
    Temperature [°C]: 22.0
    Pressure [hPa]: 1006.49
    Pressure at see level [hPa]: 1025.55
    Altitude [m]: 157
    
    +-------------------------------------+
    Temperature [°C]: 22.0
    Pressure [hPa]: 1006.56
    Pressure at see level [hPa]: 1025.58
    Altitude [m]: 157
    
    +-------------------------------------+
   ```
   
   </details>
- `tests/driver_ccs811`
   <details>
  
   ```
    main(): This is RIOT! (Version: 2023.04-devel-355-g940c7-cpu/gd32v/periph_i2c_interrupt_driven)
    CCS811 test application
    
    +------------Initializing------------+
    
    +--------Starting Measurements--------+
    TVOC [ppb]: 0
    eCO2 [ppm]: 0
    +-------------------------------------+
    TVOC [ppb]: 0
    eCO2 [ppm]: 0
    +-------------------------------------+
    TVOC [ppb]: 0
    eCO2 [ppm]: 0
    +-------------------------------------+
    TVOC [ppb]: 0
    eCO2 [ppm]: 400
    +-------------------------------------+
    TVOC [ppb]: 0
    eCO2 [ppm]: 400
    +-------------------------------------+
    TVOC [ppb]: 0
    eCO2 [ppm]: 400
    +-------------------------------------+
    TVOC [ppb]: 7
    eCO2 [ppm]: 446
    +-------------------------------------+
    TVOC [ppb]: 7
    eCO2 [ppm]: 446
    +-------------------------------------+
    TVOC [ppb]: 7
    eCO2 [ppm]: 446
    +-------------------------------------+
    TVOC [ppb]: 7
    eCO2 [ppm]: 446
    +-------------------------------------+
    ```
   
   </details>
- `tests/driver_sht3x`
   <details>
  
    ```
    main(): This is RIOT! (Version: 2023.04-devel-355-g940c7-cpu/gd32v/periph_i2c_interrupt_driven)
    SHT3X test application
    
    +------------Initializing------------+
    Initialization successful
    
    
    +--------Starting Measurements--------+
    Temperature [°C]: 21.46
    Relative Humidity [%]: 54.50
    +-------------------------------------+
    Temperature [°C]: 21.47
    Relative Humidity [%]: 54.53
    +-------------------------------------+
    Temperature [°C]: 21.46
    Relative Humidity [%]: 54.48
    +-------------------------------------+
    Temperature [°C]: 21.46
    Relative Humidity [%]: 54.47
    +-------------------------------------+
    ```
   
   </details>
- `tests/driver_l3gxxxx`
   <details>
  
    ```
    main(): This is RIOT! (Version: 2023.04-devel-375-g75547-cpu/gd32v/periph_i2c_interrupt_driven)
    L3GXXXX gyroscope driver test application
    
    Initializing L3GXXXX sensor
    [OK]
    
    gyro [dps] x:    +0, y:    -1, z:    -2
    gyro [dps] x:    +0, y:    +0, z:    +0
    gyro [dps] x:    +0, y:    +0, z:    +0
    gyro [dps] x:    +0, y:    +0, z:    +0
    gyro [dps] x:    +0, y:    +0, z:    +0
    gyro [dps] x:    +0, y:    +0, z:    +0
    gyro [dps] x:    -1, y:    +0, z:    +4
    gyro [dps] x:    +0, y:    +0, z:   -21
    gyro [dps] x:    +0, y:    +0, z:    +6
    gyro [dps] x:   -43, y:    +0, z:   -13
    gyro [dps] x:   -21, y:    -2, z:    +0
    gyro [dps] x:    +0, y:    +1, z:    +3
    gyro [dps] x:   +25, y:    +0, z:    +0
    ```
   
   </details>
- `tests/driver_hd44780` with `pcf8574a` I2C interface

### Issues/PRs references



Co-authored-by: Gunar Schorcht <gunar@schorcht.net>

cpu/gd32v/Kconfig

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ config CPU_FAM_GD32V
 
     select MODULE_PERIPH_CLIC if TEST_KCONFIG
     select MODULE_PERIPH_WDT if MODULE_PERIPH_PM && HAS_PERIPH_WDT
+    select ZTIMER_USEC if MODULE_PERIPH_I2C
     select PACKAGE_NMSIS_SDK
 
 menu "GD32V configuration"

cpu/gd32v/Makefile.dep

@@ -7,4 +7,8 @@ ifneq (,$(filter periph_pm,$(USEMODULE)))
   FEATURES_REQUIRED += periph_wdt
 endif
 
+ifneq (,$(filter periph_i2c,$(USEMODULE)))
+  USEMODULE += ztimer_usec
+endif
+
 include $(RIOTCPU)/riscv_common/Makefile.dep

cpu/gd32v/include/periph_cpu.h

@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ typedef struct {
     gpio_t scl_pin;             /**< scl pin number */
     gpio_t sda_pin;             /**< sda pin number */
     uint32_t rcu_mask;          /**< bit in clock enable register */
-    uint8_t irqn;               /**< I2C event interrupt number */
+    IRQn_Type irqn;             /**< I2C event interrupt number */
 } i2c_conf_t;
 
 /**