Add async stdio files

[rhelmot]

Closes #153
Closes #131

This adds stdin, stdout, stderr, and their binary counterparts to aiofiles. It does this by introducing two concepts:

• that a file can be unattached from a loop and will instead look up the current loop for every operation. The performance impact of this is offset by the fact that for all previously supported uses of aiofiles, the only impact is a single is None check.
• that a file reference can be indirect, meaning it calls a getter to look it up for every operation. The performance impact of this is isolated to a new base class AsyncIndirectBase. This is only used when opted-in explicitly, which we do for the stdio files in order to support monkeypatching, as is common in the python ecosystem.

[rhelmot]

There are a handful of superfluous changes in the diff because I ran black on the whole project to format my code.

[Tinche]

LGTM, please add a history snippet to the README.

[Tinche]

Where do the TypeErrors come from btw?

[rhelmot]

sys.stdin may have been patched to be an unusable base type prior to importing aiofiles. This happens specifically when using pytest. I figured I would add it to the rest of the stdio files just be safe.

[Tinche]

I see, alright. Do we want to document this for people somewhere?

[rhelmot]

imo the best documentation would be replacing the stdin = None with a custom class which raises a descriptive error when you try to use any of its methods. I was hoping I could convince you to do that 😅

lmk if you would like to do that or just add a note to the readme/docs

[rhelmot]

Never mind, just thought of a much better solution. One sec.

[rhelmot]

Okay. new commit. This one makes it so that wrap() no longer has the option to do indirect wrapping, which makes sense - you need to specify the type of the base class if the underlying file (and its type!) can change - you need to be accountable for the contract that the interface you're wrapping provides, which may be different than its stated type.

As a result, things are simplified drastically, and e.g. trying to use stdin from tests yields pytest's error with a meaningful message.

[Tinche]

Cool, thanks. Will merge it in soon.

[pisto]

Can you please release this on pypi?

[Tinche]

Released!