Prelude

This is a Swift µframework providing a number of simple functions that I use in many of my other frameworks. Rather than continue to reimplement them for each consumer, I am gathering them here together.

Notably, this framework does not provide any new types, or any functions which operate on custom types; those presumably belong in µframeworks of their own.

Table of Contents

• Gallery
  • id
  • const
  • >>> and <<<
  • fix
  • |> and <|
  • curry
  • flip
  • &&&
  • unit
  • swap
• Documentation
• Integration

Gallery

Prelude’s functions are infinitely useful. Here’s a gallery of just a few of the things you can do with them.

id

Passing id as the argument to the flattenMap method of a Stream of Streams will flatten it out into a stream of all the nested elements:

func flatten<T>(stream: Stream<Stream<T>>) -> Stream<T> {
	return stream.flattenMap(id)
}

const

Passing the result of const to an Either is convenient for transforming it into an Optional<T>:

let result: Either<NSError, String> = …
if let string = result.either(const(nil), id) {
	println("ohai \($0)")
}

>>> and <<<

The left-to-right and right-to-left composition operators (>>> and <<< respectively) chain operations together:

let repl: File -> String = readLine >>> parseString >>> evaluateAST >>> toString
while true {
	println(repl(standardInput))
}

fix

You can use fix to make an anonymous function which calls itself recursively:

let factorial = fix { recur in
	{ n in n > 0 ? n * recur(n - 1) : 1 }
}

|> and <|

The forward and backward application operators (|> and <| respectively) apply the function on the side they’re pointing at to the value on the other side.

This can sometimes make code more readable. This is particularly the case for the forward application operator. x |> f is equivalent to f(x), but it reads in the direction that the data flows. The benefit is more obvious with longer function names:

100 |> toString |> count // => 3
// this is equivalent to
countElements(toString(100))

Backward application reads in the wrong direction for this—f <| x isn’t really any improvement on f(x). Unlike forward application, however, <| can apply binary and ternary functions to their first operands. This enables you to make something like Haskell’s operator sections:

let successor: Int -> Int = (+) <| 1
successor(3) // => 4
map([1, 2, 3], (*) <| 2) // => [2, 4, 6]

You can also combine |> and <| with flip to pass data through chains of higher-order functions like sorted, map, and reduce:

let result =
	[66, 78, 1, 95, 76]
|>	(flip(sorted) <| (<)) // sort in ascending order
|>	(flip(map) <| toString) // make them into strings
|>	String.join(", ") // comma-separate them

let sum: [Int] -> Int = flip(reduce) <| (+) <| 0

Since Swift functions can also be applied to tuples of their arguments, you can also use |> and <| with binary, ternary, etc. functions just by placing a tuple on the other side:

(1, 2) |> (+) // => 3

curry

Currying takes a function of >1 parameter and returns a function of one parameter which returns a function of one parameter, and so on. That is, given (T, U) -> V, currying returns T -> U -> V.

This is particularly useful when making more interesting functions such as <|.

flip

Faux operator sectioning using <| might be a little surprising using non-commutative operators like - and /: (-) <| 1 means { 1 - $0 }, which is very different from { $0 - 1 }. You can use flip to produce the latter:

map([1, 2, 3], (-) <| 1) // => [0, -1, -2]
map([1, 2, 3], flip(-) <| 1) // => [0, 1, 2]

&&&

Optional has a map method which is just what you need when you want to apply a function to a value if non-nil, or return nil otherwise. When you have two Optional values, you can use &&& to combine them:

let (x: Int?, y: Int?) = (2, 2)
(x &&& y).map(+) // => .Some(4)

unit

Sometimes you have a function which produces T, but you need one which produces Optional<T>. unit returns its argument wrapped in an Optional, so you can compose with it:

let (x: Int?, y: Int) = (2, 2)
(x &&& unit(y)).map(+) // => .Some(4)

swap

Swift’s tuples are very convenient, but sometimes when you get one, it’s the wrong way around. swap does to tuples what flip does to functions: it reverses their order.

map(enumerate("hello"), swap) // => [(h, 0), (e, 1), (l, 2), (l, 3), (o, 4)]

Documentation

Full API documentation is in the source.

Integration

1. Add this repository as a submodule and check out its dependencies, and/or add it to your Cartfile if you’re using carthage to manage your dependencies.
2. Drag Prelude.xcodeproj into your project or workspace.
3. Link your target against Prelude.framework.
4. Application targets should ensure that the framework gets copied into their application bundle. (Framework targets should instead require the application linking them to include Prelude.)