Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#28476: ci: LLVM 17 for MSAN jobs

a241d60 ci: use LLVM 17.0.0 in MSAN jobs (fanquake)

Pull request description:

  See https://libcxx.llvm.org/Hardening.html as well as https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-removing-the-legacy-debug-mode-from-libc/71026.

ACKs for top commit:
  MarcoFalke:
    review ACK a241d60

Tree-SHA512: c374dabf307fe762be0da96f63695a150f6018c1468fe9414fad23f74f5818bbf7a5a699e109084e31467482a900cfebf1d5835821e4da94aa310b2c9570749c

ci/test/01_base_install.sh

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ if [ -n "$PIP_PACKAGES" ]; then
 fi
 
 if [[ ${USE_MEMORY_SANITIZER} == "true" ]]; then
-  git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project -b llvmorg-16.0.6 /msan/llvm-project
+  git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project -b "llvmorg-17.0.0-rc4" /msan/llvm-project
 
   cmake -G Ninja -B /msan/clang_build/ \
     -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang" \
@@ -66,8 +66,7 @@ if [[ ${USE_MEMORY_SANITIZER} == "true" ]]; then
     -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++ \
     -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD=Native \
     -DLLVM_ENABLE_PER_TARGET_RUNTIME_DIR=OFF \
-    -DLIBCXX_ENABLE_DEBUG_MODE=ON \
-    -DLIBCXX_ENABLE_ASSERTIONS=ON \
+    -DLIBCXX_HARDENING_MODE=debug \
     -S /msan/llvm-project/runtimes
 
   ninja -C /msan/cxx_build/ "$MAKEJOBS"