std: refactor UNIX random data generation

This PR makes a number of changes to the UNIX randomness implementation:
* Use `io::Error` for centralized error handling
* Move the file-fallback logic out of the `getrandom`-specific module
* Stop redefining the syscalls on macOS and DragonFly, they have appeared in `libc`
* Add a `OnceLock` to cache the random device file descriptor