A collection of cool hidden and not so hidden features of Git and GitHub. This cheat sheet was inspired by Zach Holman's Git and GitHub Secrets talk at Aloha Ruby Conference 2012 (slides) and his More Git and GitHub Secrets talk at WDCNZ 2013 (slides).
Shortlink: http://git.io/sheet
Read this in other languages: English, í•śęµě–´, 日本語, 简体ä¸ć–‡, ćŁé«”ä¸ć–‡.
- GitHub
- Ignore Whitespace
- Adjust Tab Space
- Commit History by Author
- Cloning a Repository
- Branch
- Gists
- Git.io
- Keyboard Shortcuts
- Line Highlighting in Repositories
- Closing Issues via Commit Messages
- Cross-Link Issues
- Locking Conversations
- CI Status on Pull Requests
- Filters
- Syntax Highlighting in Markdown Files
- Emojis
- Images/GIFs
- Quick Quoting
- Pasting Clipboard Image to Comments
- Quick Licensing
- Task Lists
- Relative Links
- Metadata and Plugin Support for GitHub Pages
- Viewing YAML Metadata in your Documents
- Rendering Tabular Data
- Rendering PDF
- Revert a Pull Request
- Diffs
- Hub
- Contribution Guidelines
- Octicons
- GitHub Student Developer Pack
- GitHub Resources
- SSH keys
- Repository Templates
- Git
Adding ?w=1 to any diff URL will remove any changes only in whitespace, enabling you to see only the code that has changed.
Read more about GitHub secrets.
Adding ?ts=4 to a diff or file URL will display tab characters as 4 spaces wide instead of the default 8. The number after ts can be adjusted to suit your preference. This does not work on Gists, or raw file views, but a Chrome extension can automate this.
Here is a Go source file before adding ?ts=4:
...and this is after adding ?ts=4:
To view all commits on a repo by author add ?author={user} to the URL.
https://github.com/rails/rails/commits/master?author=dhh
Read more about the differences between commits views.
When cloning a repository the .git can be left off the end.
$ git clone https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheetRead more about the Git clone command.
If you go to the repo's Branches page, next to the Commits button:
https://github.com/{user}/{repo}/branches
... you would see a list of all branches which are not merged into the main branch.
From here you can access the compare page or delete a branch with a click of a button.
To use GitHub to compare branches, change the URL to look like this:
https://github.com/{user}/{repo}/compare/{range}
where {range} = master...4-1-stable
For example:
https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/master...4-1-stable
{range} can be changed to things like:
https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/master@{1.day.ago}...master
https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/master@{2014-10-04}...master
Here, dates are in the format YYYY-MM-DD
Branches can also be compared in diff and patch views:
https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/master...4-1-stable.diff
https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/master...4-1-stable.patch
Read more about comparing commits across time.
To use GitHub to compare branches across forked repositories, change the URL to look like this:
https://github.com/{user}/{repo}/compare/{foreign-user}:{branch}...{own-branch}
For example:
https://github.com/rails/rails/compare/byroot:master...master
Gists are an easy way to work with small bits of code without creating a fully fledged repository.
Add .pibb to the end of any Gist URL (like this) in order to get the HTML-only version suitable for embedding in any other site.
Gists can be treated as a repository so they can be cloned like any other:
$ git clone https://gist.github.com/tiimgreen/10545817
This means you also can modify and push updates to Gists:
$ git commit
$ git push
Username for 'https://gist.github.com':
Password for 'https://tiimgreen@gist.github.com':However, Gists do not support directories. All files need to be added to the repository root. Read more about creating Gists.
Git.io is a simple URL shortener for GitHub.
You can also use it via pure HTTP using Curl:
$ curl -i http://git.io -F "url=https://github.com/..."
HTTP/1.1 201 Created
Location: http://git.io/abc123
$ curl -i http://git.io/abc123
HTTP/1.1 302 Found
Location: https://github.com/...When on a repository page, keyboard shortcuts allow you to navigate easily.
- Pressing
twill bring up a file explorer. - Pressing
wwill bring up the branch selector. - Pressing
swill focus the search field for the current repository. Pressing Backspace to delete the “This repository” pill changes the field to search all of GitHub. - Pressing
lwill edit labels on existing Issues. - Pressing
ywhen looking at a file (e.g.,https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet/blob/master/README.md) will change your URL to one which, in effect, freezes the page you are looking at. If this code changes, you will still be able to see what you saw at that current time.
To see all of the shortcuts for the current page press ?:
Read more about search syntax you can use.
Either adding, e.g., #L52 to the end of a code file URL or simply clicking the line number will highlight that line number.
It also works with ranges, e.g., #L53-L60, to select ranges, hold shift and click two lines:
https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activemodel/lib/active_model.rb#L53-L60
If a particular commit fixes an issue, any of the keywords fix/fixes/fixed, close/closes/closed or resolve/resolves/resolved, followed by the issue number, will close the issue once it is committed to the repository's default branch.
$ git commit -m "Fix screwup, fixes #12"This closes the issue and references the closing commit.
Read more about closing Issues via commit messages.
If you want to link to another issue in the same repository, simply type hash # then the issue number, and it will be auto-linked.
To link to an issue in another repository, {user}/{repo}#ISSUE_NUMBER, e.g., tiimgreen/toc#12.
Pull Requests and Issues can now be locked by owners or collaborators of the repo.
This means that users who are not collaborators on the project will no longer be able to comment.
Read more about locking conversations.
If set up correctly, every time you receive a Pull Request, Travis CI will build that Pull Request just like it would every time you make a new commit. Read more about how to get started with Travis CI.
Read more about the commit status API.
Both issues and pull requests allow filtering in the user interface.
For the Rails repo: https://github.com/rails/rails/issues, the following filter is built by selecting the label "activerecord":
is:issue label:activerecord
But, you can also find all issues that are NOT labeled activerecord:
is:issue -label:activerecord
Additionally, this also works for pull requests:
is:pr -label:activerecord
Github has tabs for displaying open or closed issues and pull requests but you can also see merged pull requests. Just put the following in the filter:
is:merged
Read more about searching issues.
Finally, github now allows you to filter by the Status API's status.
Pull requests with only successful statuses:
status:success
Read more about searching on the Status API.
For example, to syntax highlight Ruby code in your Markdown files write:
```ruby
require 'tabbit'
table = Tabbit.new('Name', 'Email')
table.add_row('Tim Green', 'tiimgreen@gmail.com')
puts table.to_s
```
This will produce:
require 'tabbit'
table = Tabbit.new('Name', 'Email')
table.add_row('Tim Green', 'tiimgreen@gmail.com')
puts table.to_sGitHub uses Linguist to perform language detection and syntax highlighting. You can find out which keywords are valid by perusing the languages YAML file.
Read more about GitHub Flavored Markdown.
Emojis can be added to Pull Requests, Issues, commit messages, repository descriptions, etc. using :name_of_emoji:.
The full list of supported Emojis on GitHub can be found at emoji-cheat-sheet.com or scotch-io/All-Github-Emoji-Icons. A handy emoji search engine can be found at emoji.muan.co.
The top 5 used Emojis on GitHub are:
:shipit::sparkles::-1::+1::clap:
Images and GIFs can be added to comments, READMEs etc.:
Raw images from the repo can be used by calling them directly.:
All images are cached on GitHub, so if your host goes down, the image will remain available.
There are multiple ways of embedding images in Wiki pages. There's the standard Markdown syntax (shown above). But there's also a syntax that allows things like specifying the height or width of the image:
[[ http://www.sheawong.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/keephatin.gif | height = 100px ]]Which produces:
When on a comment thread and you want to quote something someone previously said, highlight the text and press r, this will copy it into your text box in the block-quote format.
Read more about quick quoting.
(Works on Chrome browsers only)
After taking a screenshot and adding it to the clipboard (mac: cmd-ctrl-shift-4), you can simply paste (cmd-v / ctrl-v) the image into the comment section and it will be auto-uploaded to github.
Read more about issue attachments.
When creating a repository, GitHub gives you the option of adding in a pre-made license:
You can also add them to existing repositories by creating a new file through the web interface. When the name LICENSE is typed in you will get an option to use a template:
Also works for .gitignore.
Read more about open source licensing.
In Issues and Pull requests check boxes can be added with the following syntax (notice the space):
- [ ] Be awesome
- [ ] Prepare dinner
- [ ] Research recipe
- [ ] Buy ingredients
- [ ] Cook recipe
- [ ] Sleep
When they are clicked, they will be updated in the pure Markdown:
- [x] Be awesome
- [ ] Prepare dinner
- [x] Research recipe
- [x] Buy ingredients
- [ ] Cook recipe
- [ ] Sleep
In full Markdown documents read-only checklists can now be added using the following syntax:
- [ ] Mercury
- [x] Venus
- [x] Earth
- [x] Moon
- [x] Mars
- [ ] Deimos
- [ ] Phobos
- Mercury
- Venus
- Earth
- Moon
- Mars
- Deimos
- Phobos
Read more about task lists in markdown documents.
Relative links are recommended in your Markdown files when linking to internal content.
[Link to a header](#awesome-section)
[Link to a file](docs/readme)Absolute links have to be updated whenever the URL changes (e.g., repository renamed, username changed, project forked). Using relative links makes your documentation easily stand on its own.
Read more about relative links.
Within Jekyll pages and posts, repository information is available within the site.github namespace, and can be displayed, for example, using {{ site.github.project_title }}.
The Jemoji and jekyll-mentions plugins enable emoji and @mentions in your Jekyll posts and pages to work just like you'd expect when interacting with a repository on GitHub.com.
Read more about repository metadata and plugin support for GitHub Pages.
Many blogging websites, like Jekyll with GitHub Pages, depend on some YAML-formatted metadata at the beginning of your post. GitHub will render this metadata as a horizontal table, for easier reading
Read more about viewing YAML metadata in your documents.
GitHub supports rendering tabular data in the form of .csv (comma-separated) and .tsv (tab-separated) files.
Read more about rendering tabular data.
GitHub supports rendering PDF:
Read more about rendering PDF.
After a pull request is merged, you may find it does not help anything or it was a bad decision to merge the pull request.
You can revert it by clicking the Revert button on the right side of a commit in the pull request page to create a pull request with reverted changes to this specific pull request.
Read more about reverting pull requests
Commits and pull requests, including rendered documents supported by GitHub (e.g., Markdown), feature source and rendered views.
Click the "rendered" button to see the changes as they'll appear in the rendered document. Rendered prose view is handy when you're adding, removing, and editing text:
Read more about rendered prose diffs.
Any time you view a commit or pull request on GitHub that includes geodata, GitHub will render a visual representation of what was changed.
Read more about diffable maps.
Using the unfold button in the gutter of a diff, you can reveal additional lines of context with a click. You can keep clicking unfold until you've revealed the whole file, and the feature is available anywhere GitHub renders diffs.
Read more about expanding context in diffs.
You can get the diff of a Pull Request by adding a .diff or .patch
extension to the end of the URL. For example:
https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet/pull/15
https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet/pull/15.diff
https://github.com/tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet/pull/15.patch
The .diff extension would give you this in plain text:
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 88fcf69..8614873 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ All the hidden and not hidden features of Git and GitHub. This cheat sheet was i
- [Merged Branches](#merged-branches)
- [Quick Licensing](#quick-licensing)
- [TODO Lists](#todo-lists)
+- [Relative Links](#relative-links)
- [.gitconfig Recommendations](#gitconfig-recommendations)
- [Aliases](#aliases)
- [Auto-correct](#auto-correct)
@@ -381,6 +382,19 @@ When they are clicked, they will be updated in the pure Markdown:
- [ ] Sleep
(...)
GitHub can display several common image formats, including PNG, JPG, GIF, and PSD. In addition, there are several ways to compare differences between versions of those image formats.
Read more about rendering and diffing images.
Hub is a command line Git wrapper that gives you extra features and commands that make working with GitHub easier.
This allows you to do things like:
$ hub clone tiimgreen/tocCheck out some more cool commands Hub has to offer.
GitHub supports adding 3 different files which help users contribute to your project.
These files can either be placed in the root of your repository or a .github directory under the root.
Adding a CONTRIBUTING or CONTRIBUTING.md file to either the root of your repository or a .github directory will add a link to your file when a contributor creates an Issue or opens a Pull Request.
Read more about contributing guidelines.
You can define a template for all new issues opened in your project. The content of this file will pre-populate the new issue box when users create new issues. Add an ISSUE_TEMPLATE or ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md file to either the root of your repository or a .github directory.
Read more about issue templates.
You can define a template for all new pull requests opened in your project. The content of this file will pre-populate the text area when users create pull requests. Add a PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE or PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md file to either the root of your repository or a .github directory.
Read more about pull request templates.
Pull request template file generator
GitHubs icons (Octicons) have now been open sourced.
Read more about GitHub's Octicons
If you are a student you will be eligible for the GitHub Student Developer Pack. This gives you free credit, free trials and early access to software that will help you when developing.
Read more about GitHub's Student Developer Pack
| Title | Link |
|---|---|
| GitHub Explore | https://github.com/explore |
| GitHub Blog | https://github.com/blog |
| GitHub Help | https://help.github.com/ |
| GitHub Training | https://training.github.com/ |
| GitHub Developer | https://developer.github.com/ |
| Github Education (Free Micro Account and other stuff for students) | https://education.github.com/ |
| GitHub Top 10 Best Practices | Best Practices List |
| Title | Link |
|---|---|
| How GitHub Uses GitHub to Build GitHub | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qyz3jkOBbQY |
| Introduction to Git with Scott Chacon of GitHub | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDR433b0HJY |
| How GitHub No Longer Works | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXD1ITW7iZI |
| Git and GitHub Secrets | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Foz9yvMkvlA |
| More Git and GitHub Secrets | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p50xsL-iVgU |
You can get a list of public ssh keys in plain text format by visiting:
https://github.com/{user}.keys
e.g. https://github.com/tiimgreen.keys
Read more about accessing public ssh keys.
You can enable templating on your repository which allows anyone to copy the directory structure and files, allowing them to instantly use the files (e.g. for a tutorial or if writing boilerplate code). This can be enabled in the settings of your repository.
Changing to a template repository will give a new URL endpoint which can be shared and instantly allows users to use your repository as a template. Alternatively, they can go to your repository and click the 'Use as template' button.
Read more about using repositories as templates
When you delete a lot of files using /bin/rm you can use the following command to remove them from the working tree and from the index, eliminating the need to remove each one individually:
$ git rm $(git ls-files -d)For example:
$ git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
deleted: a
deleted: c
$ git rm $(git ls-files -d)
rm 'a'
rm 'c'
$ git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
deleted: a
deleted: cTo move to the previous branch in Git:
$ git checkout -
# Switched to branch 'master'
$ git checkout -
# Switched to branch 'next'
$ git checkout -
# Switched to branch 'master'Read more about Git branching.
Git Stripspace:
- Strips trailing whitespace
- Collapses newlines
- Adds newline to end of file
A file must be passed when calling the command, e.g.:
$ git stripspace < README.mdRead more about the Git stripspace command.
Pull Requests are special branches on the GitHub repository which can be retrieved locally in several ways:
Retrieve a specific Pull Request and store it temporarily in FETCH_HEAD for quickly diff-ing or merge-ing:
$ git fetch origin refs/pull/[PR-Number]/headAcquire all Pull Request branches as local remote branches by refspec:
$ git fetch origin '+refs/pull/*/head:refs/remotes/origin/pr/*'Or setup the remote to fetch Pull Requests automatically by adding these corresponding lines in your repository's .git/config:
[remote "origin"]
fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
url = git@github.com:tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet.git
[remote "origin"]
fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
url = git@github.com:tiimgreen/github-cheat-sheet.git
fetch = +refs/pull/*/head:refs/remotes/origin/pr/*
For Fork-based Pull Request contributions, it's useful to checkout a remote branch representing the Pull Request and create a local branch from it:
$ git checkout pr/42 pr-42Or should you work on more repositories, you can globally configure fetching pull requests in the global git config instead.
git config --global --add remote.origin.fetch "+refs/pull/*/head:refs/remotes/origin/pr/*"This way, you can use the following short commands in all your repositories:
git fetch origingit checkout pr/42Read more about checking out pull requests locally.
Commits can be pushed with no code changes by adding --allow-empty:
$ git commit -m "Big-ass commit" --allow-emptySome use-cases for this (that make sense), include:
- Annotating the start of a new bulk of work or a new feature.
- Documenting when you make changes to the project that aren't code related.
- Communicating with people using your repository.
- The first commit of a repository:
git commit -m "Initial commit" --allow-empty.
Running:
$ git statusproduces:
By adding -sb:
$ git status -sbthis is produced:
Read more about the Git status command.
Running:
$ git log --all --graph --pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%C(auto)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset' --abbrev-commit --date=relativeproduces:
Credit to Palesz
This can be aliased using the instructions found here.
Read more about the Git log command.
A Git query allows you to search all your previous commit messages and find the most recent one matching the query.
$ git show :/querywhere query (case-sensitive) is the term you want to search, this then finds the last one and gives details on the lines that were changed.
$ git show :/typo
Press q to quit.
Git Grep will return a list of lines matching a pattern.
Running:
$ git grep aliaseswill show all the files containing the string aliases.
Press q to quit.
You can also use multiple flags for more advanced search. For example:
-eThe next parameter is the pattern (e.g., regex)--and,--orand--notCombine multiple patterns.
Use it like this:
$ git grep -e pattern --and -e anotherpatternRead more about the Git grep command.
Running:
$ git branch --mergedwill give you a list of all branches that have been merged into your current branch.
Conversely:
$ git branch --no-mergedwill give you a list of branches that have not been merged into your current branch.
Read more about the Git branch command.
If there is something wrong with a previous commit (can be one or more from HEAD), for example abcde, run the following command after you've amended the problem:
$ git commit --fixup=abcde
$ git rebase abcde^ --autosquash -iRead more about the Git commit command.
Read more about the Git rebase command.
Use the Git instaweb command to instantly browse your working repository in gitweb. This command is a simple script to set up gitweb and a web server for browsing the local repository.
$ git instawebopens:
Read more about the Git instaweb command.
Your .gitconfig file contains all your Git configurations.
Aliases are helpers that let you define your own git calls. For example you could set git a to run git add --all.
To add an alias, either navigate to ~/.gitconfig and fill it out in the following format:
[alias]
co = checkout
cm = commit
p = push
# Show verbose output about tags, branches or remotes
tags = tag -l
branches = branch -a
remotes = remote -v
...or type in the command-line:
$ git config --global alias.new_alias git_functionFor example:
$ git config --global alias.cm commitFor an alias with multiple functions use quotes:
$ git config --global alias.ac 'add -A . && commit'Some useful aliases include:
| Alias | Command | What to Type |
|---|---|---|
git cm |
git commit |
git config --global alias.cm commit |
git co |
git checkout |
git config --global alias.co checkout |
git ac |
git add . -A git commit |
git config --global alias.ac '!git add -A && git commit' |
git st |
git status -sb |
git config --global alias.st 'status -sb' |
git tags |
git tag -l |
git config --global alias.tags 'tag -l' |
git branches |
git branch -a |
git config --global alias.branches 'branch -a' |
git cleanup |
git branch --merged | grep -v '*' | xargs git branch -d |
git config --global alias.cleanup "!git branch --merged | grep -v '*' | xargs git branch -d" |
git remotes |
git remote -v |
git config --global alias.remotes 'remote -v' |
git lg |
git log --color --graph --pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset' --abbrev-commit -- |
git config --global alias.lg "log --color --graph --pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset' --abbrev-commit --" |
Some Aliases are taken from @mathiasbynens dotfiles: https://github.com/mathiasbynens/dotfiles/blob/master/.gitconfig
Git gives suggestions for misspelled commands and if auto-correct is enabled the command can be fixed and executed automatically. Auto-correct is enabled by specifying an integer which is the delay in tenths of a second before git will run the corrected command. Zero is the default value where no correcting will take place, and a negative value will run the corrected command with no delay.
For example, if you type git comit you will get this:
$ git comit -m "Message"
# git: 'comit' is not a git command. See 'git --help'.
# Did you mean this?
# commitAuto-correct can be enabled like this (with a 1.5 second delay):
$ git config --global help.autocorrect 15So now the command git comit will be auto-corrected to git commit like this:
$ git comit -m "Message"
# WARNING: You called a Git command named 'comit', which does not exist.
# Continuing under the assumption that you meant 'commit'
# in 1.5 seconds automatically...The delay before git will rerun the command is so the user has time to abort.
To add more color to your Git output:
$ git config --global color.ui 1Read more about the Git config command.
| Title | Link |
|---|---|
| Official Git Site | http://git-scm.com/ |
| Official Git Video Tutorials | http://git-scm.com/videos |
| Code School Try Git | http://try.github.com/ |
| Introductory Reference & Tutorial for Git | http://gitref.org/ |
| Official Git Tutorial | http://git-scm.com/docs/gittutorial |
| Everyday Git | http://git-scm.com/docs/everyday |
| Git Immersion | http://gitimmersion.com/ |
| Git God | https://github.com/gorosgobe/git-god |
| Git for Computer Scientists | http://eagain.net/articles/git-for-computer-scientists/ |
| Git Magic | http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~blynn/gitmagic/ |
| GitHub Training Kit | https://training.github.com/kit/ |
| Git Visualization Playground | http://onlywei.github.io/explain-git-with-d3/#freeplay |
| Learn Git Branching | http://pcottle.github.io/learnGitBranching/ |
| A collection of useful .gitignore templates | https://github.com/github/gitignore |
| Unixorn's git-extra-commands collection of git scripts | https://github.com/unixorn/git-extra-commands |
| Title | Link |
|---|---|
| Pragmatic Version Control Using Git | https://pragprog.com/titles/tsgit/pragmatic-version-control-using-git |
| Pro Git | http://git-scm.com/book |
| Git Internals PluralSight | https://github.com/pluralsight/git-internals-pdf |
| Git in the Trenches | http://cbx33.github.io/gitt/ |
| Version Control with Git | http://www.amazon.com/Version-Control-Git-collaborative-development/dp/1449316387 |
| Pragmatic Guide to Git | https://pragprog.com/titles/pg_git/pragmatic-guide-to-git |
| Git: Version Control for Everyone | https://www.packtpub.com/application-development/git-version-control-everyone |
| Title | Link |
|---|---|
| Linus Torvalds on Git | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XpnKHJAok8 |
| Introduction to Git with Scott Chacon | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDR433b0HJY |
| Git From the Bits Up | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYP56QJpDr4 |
| Graphs, Hashes, and Compression, Oh My! | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ig5E8CcdM9g |
| GitHub Training & Guides | https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PLg7s6cbtAD15G8lNyoaYDuKZSKyJrgwB-&v=FyfwLX4HAxM |
| Title | Link |
|---|---|
| GitHub Flow | http://scottchacon.com/2011/08/31/github-flow.html |