feat(store/v2): parallel writes in storage sqlite backends (#18320)

store/go.mod

@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ require (
 	github.com/cosmos/gogoproto v1.4.11
 	github.com/cosmos/iavl v1.0.0
 	github.com/cosmos/ics23/go v0.10.0
+	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.17
 	github.com/linxGnu/grocksdb v1.8.5
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4
 	github.com/tidwall/btree v1.7.0
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20231006140011-7918f672742d
-	modernc.org/sqlite v1.27.0
 )
 
 require (
@@ -30,16 +30,13 @@ require (
 	github.com/cockroachdb/tokenbucket v0.0.0-20230807174530-cc333fc44b06 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/getsentry/sentry-go v0.25.0 // indirect
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.3 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/google/btree v1.1.2 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/google/uuid v1.4.0 // indirect
-	github.com/kballard/go-shellquote v0.0.0-20180428030007-95032a82bc51 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.2 // indirect
 	github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 // indirect
 	github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 // indirect
@@ -54,12 +51,12 @@ require (
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/common v0.45.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.12.0 // indirect
-	github.com/remyoudompheng/bigfft v0.0.0-20230129092748-24d4a6f8daec // indirect
 	github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.11.0 // indirect
 	github.com/rs/zerolog v1.31.0 // indirect
 	github.com/sasha-s/go-deadlock v0.3.1 // indirect
 	github.com/spf13/cast v1.5.1 // indirect
 	github.com/syndtr/goleveldb v1.0.1-0.20210819022825-2ae1ddf74ef7 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.4.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.15.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/mod v0.13.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/net v0.17.0 // indirect
@@ -71,13 +68,4 @@ require (
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.31.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 	gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.1 // indirect
-	lukechampine.com/uint128 v1.3.0 // indirect
-	modernc.org/cc/v3 v3.41.0 // indirect
-	modernc.org/ccgo/v3 v3.16.15 // indirect
-	modernc.org/libc v1.29.0 // indirect
-	modernc.org/mathutil v1.6.0 // indirect
-	modernc.org/memory v1.7.2 // indirect
-	modernc.org/opt v0.1.3 // indirect
-	modernc.org/strutil v1.2.0 // indirect
-	modernc.org/token v1.1.0 // indirect
 )

store/go.sum

@@ -46,8 +46,6 @@ github.com/decred/dcrd/crypto/blake256 v1.0.0 h1:/8DMNYp9SGi5f0w7uCm6d6M4OU2rGFK
 github.com/decred/dcrd/crypto/blake256 v1.0.0/go.mod h1:sQl2p6Y26YV+ZOcSTP6thNdn47hh8kt6rqSlvmrXFAc=
 github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1 h1:YLtO71vCjJRCBcrPMtQ9nqBsqpA1m5sE92cU+pd5Mcc=
 github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1/go.mod h1:hyedUtir6IdtD/7lIxGeCxkaw7y45JueMRL4DIyJDKs=
-github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1 h1:GzkhY7T5VNhEkwH0PVJgjz+fX1rhBrR7pRT3mDkpeCY=
-github.com/dustin/go-humanize v1.0.1/go.mod h1:Mu1zIs6XwVuF/gI1OepvI0qD18qycQx+mFykh5fBlto=
 github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.0 h1:vUzuoVE8ipzS7QkES4UfxdpCwdU2U97m2Pb2tQCoYRY=
 github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.0/go.mod h1:DeV7GvQtIw4h2u73RKBkkFdvVAz0D9fzeJrgPW6gy/s=
 github.com/frankban/quicktest v1.14.4 h1:g2rn0vABPOOXmZUj+vbmUp0lPoXEMuhTpIluN0XL9UY=
@@ -85,13 +83,7 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.4.0/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.5/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 h1:ofyhxvXcZhMsU5ulbFiLKl/XBFqE1GSq7atu8tAmTRI=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
-github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20230228050547-1710fef4ab10 h1:CqYfpuYIjnlNxM3msdyPRKabhXZWbKjf3Q8BWROFBso=
-github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20230228050547-1710fef4ab10/go.mod h1:79YE0hCXdHag9sBkw2o+N/YnZtTkXi0UT9Nnixa5eYk=
-github.com/google/uuid v1.4.0 h1:MtMxsa51/r9yyhkyLsVeVt0B+BGQZzpQiTQ4eHZ8bc4=
-github.com/google/uuid v1.4.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
 github.com/hpcloud/tail v1.0.0/go.mod h1:ab1qPbhIpdTxEkNHXyeSf5vhxWSCs/tWer42PpOxQnU=
-github.com/kballard/go-shellquote v0.0.0-20180428030007-95032a82bc51 h1:Z9n2FFNUXsshfwJMBgNA0RU6/i7WVaAegv3PtuIHPMs=
-github.com/kballard/go-shellquote v0.0.0-20180428030007-95032a82bc51/go.mod h1:CzGEWj7cYgsdH8dAjBGEr58BoE7ScuLd+fwFZ44+/x8=
 github.com/kisielk/errcheck v1.5.0/go.mod h1:pFxgyoBC7bSaBwPgfKdkLd5X25qrDl4LWUI2bnpBCr8=
 github.com/kisielk/gotool v1.0.0/go.mod h1:XhKaO+MFFWcvkIS/tQcRk01m1F5IRFswLeQ+oQHNcck=
 github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.2 h1:RlWWUY/Dr4fL8qk9YG7DTZ7PDgME2V4csBXA8L/ixi4=
@@ -108,8 +100,8 @@ github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.16/go.mod h1:kYGgaQfpe5nmfYZH+SKPsOc2e4SrIfOl2e/
 github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.19/go.mod h1:W+V8PltTTMOvKvAeJH7IuucS94S2C6jfK/D7dTCTo3Y=
 github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 h1:xfD0iDuEKnDkl03q4limB+vH+GxLEtL/jb4xVJSWWEY=
 github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20/go.mod h1:W+V8PltTTMOvKvAeJH7IuucS94S2C6jfK/D7dTCTo3Y=
-github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.16 h1:yOQRA0RpS5PFz/oikGwBEqvAWhWg5ufRz4ETLjwpU1Y=
-github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.16/go.mod h1:2eHXhiwb8IkHr+BDWZGa96P6+rkvnG63S2DGjv9HUNg=
+github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.17 h1:mCRHCLDUBXgpKAqIKsaAaAsrAlbkeomtRFKXh2L6YIM=
+github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.17/go.mod h1:2eHXhiwb8IkHr+BDWZGa96P6+rkvnG63S2DGjv9HUNg=
 github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions/v2 v2.0.0 h1:jWpvCLoY8Z/e3VKvlsiIGKtc+UG6U5vzxaoagmhXfyg=
 github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions/v2 v2.0.0/go.mod h1:QUyp042oQthUoa9bqDv0ER0wrtXnBruoNd7aNjkbP+k=
 github.com/nxadm/tail v1.4.4 h1:DQuhQpB1tVlglWS2hLQ5OV6B5r8aGxSrPc5Qo6uTN78=
@@ -141,8 +133,6 @@ github.com/prometheus/common v0.45.0 h1:2BGz0eBc2hdMDLnO/8n0jeB3oPrt2D08CekT0lne
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.45.0/go.mod h1:YJmSTw9BoKxJplESWWxlbyttQR4uaEcGyv9MZjVOJsY=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.12.0 h1:jluTpSng7V9hY0O2R9DzzJHYb2xULk9VTR1V1R/k6Bo=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.12.0/go.mod h1:pcuDEFsWDnvcgNzo4EEweacyhjeA9Zk3cnaOZAZEfOo=
-github.com/remyoudompheng/bigfft v0.0.0-20230129092748-24d4a6f8daec h1:W09IVJc94icq4NjY3clb7Lk8O1qJ8BdBEF8z0ibU0rE=
-github.com/remyoudompheng/bigfft v0.0.0-20230129092748-24d4a6f8daec/go.mod h1:qqbHyh8v60DhA7CoWK5oRCqLrMHRGoxYCSS9EjAz6Eo=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.9.0/go.mod h1:WtVeX8xhTBvf0smdhujwtBcq4Qrzq/fJaraNFVN+nFs=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.11.0 h1:cWPaGQEPrBb5/AsnsZesgZZ9yb1OQ+GOISoDNXVBh4M=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.11.0/go.mod h1:ddIwULY96R17DhadqLgMfk9H9tvdUzkipdSkR5nkCZA=
@@ -170,8 +160,6 @@ golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20231006140011-7918f672742d h1:jtJma62tbqLibJ5sFQz8bKtEM
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20231006140011-7918f672742d/go.mod h1:ldy0pHrwJyGW56pPQzzkH36rKxoZW1tw7ZJpeKx+hdo=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.2.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.3.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.13.0 h1:I/DsJXRlw/8l/0c24sM9yb0T4z9liZTduXvdAWYiysY=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.13.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180906233101-161cd47e91fd/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190404232315-eb5bcb51f2a3/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190620200207-3b0461eec859/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
@@ -211,8 +199,6 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGm
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtnZ6UAqBI28+e2cm9otk0dWdXHAEo=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20200619180055-7c47624df98f/go.mod h1:EkVYQZoAsY45+roYkvgYkIh4xh/qjgUK9TdY2XT94GE=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20210106214847-113979e3529a/go.mod h1:emZCQorbCU4vsT4fOWvOPXz4eW1wZW4PmDk9uLelYpA=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.14.0 h1:jvNa2pY0M4r62jkRQ6RwEZZyPcymeL9XZMLBbV7U2nc=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.14.0/go.mod h1:uYBEerGOWcJyEORxN+Ek8+TT266gXkNlHdJBwexUsBg=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
@@ -243,31 +229,3 @@ gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.1 h1:EENdUnS3pdur5nybKYIh2Vfgc8IUNBjxDPSjtiJcOzU=
 gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.1/go.mod h1:isy3WKz7GK6uNw/sbHzfKBLvlvXwUyV06n6brMxxopU=
-lukechampine.com/uint128 v1.3.0 h1:cDdUVfRwDUDovz610ABgFD17nXD4/uDgVHl2sC3+sbo=
-lukechampine.com/uint128 v1.3.0/go.mod h1:c4eWIwlEGaxC/+H1VguhU4PHXNWDCDMUlWdIWl2j1gk=
-modernc.org/cc/v3 v3.41.0 h1:QoR1Sn3YWlmA1T4vLaKZfawdVtSiGx8H+cEojbC7v1Q=
-modernc.org/cc/v3 v3.41.0/go.mod h1:Ni4zjJYJ04CDOhG7dn640WGfwBzfE0ecX8TyMB0Fv0Y=
-modernc.org/ccgo/v3 v3.16.15 h1:KbDR3ZAVU+wiLyMESPtbtE/Add4elztFyfsWoNTgxS0=
-modernc.org/ccgo/v3 v3.16.15/go.mod h1:yT7B+/E2m43tmMOT51GMoM98/MtHIcQQSleGnddkUNI=
-modernc.org/ccorpus v1.11.6 h1:J16RXiiqiCgua6+ZvQot4yUuUy8zxgqbqEEUuGPlISk=
-modernc.org/ccorpus v1.11.6/go.mod h1:2gEUTrWqdpH2pXsmTM1ZkjeSrUWDpjMu2T6m29L/ErQ=
-modernc.org/httpfs v1.0.6 h1:AAgIpFZRXuYnkjftxTAZwMIiwEqAfk8aVB2/oA6nAeM=
-modernc.org/httpfs v1.0.6/go.mod h1:7dosgurJGp0sPaRanU53W4xZYKh14wfzX420oZADeHM=
-modernc.org/libc v1.29.0 h1:tTFRFq69YKCF2QyGNuRUQxKBm1uZZLubf6Cjh/pVHXs=
-modernc.org/libc v1.29.0/go.mod h1:DaG/4Q3LRRdqpiLyP0C2m1B8ZMGkQ+cCgOIjEtQlYhQ=
-modernc.org/mathutil v1.6.0 h1:fRe9+AmYlaej+64JsEEhoWuAYBkOtQiMEU7n/XgfYi4=
-modernc.org/mathutil v1.6.0/go.mod h1:Ui5Q9q1TR2gFm0AQRqQUaBWFLAhQpCwNcuhBOSedWPo=
-modernc.org/memory v1.7.2 h1:Klh90S215mmH8c9gO98QxQFsY+W451E8AnzjoE2ee1E=
-modernc.org/memory v1.7.2/go.mod h1:NO4NVCQy0N7ln+T9ngWqOQfi7ley4vpwvARR+Hjw95E=
-modernc.org/opt v0.1.3 h1:3XOZf2yznlhC+ibLltsDGzABUGVx8J6pnFMS3E4dcq4=
-modernc.org/opt v0.1.3/go.mod h1:WdSiB5evDcignE70guQKxYUl14mgWtbClRi5wmkkTX0=
-modernc.org/sqlite v1.27.0 h1:MpKAHoyYB7xqcwnUwkuD+npwEa0fojF0B5QRbN+auJ8=
-modernc.org/sqlite v1.27.0/go.mod h1:Qxpazz0zH8Z1xCFyi5GSL3FzbtZ3fvbjmywNogldEW0=
-modernc.org/strutil v1.2.0 h1:agBi9dp1I+eOnxXeiZawM8F4LawKv4NzGWSaLfyeNZA=
-modernc.org/strutil v1.2.0/go.mod h1:/mdcBmfOibveCTBxUl5B5l6W+TTH1FXPLHZE6bTosX0=
-modernc.org/tcl v1.15.2 h1:C4ybAYCGJw968e+Me18oW55kD/FexcHbqH2xak1ROSY=
-modernc.org/tcl v1.15.2/go.mod h1:3+k/ZaEbKrC8ePv8zJWPtBSW0V7Gg9g8rkmhI1Kfs3c=
-modernc.org/token v1.1.0 h1:Xl7Ap9dKaEs5kLoOQeQmPWevfnk/DM5qcLcYlA8ys6Y=
-modernc.org/token v1.1.0/go.mod h1:UGzOrNV1mAFSEB63lOFHIpNRUVMvYTc6yu1SMY/XTDM=
-modernc.org/z v1.7.3 h1:zDJf6iHjrnB+WRD88stbXokugjyc0/pB91ri1gO6LZY=
-modernc.org/z v1.7.3/go.mod h1:Ipv4tsdxZRbQyLq9Q1M6gdbkxYzdlrciF2Hi/lS7nWE=

store/pruning/manager_test.go

@@ -44,13 +44,15 @@ func (s *PruningTestSuite) TearDownTest() {
 }
 
 func (s *PruningTestSuite) TestPruning() {
-	s.manager.SetCommitmentOptions(Options{4, 2, false})
-	s.manager.SetStorageOptions(Options{3, 3, true})
+	s.manager.SetCommitmentOptions(Options{4, 2, true})
+	s.manager.SetStorageOptions(Options{3, 3, false})
 	s.manager.Start()
 
+	latestVersion := uint64(100)
+
 	// write 10 batches
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		version := uint64(i + 1)
+	for i := uint64(0); i < latestVersion; i++ {
+		version := i + 1
 		cs := store.NewChangeset()
 		cs.Add([]byte("key"), []byte(fmt.Sprintf("value%d", version)))
 		err := s.sc.WriteBatch(cs)
@@ -59,27 +61,27 @@ func (s *PruningTestSuite) TestPruning() {
 		s.Require().NoError(err)
 		err = s.ss.ApplyChangeset(version, cs)
 		s.Require().NoError(err)
-		s.manager.Prune(uint64(i + 1))
+		s.manager.Prune(version)
 	}
 
 	// wait for pruning to finish
 	s.manager.Stop()
 
-	// check the store for the version 6
-	val, err := s.ss.Get("", 6, []byte("key"))
+	// check the store for the version 96
+	val, err := s.ss.Get("", latestVersion-4, []byte("key"))
 	s.Require().NoError(err)
-	s.Require().Equal([]byte("value6"), val)
-	// check the store for the version 5
-	val, err = s.ss.Get("", 5, []byte("key"))
+	s.Require().Equal([]byte("value96"), val)
+	// check the store for the version 50
+	val, err = s.ss.Get("", 50, []byte("key"))
 	s.Require().NoError(err)
 	s.Require().Nil(val)
 
-	// check the commitment for the version 6
-	proof, err := s.sc.GetProof(6, []byte("key"))
+	// check the commitment for the version 96
+	proof, err := s.sc.GetProof(latestVersion-4, []byte("key"))
 	s.Require().NoError(err)
 	s.Require().NotNil(proof.GetExist())
-	// check the commitment for the version 5
-	proof, err = s.sc.GetProof(5, []byte("key"))
+	// check the commitment for the version 95
+	proof, err = s.sc.GetProof(latestVersion-5, []byte("key"))
 	s.Require().Error(err)
 	s.Require().Nil(proof)
 }

store/storage/sqlite/db.go

@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 
-	_ "modernc.org/sqlite"
+	_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
 
 	"cosmossdk.io/store/v2"
 )
 
 const (
-	driverName       = "sqlite"
-	dbName           = "ss.db"
+	driverName       = "sqlite3"
+	dbName           = "file:ss.db?cache=shared&mode=rwc&_journal_mode=WAL"
 	reservedStoreKey = "_RESERVED_"
 	keyLatestHeight  = "latest_height"
 

store/storage/sqlite/db_test.go

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ package sqlite
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/suite"
@@ -87,3 +89,116 @@ func TestDatabase_ReverseIterator(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Error(t, err)
 	require.Nil(t, iter3)
 }
+
+func TestParallelWrites(t *testing.T) {
+	db, err := New(t.TempDir())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	latestVersion := 10
+	kvCount := 100
+
+	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
+	triggerStartCh := make(chan bool)
+
+	// start 10 goroutines that write to the database
+	for i := 0; i < latestVersion; i++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func(i int) {
+			<-triggerStartCh
+			t.Log("start time", i, time.Now())
+			defer wg.Done()
+			cs := new(store.Changeset)
+			for j := 0; j < kvCount; j++ {
+				key := fmt.Sprintf("key-%d-%03d", i, j)
+				val := fmt.Sprintf("val-%d-%03d", i, j)
+
+				cs.AddKVPair(store.KVPair{StoreKey: storeKey1, Key: []byte(key), Value: []byte(val)})
+			}
+
+			require.NoError(t, db.ApplyChangeset(uint64(i+1), cs))
+			t.Log("end time", i, time.Now())
+		}(i)
+
+	}
+
+	// start the goroutines
+	close(triggerStartCh)
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	// check that all the data is there
+	for i := 0; i < latestVersion; i++ {
+		for j := 0; j < kvCount; j++ {
+			version := uint64(i + 1)
+			key := fmt.Sprintf("key-%d-%03d", i, j)
+			val := fmt.Sprintf("val-%d-%03d", i, j)
+
+			v, err := db.Get(storeKey1, version, []byte(key))
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Equal(t, []byte(val), v)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParallelWriteAndPruning(t *testing.T) {
+	db, err := New(t.TempDir())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	latestVersion := 100
+	kvCount := 100
+	prunePeriod := 5
+
+	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
+	triggerStartCh := make(chan bool)
+
+	// start a goroutine that write to the database
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		<-triggerStartCh
+		defer wg.Done()
+		for i := 0; i < latestVersion; i++ {
+			cs := new(store.Changeset)
+			for j := 0; j < kvCount; j++ {
+				key := fmt.Sprintf("key-%d-%03d", i, j)
+				val := fmt.Sprintf("val-%d-%03d", i, j)
+
+				cs.AddKVPair(store.KVPair{StoreKey: storeKey1, Key: []byte(key), Value: []byte(val)})
+			}
+
+			require.NoError(t, db.ApplyChangeset(uint64(i+1), cs))
+		}
+	}()
+	// start a goroutine that prunes the database
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		<-triggerStartCh
+		defer wg.Done()
+		for i := 10; i < latestVersion; i += prunePeriod {
+			for {
+				v, err := db.GetLatestVersion()
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				if v > uint64(i) {
+					t.Log("pruning version", v-1)
+					require.NoError(t, db.Prune(v-1))
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// start the goroutines
+	close(triggerStartCh)
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	// check if the data is pruned
+	version := uint64(latestVersion - prunePeriod)
+	val, err := db.Get(storeKey1, version, []byte(fmt.Sprintf("key-%d-%03d", version-1, 0)))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Nil(t, val)
+
+	version = uint64(latestVersion)
+	val, err = db.Get(storeKey1, version, []byte(fmt.Sprintf("key-%d-%03d", version-1, 0)))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, []byte(fmt.Sprintf("val-%d-%03d", version-1, 0)), val)
+}

store/storage/sqlite/iterator.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
-	_ "modernc.org/sqlite"
 
 	"cosmossdk.io/store/v2"
 )