refactor: avoid polluting the user's rxjs setup

Currently, the internal uses of RxJS operators are done via patch imports, which add methods directly to the global `Observable` object. This can be an issue since the user may not know where these methods are coming from and may depend on them. Afterwards, if Material removes a method import, the user's app will break since the methods won't be defined anymore. This PR:

* Replaces all of the patch imports with imports of individual operators and fixes any issues that showed up afterwards.
* Adds a `FunctionChain` class to help with chaining the individually-imported operators.

Fixes angular#2622.

CODING_STANDARDS.md

@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ ES6 or TypeScript.
 ### General
 
 #### Write useful comments
-Comments that explain what some block of code does are nice; they can tell you something in less 
+Comments that explain what some block of code does are nice; they can tell you something in less
 time than it would take to follow through the code itself.
 
-Comments that explain why some block of code exists at all, or does something the way it does, 
-are _invaluable_. The "why" is difficult, or sometimes impossible, to track down without seeking out 
-the original author. When collaborators are in the same room, this hurts productivity. 
+Comments that explain why some block of code exists at all, or does something the way it does,
+are _invaluable_. The "why" is difficult, or sometimes impossible, to track down without seeking out
+the original author. When collaborators are in the same room, this hurts productivity.
 When collaborators are in different timezones, this can be devastating to productivity.
 
 For example, this is a not-very-useful comment:
@@ -55,22 +55,22 @@ do this:
 ```
 
 #### Prefer small, focused modules
-Keeping modules to a single responsibility makes the code easier to test, consume, and maintain. 
-ES6 modules offer a straightforward way to organize code into logical, granular units. 
+Keeping modules to a single responsibility makes the code easier to test, consume, and maintain.
+ES6 modules offer a straightforward way to organize code into logical, granular units.
 Ideally, individual files are 200 - 300 lines of code.
 
-As a rule of thumb, once a file draws near 400 lines (barring abnormally long constants / comments), 
-start considering how to refactor into smaller pieces. 
+As a rule of thumb, once a file draws near 400 lines (barring abnormally long constants / comments),
+start considering how to refactor into smaller pieces.
 
 #### Less is more
-Once a feature is released, it never goes away. We should avoid adding features that don't offer 
-high user value for price we pay both in maintenance, complexity, and payload size. When in doubt, 
-leave it out. 
+Once a feature is released, it never goes away. We should avoid adding features that don't offer
+high user value for price we pay both in maintenance, complexity, and payload size. When in doubt,
+leave it out.
 
-This applies especially so to providing two different APIs to accomplish the same thing. Always 
+This applies especially so to providing two different APIs to accomplish the same thing. Always
 prefer sticking to a _single_ API for accomplishing something.
 
-### 100 column limit 
+### 100 column limit
 All code and docs in the repo should be 100 columns or fewer. This applies to TypeScript, SCSS,
  HTML, bash scripts, and markdown files.
 
@@ -81,12 +81,12 @@ Avoid `any` where possible. If you find yourself using `any`, consider whether a
 appropriate in your case.
 
 For methods and properties that are part of a component's public API, all types must be explicitly
-specified because our documentation tooling cannot currently infer types in places where TypeScript 
+specified because our documentation tooling cannot currently infer types in places where TypeScript
 can.
 
 #### Fluent APIs
 When creating a fluent or builder-pattern style API, use the `this` return type for methods:
-```
+```ts
 class ConfigBuilder {
   withName(name: string): this {
     this.config.name = name;
@@ -95,13 +95,39 @@ class ConfigBuilder {
 }
 ```
 
+#### RxJS
+When dealing with RxJS operators, import the operator functions directly (e.g.
+`import "rxjs/operator/map"`), as opposed to using the "patch" imports which pollute the user's
+global Observable object (e.g. `import "rxjs/add/operator/map"`):
+
+```ts
+// NO
+import 'rxjs/add/operator/map';
+someObservable.map(...).subscribe(...);
+
+// YES
+import {map} from 'rxks/operator/map';
+map.call(someObservable, ...).subscribe(...);
+```
+
+Note that this approach can be inflexible when dealing with long chains of operators. You can use
+the `FunctionChain` class to help with it:
+
+```ts
+// Before
+someObservable.filter(...).map(...).do(...);
+
+// After
+new FunctionChain(someObservable).call(filter, ...).call(map, ...).call(do, ...).execute();
+```
+
 #### Access modifiers
 * Omit the `public` keyword as it is the default behavior.
 * Use `private` when appropriate and possible, prefixing the name with an underscore.
 * Use `protected` when appropriate and possible with no prefix.
-* Prefix *library-internal* properties and methods with an underscore without using the `private` 
+* Prefix *library-internal* properties and methods with an underscore without using the `private`
 keyword. This is necessary for anything that must be public (to be used by Angular), but should not
-be part of the user-facing API. This typically applies to symbols used in template expressions, 
+be part of the user-facing API. This typically applies to symbols used in template expressions,
 `@ViewChildren` / `@ContentChildren` properties, host bindings, and `@Input` / `@Output` properties
 (when using an alias).
 
@@ -114,14 +140,14 @@ All public APIs must have user-facing comments. These are extracted and shown in
 on [material.angular.io](https://material.angular.io).
 
 Private and internal APIs should have JsDoc when they are not obvious. Ultimately it is the purview
-of the code reviwer as to what is "obvious", but the rule of thumb is that *most* classes, 
-properties, and methods should have a JsDoc description. 
+of the code reviwer as to what is "obvious", but the rule of thumb is that *most* classes,
+properties, and methods should have a JsDoc description.
 
 Properties should have a concise description of what the property means:
 ```ts
   /** The label position relative to the checkbox. Defaults to 'after' */
   @Input() labelPosition: 'before' | 'after' = 'after';
-``` 
+```
 
 Methods blocks should describe what the function does and provide a description for each parameter
 and the return value:
@@ -145,7 +171,7 @@ Boolean properties and return values should use "Whether..." as opposed to "True
 
 ##### General
 * Prefer writing out words instead of using abbreviations.
-* Prefer *exact* names over short names (within reason). E.g., `labelPosition` is better than 
+* Prefer *exact* names over short names (within reason). E.g., `labelPosition` is better than
 `align` because the former much more exactly communicates what the property means.
 * Except for `@Input` properties, use `is` and `has` prefixes for boolean properties / methods.
 
@@ -169,25 +195,25 @@ The name of a method should capture the action that is performed *by* that metho
 ### Angular
 
 #### Host bindings
-Prefer using the `host` object in the directive configuration instead of `@HostBinding` and 
-`@HostListener`. We do this because TypeScript preserves the type information of methods with 
+Prefer using the `host` object in the directive configuration instead of `@HostBinding` and
+`@HostListener`. We do this because TypeScript preserves the type information of methods with
 decorators, and when one of the arguments for the method is a native `Event` type, this preserved
-type information can lead to runtime errors in non-browser environments (e.g., server-side 
-pre-rendering). 
+type information can lead to runtime errors in non-browser environments (e.g., server-side
+pre-rendering).
 
 
 ### CSS
 
 #### Be cautious with use of `display: flex`
-* The [baseline calculation for flex elements](http://www.w3.org/TR/css-flexbox-1/#flex-baselines) 
-is different than other display values, making it difficult to align flex elements with standard 
+* The [baseline calculation for flex elements](http://www.w3.org/TR/css-flexbox-1/#flex-baselines)
+is different than other display values, making it difficult to align flex elements with standard
 elements like input and button.
 * Component outermost elements are never flex (block or inline-block)
 * Don't use `display: flex` on elements that will contain projected content.
 
 #### Use lowest specificity possible
-Always prioritize lower specificity over other factors. Most style definitions should consist of a 
-single element or css selector plus necessary state modifiers. **Avoid SCSS nesting for the sake of 
+Always prioritize lower specificity over other factors. Most style definitions should consist of a
+single element or css selector plus necessary state modifiers. **Avoid SCSS nesting for the sake of
 code organization.** This will allow users to much more easily override styles.
 
 For example, rather than doing this:
@@ -224,12 +250,12 @@ md-calendar {
 The end-user of a component should be the one to decide how much margin a component has around it.
 
 #### Prefer styling the host element vs. elements inside the template (where possible).
-This makes it easier to override styles when necessary. For example, rather than 
+This makes it easier to override styles when necessary. For example, rather than
 
 ```scss
 the-host-element {
   // ...
-  
+
   .some-child-element {
     color: red;
   }
@@ -267,4 +293,4 @@ When it is not super obvious, include a brief description of what a class repres
 
 // Portion of the floating panel that sits, invisibly, on top of the input.
 .md-datepicker-input-mask { }
-``` 
+```

src/lib/autocomplete/autocomplete-trigger.ts

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import {MdAutocomplete} from './autocomplete';
 import {PositionStrategy} from '../core/overlay/position/position-strategy';
 import {Observable} from 'rxjs/Observable';
 import {Subscription} from 'rxjs/Subscription';
-import 'rxjs/add/observable/merge';
 import {Dir} from '../core/rtl/dir';
+import {merge} from 'rxjs/observable/merge';
 
 /** The panel needs a slight y-offset to ensure the input underline displays. */
 export const MD_AUTOCOMPLETE_PANEL_OFFSET = 6;
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ export class MdAutocompleteTrigger implements OnDestroy {
    */
   get panelClosingActions(): Observable<any> {
     // TODO(kara): add tab event observable with keyboard event PR
-    return Observable.merge(...this.optionSelections, this._overlayRef.backdropClick());
+    return merge.call(Observable, ...this.optionSelections, this._overlayRef.backdropClick());
   }
 
   /** Stream of autocomplete option selections. */

src/lib/core/a11y/focus-trap.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import {Component, ViewEncapsulation, ViewChild, ElementRef, Input, NgZone} from '@angular/core';
+import {first} from 'rxjs/operator/first';
 import {InteractivityChecker} from './interactivity-checker';
 import {coerceBooleanProperty} from '../coercion/boolean-property';
 
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ export class FocusTrap {
    * trap region.
    */
   focusFirstTabbableElementWhenReady() {
-    this._ngZone.onMicrotaskEmpty.first().subscribe(() => {
+    first.call(this._ngZone.onMicrotaskEmpty).subscribe(() => {
       this.focusFirstTabbableElement();
     });
   }
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ export class FocusTrap {
    * trap region.
    */
   focusLastTabbableElementWhenReady() {
-    this._ngZone.onMicrotaskEmpty.first().subscribe(() => {
+    first.call(this._ngZone.onMicrotaskEmpty).subscribe(() => {
       this.focusLastTabbableElement();
     });
   }

src/lib/core/a11y/list-key-manager.spec.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import {FocusKeyManager} from './focus-key-manager';
 import {DOWN_ARROW, UP_ARROW, TAB, HOME, END} from '../keyboard/keycodes';
 import {ListKeyManager} from './list-key-manager';
 import {ActiveDescendantKeyManager} from './activedescendant-key-manager';
+import {first} from 'rxjs/operator/first';
 
 class FakeFocusable {
   disabled = false;
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ describe('Key managers', () => {
 
       it('should emit tabOut when the tab key is pressed', () => {
         let tabOutEmitted = false;
-        keyManager.tabOut.first().subscribe(() => tabOutEmitted = true);
+        first.call(keyManager.tabOut).subscribe(() => tabOutEmitted = true);
         keyManager.onKeydown(TAB_EVENT);
 
         expect(tabOutEmitted).toBe(true);

src/lib/core/overlay/scroll/scroll-dispatcher.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import {Scrollable} from './scrollable';
 import {Subject} from 'rxjs/Subject';
 import {Observable} from 'rxjs/Observable';
 import {Subscription} from 'rxjs/Subscription';
-import 'rxjs/add/observable/fromEvent';
+import {fromEvent} from 'rxjs/observable/fromEvent';
 
 
 /**
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ export class ScrollDispatcher {
 
   constructor() {
     // By default, notify a scroll event when the document is scrolled or the window is resized.
-    Observable.fromEvent(window.document, 'scroll').subscribe(() => this._notify());
-    Observable.fromEvent(window, 'resize').subscribe(() => this._notify());
+    fromEvent.call(Observable, window.document, 'scroll').subscribe(() => this._notify());
+    fromEvent.call(Observable, window, 'resize').subscribe(() => this._notify());
   }
 
   /**

src/lib/core/overlay/scroll/scrollable.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import {Directive, ElementRef, OnInit, OnDestroy} from '@angular/core';
 import {Observable} from 'rxjs/Observable';
 import {ScrollDispatcher} from './scroll-dispatcher';
-import 'rxjs/add/observable/fromEvent';
+import {fromEvent} from 'rxjs/observable/fromEvent';
 
 
 /**
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ export class Scrollable implements OnInit, OnDestroy {
    * Returns observable that emits when a scroll event is fired on the host element.
    */
   elementScrolled(): Observable<any> {
-    return Observable.fromEvent(this._elementRef.nativeElement, 'scroll');
+    return fromEvent.call(Observable, this._elementRef.nativeElement, 'scroll');
   }
 
   getElementRef(): ElementRef {

src/lib/core/util/function-chain.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import {FunctionChain} from './function-chain';
+
+describe('FunctionChain', () => {
+  it('should chain functions', () => {
+    let first = jasmine.createSpy('First function');
+    let second = jasmine.createSpy('Second function');
+    let third = jasmine.createSpy('Third function');
+
+    new FunctionChain().call(first).call(second).call(third).execute();
+
+    expect(first).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(second).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(third).toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('should pass in arguments to the functions', () => {
+    let first = jasmine.createSpy('First function');
+    let second = jasmine.createSpy('Second function');
+
+    new FunctionChain().call(first, 1, 2).call(second, 3, 4).execute();
+
+    expect(first).toHaveBeenCalledWith(1, 2);
+    expect(second).toHaveBeenCalledWith(3, 4);
+  });
+
+  it('should clear the chain once it has been executed', () => {
+    let fn = jasmine.createSpy('Spy function');
+    let chain = new FunctionChain().call(fn);
+
+    chain.execute();
+    expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+
+    chain.execute();
+    expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('should return the final function result', () => {
+    let result = new FunctionChain()
+      .context([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+      .call(Array.prototype.map, (current: number) => current * 2)
+      .call(Array.prototype.filter, (current: number) => current > 5)
+      .execute();
+
+    expect(result).toEqual([6, 8, 10]);
+  });
+});

src/lib/core/util/function-chain.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/**
+ * Collects and executes a chain of functions. Useful in cases like RxJS, where we can't chain
+ * the methods directly, but rather have to call them individually.
+ * @docs-private
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Standard way
+ * someObservable.filter(...).map(...).do(...);
+ *
+ * // Function chain
+ * new FunctionChain()
+ *   .context(someObservable)
+ *   .call(filter, ...)
+ *   .call(map, ...)
+ *   .call(do, ...)
+ *   .execute();
+ */
+export class FunctionChain<T> {
+  /** Tracks the currently-chained functions. */
+  private _chainedCalls: any[] = [];
+
+  constructor(private _initialContext?: any) { }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds a function to the chain.
+   * @param fn Functions to be added to the chain.
+   * @param ...args Arguments with which to call the function.
+   */
+  call(fn: Function, ...args: any[]): this {
+    this._chainedCalls.push([fn, ...args]);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Executes all of the functions in the chain and clears it.
+   * @returns The return value of the final function in the chain.
+   */
+  execute(): T {
+    let result = this._chainedCalls.reduce((currentValue, currentFunction) => {
+      return (currentFunction.shift() as Function).apply(currentValue, currentFunction);
+    }, this._initialContext);
+
+    this._chainedCalls.length = 0;
+
+    return result as T;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Allows setting the initial context in a separate call from the constructor.
+   * This helps with readability where the line with the constructor could be too long.
+   * @param initialContext The new initial context.
+   */
+  context(initialContext: any): this {
+    this._initialContext = initialContext;
+    return this;
+  }
+}